估定成本 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [gūdìngchéngběn]
估定成本
英文
cost-
Following the research route of mend with study and development with creation, give the definition of risk and the methods of risk identifying, divide the risk attitude into risk loving, risk neutralism and risk avoiding, point out the importance of enhancing the risk consciousness for lightning hazard, and summarize the mechanisms of lightning hazard the theories and methods of risk assessment for lightning hazard. provide a set of risk assessment parameters for lightning hazard, which includes lightning times n, hazard probability p, hazard loss d, hazard risk r and protection efficiency e, and give the definition, decisive factor, value method and value scope of each parameter. establish a risk assessment model for lightning hazard which includes lightning hazard base module, lightning hazard probability module, lightning hazard loss module, lightning hazard accepted risk module, lightning protection cost module, correcting coefficient module, lightning hazard risk module, and lightning protection class and efficiency module
遵循借鑒改造和發展創新的研究思路，給出了風險的定義和風險識別的方法，將風險態度分為風險喜好型、風險中庸型和風險逃避型，指出了提高雷電災害風險意識的重要性，總結了雷電災害的作用機制和雷電災害風險評估的理論與方法；提供了包括雷擊次數n 、雷災概率p 、雷災損失d 、雷災風險r和雷電防護級別與防護效率e等5類基本參數的雷電災害風險評估參數體系，並給出了各個參數的定義、參數的決定因素和取值方法以及取值范圍；設計了包括雷電災害基礎模塊、雷電災害概率評估模塊、雷電災害損失評估模塊、雷電災害允許風險評估模塊、雷電防護成本評估模塊、校正系數模塊、雷電災害風險評估模塊、雷電防護級別與效率分析模塊等8個模塊的雷電災害風險評估模型，評估模型以iec61662的評估模型為基本參考，以雷災損失d為中心，把雷災風險劃分為經濟雷災風險r _ e和人身雷災風險r _ l ，並對r _ e和r _ l分開單獨處理。We make the following assumption for when 2 is positive definite matrix, different estimators about matrix of regression coefficients and inefficiency of least squares estimate have been discussed in many documents. considered 2 is nonnegative definite matrix, this thesis derives best linear unbiased estimate of parameter matrix b and estimable parameter function kbl under the meaning of matrix nonnegative definite and the property of maximum probability of blue is investigated. next, we discuss some necessary and sufficient conditions of the equality of the lse and blue, then we derive the estimation of the deviation bet - ween the least squares and the best linear unbias estimators of the mean matrix, meanwhile a relative efficiency of lse ofb is proposed and its bound is given
當0時，眾多文獻討論了回歸系數陣的各種估計及lse的有效性，本文考慮了當0的情形，給出了回歸系數陣b及其可估參數函數kbl的在矩陣非負定意義下的最優估計（ blue ） ，研究了它的一個最大概率性質，並且討論了最小二乘估計成為最佳線性無偏估計的充分必要條件，在此基礎上給出了均值矩陣的最小二乘估計與blue的偏差估計，定義了lse相對于blue的一個相對效率，並給出了它的界。Here a low cost optimal position system with speed - loop open and position - loop closed based on fuzzy control is presented, it employs fuzzy controller to verdict rotor velocity approximately and a fuzzy switching curve is substituted for real one to achieve bang - bang switch, no limit - loop or oscillation occurs. at the end of this chapter, a dc break curve is discussed
為了實現經濟實用的點對點快速定位系統，實際系統採用速度開環、位置閉環結構，速度量從模糊控制器得到，既不實測也不軟體估計，用模糊開關線代替真實開關線進行控制量狀態切換，無極限環或振蕩現象，而成本則大大降低。Far from our initial landing on china, sun - ref first established a strategy research centre for china real estate, which studies on and predicts the coming of radically changing china real estates, i. e., china real estate integration era, china real estate division era, china real estate finance era, china real estate value era ; studies on the channel mechanism and investment strategy for world capital to connect china real estates ; studies on the finance innovation strategy and investment financing strategy for china real estate ; studies on and regularly releases china real estate expectation index revi, real estate decision - making index revi and so on, in order to provide decision - makers of world capital and china real estates with a number of forecasting information
Sunref推崇中國特色的房地產投資銀行服務，作為國內首家專業的房地產投資銀行權威機構， sunref秉承價值主義資源主義和解決主義三大理念，並專注于為具備投資價值的優秀中國地產商提供量身定做全球融資服務，包括海外上市ipo企業戰略融資項目全球融資等相關的專業執行服務，以及房地產融資戰略財務戰略和地產估值服務等相關的投行咨詢服務。 sunref融資專家推崇「融資四化」策略，即融資導向價值化融資結構分層化融資品種多元化融資成本效益化，有效解決企業融資地域性限制，為中國地產架構全球融資管道和資源管道。However, it is a prevailing practice in highway projects in our country that the feasibility studies in the preliminary investigation and the appraisal of operation cost in later stage fail to carefully and thoroughly analyze the impact of those indeterminant factors on a proposed project and the probability of those factors. furthermore, in construction period, only those major uncertain factors ( say, wars ) are written in the contract as a part of unpredictable risks so as to rectify the responsibilities of the parties as named in the contract, but the minor factors ( say the change in drawings ) are not singled out but included in other contrast articles
在國內公路項目前期可行性研究和後期評估運營經濟成本時，只簡單地對一些影響項目的不確定性因素羅列出來而沒有認真分析這些不確定性對整個項目影響的大小和其發生的可能性大小；在項目實施過程（施工階段） ，只是把一些大的不確定性（如戰爭）作為不可預見風險成為合同條款雙方分清責任的一部分，而一些小的（如施工圖紙的變更）一般不單獨列出，而包含在其它合同條款中。Moreover, this paper discusses the feasibility of option pricing theory by adopting cases. on the one hand, it admits this method plays a key role in the realization of " debt - in - lieu - of - equity " of state - owned enterprises and appraising the value of potential earning - capacity ; on the other hand, it illustrates the application of option pricing theory in appraisal is still immature. for it can not meet the prerequisite of the theory ; its result will not be generally accepted and the quality of appraisal staff are relatively lower, this method is not applicable to business valuation aiming at equity alteration. thus it should not be regarded as a brand - new appraisal method to be promot ed in the short run. in the finial the thesis forms its conclusion on method application of superseding cost method gradually. generalizing the use of income method and developing the sense of using option pricing method
由於成本法所固有的局限性，無法評估出資產組配成具有獲利能力的整體資產的創造性價值，因此注重企業獲利能力的收益法已成為轉軌時期中國評估業的現實選擇，並進一步對收益法的起源、方法特點和適用性進行了深入的分析；運用理性分析與案例分析相結合的方法對收益法發展的新階段? ?期權定價法應用於企業價值評估的可行性進行了研究，肯定了這一方法對國企實現「債轉股」和評估高新技術企業潛在獲利能力價值的重大意義，同時對此方法應用於企業價值評估不滿足前提條件、評估結果的可接受性、及評估人員素質等方面說明了這一方法在資產評估領域的應用尚不成熟，尤其不適用於產權變動為目的的企業價值評估，因而短期內不宜作為一種全新的評估方法推廣。We must think of three factors to make a best capital structure. first factor is margin tax shield, namely, the ratio of firm value ' s increment for liability and the increment of liability blow. second factor is finance crisis net lost that is bought in future. thirdly. we must make much of the market action and adjust capital structure
確定一個最優的資本結構主要考慮以下三個要素：第一，邊際稅盾，即由於負債導致企業價值增量與負債額的增量的比值，以邊際稅盾為零作為界點；第二，估計未來可能招致的財務危成本；第三，密切關注市場的反應，不斷調整資本結構。From the second to the fifth chapter such problems concerning state - owned property right are illustrated respectively as its definition, valuation and price fixing and capital sources of undertaking party and the disposal and use of transfer income. problems are raised with regard to the process of current property right system diversity in state - owned enterprises, such as the disagreement to the definition of state - owned property right, no standard of evaluation, imperfection of price fixing system and relative confusion of transfer income disposal and use. what ' s more, new solutions are offered : the probe into state - owned property right definition " changsha model " is confirmed positively ; two specific ways of quantification - - " the method of average growth rate of state - owned property right " and " the method of average cost of labor in market " ; the concept " present value of earnings " is applied to the property evaluation of receivable accounts, finished goods, invisible assets and so on ; the unjust in price fixing of state - owned property right can be avoided by improving property valuation methods, perfecting capital market especially property right trading market and bettering information publishing system ; as to the guarantee problem of human resources financial contribution, an original key is offered
第一章運用產權理論對國企產權多元化改革進行經濟學分析；第二章至第五章主要圍繞國有產權的界定問題、評估問題、定價問題、承接方的資金來源問題、轉讓收入的處置運用問題分別進行闡述，指出了當前國企產權多元化過程中存在著國有產權界定不統一、評估不規范、定價機制不完善、處置運用相對混亂等諸多問題，並提出新的解決思路：肯定國有產權界定「長沙模式」的積極探索意義，提出量化職工創造剩餘價值的「國有資產平均增長率法」和「平均市場勞動成本法」 ；將「收益現值」概念運用到對應收賬款、產成品、無形資產等資產評估之中；應從完善資產評估方法、完善資本市場特別是產權交易市場和健全信息公開機制三個方面來解決國有產權定價不公問題；就人力資本出資的擔保問題提出實際債務承擔額（比例）應小於名義出資額（比例）的新思路，並認為人力資本市場上的交易價格應包括絕對出資額和相對出資額兩部分。Doors xt enables an enterprise to demonstrate conformance to customer requirements and compliance to industry and government regulations via easy - to - create multi - level, cross - project, database - wide traceability reports ; and to accurately estimate cost of changes with simple multi - level impact reports
通過易於生成的多級別、跨項目且數據庫范圍的可追蹤性報告，支持企業證實與客戶需求的一致性以及對行業及政府規定的順從性；並且能夠以簡單的多級別影響報告準確估計變更的成本。Drawing piece unfold size is one basic condition under the calculation on coefficient, number of drawing, handbooks or books of press are not given, practice press production, die designer designs drawing die by experience calculation, after testing, according to deformation, state, defect shape of testing blank, shape and unfold size is revising, finally, unfold size and shape of blank are determined, designing period is longer, cost of die and work piece is to raise, economic benefit is to reduce
拉深件展開尺寸是拉深可行性分析中計算拉深系數與拉深次數的前提條件，現有沖壓手冊或教材對于復雜拉深件的展開尺寸計算尚未論述。復雜拉深件的沖壓生產中，模具設計者憑經驗估計拉深可行性，設計製造拉深模進行反復試壓，根據試壓件的形變狀態，缺陷形貌，制定坯料展開尺寸和形狀，周期較長，因而生產成本高，經濟效益不佳。Intangible assets obtained through purchase shall be accounted for at actual cost and intangible assets received from investors shall be accounted for at the assessed value recognized or the amount specified in the contract
購入的無形資產應當按實際成本記帳，接受投資取得的無形資產，應當按照評估確認或者合同約定的價格記帳。This article, firstly, analyzes the uncertainties in the process of investment analyses, and reveals the nature, classification and characteristics of uncertainties. secondly, the article raises the theory basis of solving the uncertainties - the theory of options and the game theory, and analyzes the possibility that using the theory of options and the game theory in the analyses of investment. thirdly, the investment projects are classified according to new standard, and then the article raises the different method for different investment projects
但是傳統的投資項目可行性評估一般採用的是凈現值法，這種方法認為投資項目的成本可以在投資后以某種方式收回，而不使企業蒙受損失，並且這種方法未能考慮到投資的靈活性問題，忽略了與投資項目相關的各種不確定性因素，而正是這些不確定性因素形成了投資項目的投資機會價值，因此使用傳統的投資分析方法可能會造成企業項目投資價值的低估和投資不足。The business target of western companies has more and more focused on the value maximization after experiencing the profit maximization and stockholder ’ s wealth maximization. while our financial companies, especially the commercial banks, have not very clear business targets, which inludes both economic motives, like profit maximization, lowering the nol rate and increasing volume of deposit and loan, and some political tasks. after entering into wto, chinese commercial banks are exposed to fiercer competition
20世紀60年代，著名理財學家莫迪利安尼（ modigliani ）和米勒（ miller ）相繼發表了影響深遠的兩篇學術論文《資本成本、公司理財與投資理論》和《股利政策、增長和股票價格》 ，第一次系統地將不確定性引入到企業價值評估理論體系之中，精闢論述了企業價值與企業資本結構之間的關系，創立了現代企業價值評估Holds that the main task of natural gas entering cities is to relieve environment pollution status, the " thermal - related energy needs " should be satisfied by gas. two concepts were defined, one is " electricity generation cost coefficient " the other is " equivalent pollution coefficient "
提出了「電能生產成本（效率）影響系數」的概念，用於合理的評估不同空調方式的能耗特點；提出了「當量污染系數」的概念，藉助這一指標可以在一定程度上評價針對外來電力的不同使用方式用於改善本地環境的合理性。We note the postmaster general s view that the profitability of the three new ancillary services, viz the postshop service, the e - post service and the remittance service, should be assessed on marginal cost basis ( that is, excluding the fixed costs )
委員會注意到，郵政署署長認為郵趣廊服務、郵電通服務及匯款服務這3項新附設服務的盈利，應按邊際成本的方式（即不計算固定成本）來評估。Subsequently, we described the pricing procedure for commercial apartments in terms of the basic product pricing procedure, which contains six steps : setting pricing objectives, evaluating product - price relationships, evaluating cost, analyzing competitor ’ s cost, price and product, selecting pricing method and setting initial price. we have introduced target costing method in the step of evaluating the cost
隨后按照一般產品的定價程序，確定定價目標、確定需求、估計成本、分析競爭者的成本、價格和產品、選擇定價方法、選定最終價格六步對商品住宅的定價程序進行描述分析，其中對于成本的估計主要介紹了目標成本法。If you specify a nonzero, nonnegative value, the query governor disallows execution of any query that has an estimated cost exceeding that value
如果為該選項指定一個非零、非負的數值，則查詢調控器將不允許執行估計成本超過該值的查詢。Use three methods to estimate mixed - cost functions
採用三種方法來估計混合固定成本的功能。Another factor that must be considered when enterprises decide on prices is cost
企業制定價格必須考慮成本因素，必須正確地估算成本。If value is set to 2, the optimizer would uses estimated costs to determine an execution plan regardless of the transaction isolation mode
如果將其值設置為2 ，優化器就會使用估算成本來確定執行計劃，而不管事務隔離模式如何。分享友人