個別生產費用 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [gèbiéshēngchǎnbìyòng]
個別生產費用 英文
individual costs price
  • 個 : 個Ⅰ量詞1 （用於沒有專用量詞的名詞） : 一個理想 an ideal; 兩個月 two months; 三個梨 three pears2 ...
  • 別 : 別動詞[方言] （改變） change （sb. 's opinion）
  • 生 : Ⅰ動詞1 （生育; 生殖） give birth to; bear 2 （出生） be born 3 （生長） grow 4 （生存; 活） live;...
  • 產 : Ⅰ動詞1 （人或動物的幼體從母體中分離出來） give birth to; be delivered of; breed 2 （創造財富; 生...
  • 費 : Ⅰ名詞1 （費用） fee; expense; expenditure; dues; charge 2 （姓氏） a surname Ⅱ動詞（花費; 耗費） ...
  • 用 : Ⅰ動詞1 （使用） use; employ; apply 2 （多用於否定: 需要） need 3 （敬辭: 吃; 喝） eat; drink Ⅱ名...
  • 個別 : 1 （單個; 各個） individual; separately; specific 2 （極少數; 少有） very few; one or two; rare; ...
  • 生產 : 1 （使用工具創造生產、生活資料） produce; manufacture 2 （生孩子） give birth to a child; childbi...
  • 費用 : cost; expenses; outlay
  1. Next, evaluation of cooperative and related theories has been made in social and historical origin, effect and the influence and development, and pointed out : cooperative is resulted from the combination between fair need and marketing system ; cooperative can not achieve the society objectives that the utopian socialism person sought ; nowadays economy productivity makes the cooperative one kind of available form of organization for the weak power colony for seeking the economic interest possesses extensively

    從成本最小化與交易費用的角度出發，人們選擇合作經濟組織形式的實質是合作社所做的作業比合作成員個別完成更能節省生產成本和交易成本，並從中分享規模經濟和范圍經濟的利益。 3合作經濟的所有制形式以合作經濟理論述評和合作經濟質的分析為基礎，本章探討合作經濟的所有制性質與形式。第一，生產資料全部屬勞動者個人所有的形式。
  2. The author considers as follows : ( 1 ) we should understand how to define the price of architecture products the cost of engineering and the price of engineering, we should compare the connotations of plan price, float price and market price, we should clarify how engineering cost and architecture installation engineering cost are formed and what is the difference between balance price and final accounts price ; ( 2 ) through analyzing and comparing the account bases and composing contents of enterprise individual production cost and social average production cost, analyzing from the design mechanism ' s function of auction and bid and the purpose of actualizing auction and bid, we can confirm that the foundation that the titles are weeded when judged is enterprise individual production cost, not social average production cost ; ( 3 ) the author considers there is diverge between shop drawing budget based on ration and auction and bid, carrying out bill quantity of construction works can advance the formation of cons truction - product market price, also is the outset and integrant route to close international, but though code of valuation with bill quantity of construction works has a lot of advantage to advance the form of architecture market price, we also see it has lack and it should be amended

    針對以上問題，筆者認為：應該了解建築產品價格與工程造價、工程價格是如何界定的、比較建築產品的計劃價格、浮動價格與市場價格的含義，搞清楚工程造價的構成和建築安裝工程費用的構成以及竣工結算價格與決算價格的區別；通過分析、比較建築產品的「社會平均生產成本」和「企業個別生產成本」的計算依據和構成內容，從招標投標的設計機制的功能和實施招投標的目的來分析，確認在評標中剔除低於成本價標書的依據是投標企業的個別生產成本，而不是社會平均生產成本；筆者認為以定額為計價依據的施工圖預算方法與招標投標之間存在悖論，工程量清單計價的推行是對建築產品市場價格形成改革的推進，也是建築產品價格形成方式與國際接軌的開端與必經之路，但是也必須認識到雖然《建設工程工程量清單計價規范》具有推進建築市場價格形成的諸多優勢，但仍存在不足與需要完善的地方。
  3. Based on the theory of demand levels proposed by a. maslow, the present thesis investigates and compares the main difference of utilities among armymen at different levels according to their income levels. moreover, it quantitatively analyzes the influence on the individual utility of armmen at different level caused by increase in satisfying every demand, to find out the basic information and the main problems on the armymen ' s salary, welfare, spiritual encouragement and so on, systematically summarizing and analyzing the actual problems existing in the charge collocation of military personnel in our country. based upon the new research view, the present author reviews and benefits from the useful practice and experience of the charge collocation of military personnel abroad, constructs the economic model to analyze the quantitative relationship between the individual utility of armymen and the encouraged effect of military personnel, as well as between the input of military - personnel charge and its output of the encouraged effect, and put forward the proposal for maximizing the encouraged effect caused by the charge of military personnel of our country, trying to enter a new research area for human resource economy of military personnel and national defense investment economy in our country

    本文借鑒馬斯洛需求層次理論，把軍事人員按收入級別劃分為不同層次，調查分析比較了不同層次軍人的效用觀主要區別，並把每一需求滿足的增加對不同層次軍事人員個人效用的影響加以量化分析，從而找出了我國軍人工資、福利、精神獎勵等的基本情況和存在的主要問題，系統總結和分析了我軍軍事人員費配置中存在的實際問題;並進而立足這一新的研究角度，考察和借鑒了國外軍事人員費配置的有益做法和經驗，建構和分析了軍人個人效用與其對軍事人員的激勵效應之間以及軍事人員費的投入與軍事人員費所產生的激勵效應之間數量關系的經濟模型，提出了我軍軍事人員費實現激勵效應最大化途徑的建議，嘗試著進入我國軍事人力資源經濟學和國防投資經濟學的新的研究領域。
  4. The authors discuss from 12 different angles the effect of the clinical use of drugs on drug funds and point out that all of the following factors affect drug funds to varying degrees : distribution of the sum of money for the drugs the pharmacies receive, the ratio between sel f - paid drugs and costly drugs, inpatients ? length of stay, the nature of drug expenses with regard to the patients, the occurrence of hospital infection and c omplications, the need of inpatients in convalescent wards for drugs, the struct ure of drugs used in key drug - using departments, centralized drug consumption, preventive use of drugs by patients after operations, doctors ? habit in their p rescription of drugs, and the proportion of antimicrobial agents in the amount o f drugs used

    作者從12個不同的角度探討了臨床用藥對藥品經費的影響，指出藥房領用藥品的金額分配，自費藥品和貴重藥品的比例，病人的住院天數，病人的費別身份，醫院感染和並發癥的產生，康復病房住院病人對藥品的需求，重點用藥科室所用藥品的結構，集中藥品消耗，術后病人預防用藥情況，醫生的用藥習慣，抗菌藥物在藥品中所佔的比例等都不同程度影響著藥品經費。
  5. The final objective is to strengthen the seafarers " ability of application of maritime english, especially the ability of communication in oral english. traditional teaching media exists big deficiency, which could not follow up the dynamic scent of learners " knowledge status and background ; could not analyze the learners " mistakes occurred and could not provide a large of feedback of information ; is lack of english learning environment and self - practice in listening and speaking so that engendered " dumb " english, moreover, it causes a waste of teaching resources

    傳統的教育媒體，包括課本、參考書、黑板、粉筆等，但都存在著一個很大的缺陷，就是不能動態的跟蹤學生的知識狀態和知識背景，不能分析學生產生錯誤的原因，不能提供信息量豐富的反饋，缺乏良好的語言環境，學生較少有運用所學知識的地方，特別是聽力和口語，形成了「啞吧」英語，造成了教學資源的極大浪費。
  6. If the behavior were to be judged as intellectual property crime, the man who acts as such shoud have the intention infingement and it woud be possible that he can know the illegality of his behavior. this kind of crime have the following 3characters in the objective area. fistly, the action violate the intellectual property law and regulation, secondly the man utlizes others intellectual property law and regulation without being permmited

    在個罪客觀方面的特徵的論述中，假冒注冊商標犯罪中是否是「同一種商品」應從消費者識別的角度加以判斷;假冒專利罪中暇冒他人專利」的范圍應該是指未經專利權人許可，為生產、經營目的，用其它產品冒充他人的專利產品，或用其它方法冒充他人的專利方法;在假冒他人注冊商標罪中，如果假冒他人注冊商標的商品同時又是偽劣產品，則一般構成牽連犯。
  7. The engendering source of traffic volumes and their general influential factors have been presented, and the situation of nowadays highway transportation has been discussed. according to the introduction of traffic distribution theory and classical assignment method, analysis of traffic flow path selection among cities and that of special influential factors for traffic flow on toll highways, initial analysis to the forming mechanism of traffic volume on road sections has been made, and a probability model for path selection has been set up with the maximum - utility theory and disaggregating model. detailed analysis to impedances on road sections and their functions ( especially to three main composing factors of the impedances as cost of time, transport and toll and to the functional relations with traffic loads ) was made, at the same time, the relative cost calculating model was set up on the basis of the state - of - art achievements in both international and national researches

    主要研究內容包括：交通量的產生根源及一般影響因素分析和當前公路運輸地位討論；從交通分配理論及經典配流方法著手，通過分析城市間交通流路徑選擇行為和收費公路路段交通量特殊影響因素，初步提出路段交通量的形成機理，並採用效用極大原理和非集結模型理論（ disaggregationmodel ） ，建立用戶出行路徑選擇概率模型；對路段阻抗及路阻函數（尤其對行程時間費用、車輛營運費用和道路收費這三個構成路段阻抗的主要因素及其與交通負荷間的函數關系）進行較為詳盡的分析，並以現階段國內外較為先進的研究成果為依據建立相應的成本測算模型，其中，特別提出了兩種確定客貨車輛時間價值的分析方法；離散分析法和時間-費率轉換法，後者是在目前基礎調查、統計數據資料不夠齊全的現實下提出的一種確定道路系統內務車型時間價值的較為實用的新方法；對我國公路收費政策的背景和理論、實踐依據及費率的各種影響因素進行重點分析；從數學的角度證明合理費率的存在性，並以最優化理論為基礎，建立在普通收費公路和擁擠路段交通調控型收費公路兩種模式下合理費率的計算模型等。
  8. The traditional concept of engineering cost is not the commodity price of construction products, but the construction cost and expense of engineering quota and planned price. ( 2 ) using the valuation system of engineering cost in market - oriented economy countries, this thesis raises the patterns to market the valuation system of engineering cost in china. ( 3 ) to meet the need of connection of chinese construction market with that of international, engineering consulting institutions and the statistics, analysis and forecast systems are urgently needed to be trained

    本論文的主要貢獻有： （ 1 ）從理論與闡明，盡管建築產品的生產過程有別於一般工業產品，但作為商品的基本屬性沒有改變，因此， 「工程造價」與「建築產品價格」是兩個不同的經濟范疇， 「工程造價」的傳統概念是投資者按國家規定的工程定額和計劃單價測定的工程項目的建設成本費用，而不是建設產品的商品價格； （ 2 ）論文借鑒市場經濟國家工程造價的計價制度，提出了我國工程造價計價制度市場化的模式； （ 3 ）為使我國的建設市場與國際建設市場接軌，急需培育工程咨詢機構和建築產品價格信息的統計、分析、預報系統。
  9. In the last part, the situation of the application of ec is outlined, and the facts that impeded the development of ec are presented : the imbalance of supply and demand with regard to the infrastructure of network, the lackey of confidence of consumer and firms on ec because of the lackey of credit in economy life, and the difficulties of how to adapt to and protect the new product style of ec by state legal system. we pointed out that, several aspects, such as fiscal tax revenue, law and enactments, the safety of information, admission of market, the perspectives of information, and technolocrats, will persistently impeded the development of ec. in china, the application of ec should be dominated by firms and conducted by government, which should as soon as possible enact the relative law regarding to taxation, electronic paying, digital signature, certification authority, intellectual property on web, etc. the national physical distribution system, the financial monitory system, the system of credit of firms as well as consumers should be completed

    在最後一個部分，文章簡述了我國電子商務應用的現狀，用博弈論方法分析了制約我國電子商務應用發展的幾個主要原因:網路基礎設施的供需失衡、經濟生活中的信用意識缺乏導致的消費者和企業對電子商務應用中的普遍的不信任及國家法律制度如何適應和保護電子商務這種新的生產方式等，並指出，財政稅收、法律法規、信息安全、市場準入、信息觀念、技術人才等幾個方面的問題將是長期阻礙電子商務發展的因素，電子商務在我國的應用要走企業為主體、政府引導的路子，政府應盡快制定有關稅收、電子支付、電子簽名、身份認證、網上知識產權等方面的法律法規，建立覆蓋全國的現代化物流配送體系，健全和完善金融監管體系，特別是企業信用體系和消費者信用體系的建設，大力推進企業信息化建設，創造發展環境，完善保障機制，加快人才培養。
  10. In order to achieve this goal, this research will has the following four specific objectives : understanding the level of fish consumption in china and possible factors that affect the fish consumption ; developing a systematical modeling frameworks and complete demand system for food and fish demand study ; exploring the consumption behavior of both urban and rural consumers in china by estimating model of fish demand system and model of food demand system respectively, analyzing influence of various factors on the demand for fish and other foods quantitatively ; discussing the future change of aggregate amount and the structure of fish demand based on the result of the research, so as to provide basis for decision making in fishery production structure changes and rational utilization of fishery resources

    本項研究的總目標是探討影響水產品消費的各種因素，為預測未來水產品需求和生產結構調整提供依據。為達到這目標，本項研究分為以下四個內容：了解我國水產品消費水平和結構及其可能的影響因素；建立水產品需求系統模型；通過分別估計食物和水產品需求系統模型，探討我國城鄉居民消費行為，定量分析各種影響因素對水產品及其他食品需求的影響；根據研究結果，討論未來水產品需求總量和結構的變化，為優化漁業生產和合理使用漁業資源提供政策依據。
  11. As the international communication becomes more and more frequent in the daily life, learning and mastering english is the requirement for the talents in the various walks of life. the aim of teaching english in middle schools is not only to cultivate the students " four skills of it - listening, speaking, reading and writing. but also to help the students gain the base for the further english study in the future. the model opposing to of senior english teaching analizes the present foreign laguage teaching siuation in middle schools in china, especially in the towns and the reasons of that. it also analizes the advantage and disadvantage of the new textbooks and the use of it. and then, after studying the syllabus, the teaching reference books, the researcher puts forward a model of senior english teaching in form of her own foreign language teaching opinions, teaching principles. teaching techniques and teaching effects which are based on the advanced teaching methods, the models of english teaching abroad and at home and her ten - year expeience of teaching english in senior school. through the experiment in education, the model is proved effective. the success in the experiment shows that the model is scientific and practical. thus it provides an effective model of teaching english which will improve the situation of foreign language teaching in china

    高中英語逆向教學模式分析了我國基礎外語教學特別是農村中學及城鎮中學的外語教學現狀及其產生的原因和新教材的特點及使用情況，在仔細研讀教學大綱及教師參考書的基礎上，總結高中十年的英語教學實踐經驗並學習借鑒國內外先進的教學思想、教學方法、教學模式等，從教學理論、教學原則、操作策略及教學效果等方面來構建一個適合我國基礎外語大班教學實際情況的教學模式，並通過教學實驗加以驗證。實驗的成功表明了該模式的科學性和可行性。因此，該課題既具有理論意義，又能用來指導實踐，為我國的外語教學提供了一條科學、有效的高中英語教學模式，從而改善我國「費時多、收效低」的外語教學現狀。
  12. Secondly, basing on the theoretical analysis to the model in customers purchasing behavior and brand selection, the paper, according to the characteristics of different segment markets as well as consumption classcs, standing at the angle of enterprise, theorctically explores how to make marketing strategies in limited markets, and gives a concise as well as empirical explanation by a variety of concrete cases, guined the primary idea how the real estate enterprises builds up the marketing strategics based on adapting to the features of buyer market, the real estate the thesis uses the methods of swot etc to analyse the strategic environment and the interior factors of chongqing longjingyuan real estate businesses. in the pricing strategy, along the optional rule which customers purchase commodities for value maximization and price minimization, the paper works out the delivery value pricing method which can guarantee both the delivery value attracting customers and the profit of enterpriscs, combined with philip kotlers delivery value theory for customer

    本文首先對市場營銷管理的理論，特別是房地產營銷管理的特殊性、房地產市場發展的歷史和市場營銷管理的現狀進行了分析和總結，提出了本文的研究思路和以市場為導向的戰略理論指導思想。在本文運用的理論工具的指導下，應用市場調查理論、波特模型、市場細分理論，對本課題所處的市場環境，包括重慶市房地產市場和與本課題所在地區的宏觀經濟環境、區域環境、政策環境、城市規劃、行業環境以及消費者市場的收入水平、家庭結構、消費能力、消費心理、居住偏好、生活習慣等28個指標進行調查分析，對本課題的競爭環境進行了研究，提出了與本研究項目相適宜的市場需求和市場營銷機會，確定了項目要進入的目標市場。
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