擴張學說 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [kuòzhāngxuéshuō]
擴張學說
英文
distension theory-
Abstract : biological invasions are a continuous feature of a non - equilibrium world, ever more so as a result of accidental and deliberate introductions by mankind. while many of these introductions are apparently harmless, others have significant consequences for organisms native to the invaded range, and entire communities may be affected. here we provide a survey of common models of range expansion, and outline the consequences these models have for patterns in genetic diversity and population structure. we describe how patterns of genetic diversity at a range of markers can be used to infer invasion routes, and to reveal the roles of selection and drift in shaping population genetic patterns that accompany range expansion. we summarise a growing range of population genetic techniques that allow large changes in population size ( bottlenecks and population expansions ) to be inferred over a range of timescales. finally, we illustrate some of the approaches described using data for a suite of invasions by oak gallwasps ( hymenoptera, cynipidae, cynipini ) in europe. we show that over timescales ranging from 500 10000 years, allele frequency data for polymorphic allozymes reveal ( a ) a consistent loss of genetic diversity along invasion routes, confirming the role of glacial refugia as centres of genetic diversity over these timescales, and ( b ) that populations in the invaded range are more subdivided genetically than those in the native range of each species. this spatial variation in population structure may be the result of variation in the patchiness of resources exploited by gallwasps, particularly host oak plants
文摘:生物入侵是不均衡世界的一個永恆話題，尤其是當人類有意或無意地引入物種后.很多引入顯然是無害的，但另外一些則有著嚴重的後果，會給入侵地的生物以至於整個生物群落造成影響.本文總結了分佈區擴張的常見模式，概述了它們對遺傳多樣性和種群結構式樣所造成的影響.描述了如何根據以一批遺傳標記所得到的遺傳多樣性式樣來推斷入侵途徑，來揭示伴隨擴張選擇和漂變在形成種群遺傳樣式中的作用.本文對日益增多的群體遺傳學方法進行了總結，這些技術可以用來在不同的時間尺度上推斷種群規模所發生的巨大變化（瓶頸效應及種群擴張） .最後，我們以歐洲櫟癭蜂（膜翅目，癭蜂科，癭蜂族）一系列入侵的數據為例對一些方法進行了說明.從500 10000年的時間尺度上，多態的等位酶位點上等位基因頻率的數據表明: 1 ）遺傳多樣性沿入侵路線呈不斷下降的趨勢，支持了冰河期避難所作為遺傳多樣性中心的作用; 2 ）入侵地區的種群與該物種原產地的種群相比，遺傳上的分化更為強烈.這種種群結構在空間上的變異可能是被櫟癭蜂開發的資源尤其是櫟樹寄主在斑塊上出現變異的反映Through the research of the tension in vivo, the immediate retraction rate and histology examination about the different ways and different maintaining, we get : the increase area of the rapid and conventional expansion has little difference with the expanded time ; however it has significant difference with the maintaining time. it shows that shortening the expanded time is feasible in clinic, but shortening the maintaining time is out of the question ; after the capsule is removed, immediate retraction rate of the expanded skin notably decreased, significantly different from those with intact capsule ; the collagen content of the rapid expansion is just the same as the conventional expansion, but the changes of the histology dependences on the maintaining time. comparison with conventional expansion, rapid expansion has no significant drawback ; maintaining a period after expansion can greatly increase the area of expanded skin and reduce immediate retraction
通過對不同擴張期、不同方式和不同維持期對擴張皮膚的在體張力、即時回縮和皮膚組織學的研究，得到：快速擴張和常規擴張最後獲取的皮瓣，面北京工業大學工學博士學位論文一積增加差別不大；擴張皮膚的面積增加和張力下降與維持期的長短有關；而與擴張期的長短關系不大，說明在皮膚擴張術中可以縮短注水時間，但是維持時間不能縮短；擴張皮膚去除包膜后的即時回縮率下降，與未去除包膜的相比較有明顯差異；快速擴張皮膚的膠原含量變化與常規擴張的基本一致，擴張皮膚的組織學變化與維持期的關系較為密切，與擴張方式關系不大；快速擴張和常規擴張相比，快速擴張沒有明顯的破壞作用；擴張結束后，維持一段時間，能有效的提高擴張面積且能有效地減少回縮。In the part of basic theory in this thesis, beginning with the theory of social division, summarizing chinese - foreign industrial practice in media field, this thesis analyses the historical necessity of media ' s emergence and development. on the basis of synthesizing of classic theory in media industry and other concerning theories, this thesis also expounds the resource distribution of media industry. meanwhile, this thesis elucidates the profit pattern of media ' s micro - unit and the market expanding methods of media industry
在基礎理論部份，從社會分工理論入手，結合中外媒體的市場實踐，論述了媒體產業形成和發展的歷史必然性；在綜合媒體產業經典作家的理論與媒體產業其它相關學說的基礎上，論述了媒體產業的資源配置問題，分析了媒介組織的市場贏利方式和媒體產業的市場擴張手段；重點解析了媒體產業「注意力資源求租」現象及其成因。And this biology reaction provides certain precondition for the cure of diseases. for instance, when magnetic field starts to do effect on human body, it will help to convey nutrition and oxygen to tissue cells of every part of the body as well as transmit waste made by tissue cells to the outside by expanding the blood vessel, speeding up blood current and improving blood circulation. as quite a number of diseases are usually caused by blood circulation disturbance, the magnetic field is able to satisfy the demand of tissue cells in both aspects, hence, cure the above diseases
磁場雖然看不見，摸不著，但它是一種物理能量，物理治療因素，作用到人體后，在體內引起一系列生物學效應，而這些生物效應，為治療某些疾病提供了條件，舉個例子說：磁場作用到人體后，可使血管擴張，血流加快，改善血液循環，可以把組織細胞需要的營養物質氧氣送到全身各處組織細胞，又可把組織細胞的代謝廢物帶走，而不少病癥與血液循環障礙有關，磁場可以幫助「滿足」組織細胞的兩方面需要，與以上有關的疾病就可以得到治療。The research has been done from the perspective of administrative discretion act. further more, after reviewing the relevant theories of administrative discretion, conception and characteristic of administrative discretion are studied, and the difference between the uncertain legal and administrative discretion are described, and the theoretical foundation and the key value of administrative discretion are also discussed
在對行政裁量的有關學說評述的基礎上，分析了行政裁量的概念和特點? ?法定性、主觀性、客觀性、選擇性、不確定性、有限性，對行政裁量與司法裁量進行比較並對行政裁量范圍擴張提出了質疑。It is further pointed out that simulation experiments combined with geology, petrology, geochemistry and geophysics ( especially for high resolution seismic technique ) in studying mantle ( hotspot ) - ridge interaction will play an important role in such reseaches as plume - ridge interactions
在肯定地幔柱假說的基礎上，對洋脊地幔柱（熱點）的模擬實驗以及三大洋中不同擴張脊與熱點相互作用的最新研究作了系統的介紹和評述，指出室內模擬實驗以及地質學、巖石學、地球化學和地球物理學（特別是高解析度的地震技術）的結合研究將是本領域研究的發展趨勢。As a useful way to allocate resources optimally, m & a becomes a eternal topic in the capital market. george j. stigler, an american famous economist has ever said : “ none of american large companies grows up through certain degree and form of annexation and purchasing
美國著名經濟學家喬治?斯蒂格勒曾說: 「沒有一個美國大公司不是通過某種程度、某種形式的兼并收購而成長起來的，幾乎沒有一家大公司主要是靠內部擴張成長起來。 」George stigler, u. s. a. famous economist, who gained nobel prize for economics said : " none of big companies of u. s. a. did not grow up through the annexation of a certain degree, a certain way, nearly no big company grows up by interior expansion
美國著名經濟學家、諾貝爾經濟學獎得者喬治?施蒂格勒曾說過： 「沒有一個美國的大公司不是通過某種程度、某種方式的兼并而成長起來的，幾乎沒有一家大公司是靠內部擴張成長起來的。 」分享友人