最低層大氣 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [zuìdīcéngdàqì]
最低層大氣
英文
lowest atmospheric layer-
Main conclusions drawn from the analyses of calculating results are as follows : ( 1 ) the microwave absorption of atmosphere gas have obvious attenuation at the wavelengths for cloud detection, thereinto, the water attenuation effect changes greatly, so the 94ghz cloud detecting radar should have water vapor attenuation correction scheme. ( 2 ) when 37ghz and 94ghz radars detect clouds, the difference between the atmosphere and cloud attenuation and the large variety of radar reflectivity conduce the intension of the radar backscatter signals change. ( 3 ) for the thin cloud layer and low water content of cloud, 37 - ghz radar backscatter signals are not as good as 94 - ghz radar, that is to say that the 94ghz radar has better capability in thin clouds detection
本工作得出如下結論： （ 1 ）大氣氣體的微波吸收在測雲波段產生明顯的衰減，其中水汽衰減效應變化很大；即將上天的空間94ghz測雲雷達必須有水汽衰減訂正方案； （ 2 ） 37ghz和94ghz雷達測雲，由於大氣和雲衰減不同和雷達反射率的很大差異，導致雷達回波信號強弱不同； （ 3 ）對雲層較薄、含水量較少的雲，在不計雷達參數的情況下， 37ghz雷達回波信號不如94ghz測雲雷達，也就是說94ghz對薄雲有更強的探測能力；對雲層較厚、含水量大的雲，由於強衰減的作用， 94ghz雷達回波信號小於37ghz雷達； （ 4 ）從大氣衰減的不利因素方面考慮，空間94ghz雷達測高層薄雲的效果最好；測低層薄雲時需要考慮氣體衰減訂正；因濃厚雲的強衰減作用，探測其中下部的能力大大減弱，不僅要進行衰減訂正，而且要藉助其他信息來反演整個雲層的含水量垂直分佈； （ 5 ）為了獲得從極薄到極濃厚雲的垂直分佈探測能力，未來測雲雷達系統最好採用雙波長甚至三波長（如94 、 37和13ghz ） 。The hydrometeors distribution in mcc illustrat that the precipitable ice is dominant which fills in the cloud cluster in almost entire troposphere with maximum cores at the mid - levels. rain water and cloud liquid water are in the middle and lower troposphere, and cloud ice water only scatters at the 8 - 18km upper levels
水凝物垂直分佈顯示， mcc中可降水冰含量最大，分佈在幾乎整個對流層，雨水和雲水主要分佈在的對流層中、低層，而雲冰則分佈於高層大氣中。The optimum conditions for air electrode preparation were shown as follow : 20 % ptfe and 20 % mno2 in active layer, thickness of active layer 0. 15 - 0. 25mm and the ratio of active carbon to ethine black 4 : 1 ; 60 % ptfe in the gas diffusion and waterproof layer, employing na2so4 as pore - making agents, thickness 0. 35 - 0. 45mm, colding forming and layer sequence catlytic layer / gas diffusion and waterproof layer / current collector layout ; employing 40 meshed nickel screen as current collector and thermal treatment temperature over 200
確定了制備空氣電極的優化工藝條件，催化層中ptfe含量約20 ， mno _ 2的最佳含量約為20 ，催化層中活性炭和乙炔黑的比例為4 ： 1 （質量比） ，厚度在0 . 15 - 0 . 25mm之間。防水透氣層中ptfe的含量約為60 ，以無水硫酸鈉作為造孔劑，厚度一般為0 . 35 - 0 . 45mm 。電極各層採用催化層/防水透氣層/集流體的排布方式，冷壓成型，熱處理對空氣電極的性能影響較大，熱處理溫度不低於200 。According to those analysis and the background of geological evolution of basin, the kind of hydrodynamics was regarded as compaction before y3 and then as compaction - osmosis after y3. futhermore, the key time of oil and gas reservoir formation was summarized, it is furthermore, the main cause of high pressure formation was believed that the compaction was not enough in paleogeothermal gradient, meanwhile, analyzing the cause of the low pressure nowadays, it was the uplift and erosion of stratum or pressure divulgence because of seal and so on
另外，還確定油氣成藏的關鍵時期為伊敏組沉積末。再者，認為欠壓實是最大埋深狀態下，超壓形成的主要原因，同時分析了形成現今負（低）壓的原因，其原因為地層抬升剝蝕、壓力因封閉層的泄漏等。最後，恢復出各主要目的層的古流體勢的演化歷史，從伊敏組末至現今，油勢分佈特徵具有較好的繼承性。The results indicated that the dimension, shape and purity of base material could meet the functional demand of solid lubricant ; the thermal decomposition temperature of ptfe resin exceeds 400 c, but organic and inorganic packing filler added in ptfe made the water absorption rate of composite material increased, melting temperature and decomposition temperature decreased, in the meanwhile oxidative decomposition reaction was accompanied ; polar groups such as c = o, c - o - c and so on in the carbon fiber surface is advantageous to increase compatibility with other components and interlayer shearing strength ; uniform design experimental method could help to find the relationship between formula and frictional property by relatively small tests. the developing trend of each formula ' s friction coefficient could be showed by fitting curve ; the friction coefficient with no copper powder or graphite in formula was relatively big. this fact showed that copper powder and graphite should be used cooperatively ; it was found that when the ratio of copper powder to graphite by weight is 15 : 60, 30 : 30 - 40 and 60 : 15 - 30 respectively, the friction coefficient was relatively small. the degree of crystallinity of pure ptfe reached maximum by air cooling and the abrasion loss also reached maximum among three ones ; at the same time, the abrasion loss of solid lubricant sample was also the biggest among three ones ; when solid lubricant matched with 45 # steel axle or gcrl5 steel axle, lubricant transfer film could be formed on metal surface, thus direct contact between the surface of metal friction pair rings was reduced. their working life was elongated extremely ; there was mainly much graphite, a little ptff, moo3, feso4, cus and so on in lubricant transfer film
試驗結果表明：所選原料的尺寸、形狀及純度可滿足固體潤滑劑的性能要求；聚四氟乙烯樹脂熱分解溫度超過400 ，但在ptfe中加入無機填料會使復合材料吸水率提高，熔融溫度及分解溫度降低，且伴有氧化分解反應；碳纖維表面含有c = o及c - o - c等極性基團，有利於提高其與其它組分的相容性，提高層間剪切強度；均勻設計試驗方法能夠用較少的試驗次數找出配方與摩擦性能間的關系，擬合曲線基本能表示各配方的摩擦系數發展趨勢；配方中不加銅粉或不加石墨，其摩擦系數均較高，說明銅粉和石墨應該配合使用；當銅粉15份、石墨60份時，銅粉30份、石墨30 - 40份時，銅粉60 、石墨15 - 30份時，摩擦系數均具有較低值；純聚四氟乙烯樹脂在空氣冷卻時結晶度最大，磨損量也是三者中最大的；同時，固體潤滑劑試樣在空氣冷卻時的磨損量也是三者中最大的：不論是固體潤滑劑與45 #鋼軸配副或是固體潤滑劑鑲嵌入銅套后與gcr15鋼軸配副，在金屬表面均可形成潤滑轉移膜，從而減少金屬摩擦副表面間的直接接觸，大大延長其使用壽命;轉移膜中主要含有較多的石墨、少量聚四氟乙烯、 moo 。Eventually atmospheric drag removes them from orbit by lowering their altitudes until they burn up on reentry into the dense lower atmosphere
最終空氣阻力會使它們高度降低、移出軌道，在重返地表的過程中，被濃密的低層大氣燃燒殆盡。This thesis work has researched the fabrication technics of photonic crystal defect waveguide with air - bridge structure and collecting waveguide ; suggested using uv - lithography and wet etching to fabricate traditional waveguide, after that, using eb - lithography and dry etching to fabricate photonic crystal holes, so can reduce the fabrication cost by a big range ; designed the moulding board, which can fabricate the air - bridge structure and is convenient for recognizing position in eb - lithography ; the structure consisted of traditional waveguides and etching grooves are fabricated on soi successfully, then an successful eb - lithography is realized on the structure, the defect waveguide collected with the traditional waveguide quite well ; used the etching grooves to do the sacrificial layer etching experiment, which grounded etching sacrificial layer by photonic crystal holes in next step
提出採用紫外光刻工藝製作傳統波導結構之後，通過電子束曝光和干法刻蝕製作光子晶體小孔的工藝方案，大幅度減低了製作成本；設計出可形成空氣橋結構、並且適用於電子束曝光位置識別的光刻模板，在soi材料上成功製作出帶有空氣橋刻蝕預留槽以及接續光波導的結構，在該結構上成功實現了光子晶體帶隙波導的電子束曝光，帶隙波導與接續光波導位置接續良好；最後利用預留槽進行了刻蝕犧牲層的實驗，為下一步利用光子晶體小孔刻蝕犧牲層形成空氣橋結構打下了基礎。Observation of drilling cores and casting - sections and the characters of pore structures and permeability of the matrix of the lower - ordovician carbonate in comparing with the lower limit of a reservoir for matrix reveal that the porosity, permeability, maximum pore diameter, saturation and median throat diameter in the matrix with undeveloped fissures, holes and solution pores are far lower than those of a reservoir limit although some micro - pores are developed in the matrix which therefore has no capacity of storing and producing oil - gas
摘要通過鉆井巖心和鑄體薄片觀察，根據下奧陶統灰巖基質的孔滲特徵和孔隙結構特徵，並與基質作為儲層的下限對照裂隙、洞穴和溶蝕孔洞不發育的灰巖基質，發現盡管有微孔隙的發育，但其孔隙度、滲透率、最大孔喉半徑、飽和度、中值喉道半徑等參數值遠低於儲層下限值，基本不具備儲集和生產油氣的意義。He explains why microwaves cook fish well and meat poorly ( they heat only water molecules, and those to just below boiling : in other words, they poach, producing succulent fish but bland meat ) ; why one should dress a salad just before serving ( oil penetrates the thin waxy cuticle that coats vegetables, driving out the air that refracts light and gives vegetables their colour ) ; why potatoes are the perfect food to deep - fry ( a wealth of starch and sugar on the surface ) ; and why the easiest way to salvage curdled mayonnaise is to wait until the oil separates completely, then just pour it back in, whisking constantly
他解釋了很多廚房內的問題，為什麼用微波爐烹飪出的魚味鮮色美，而做出的肉卻難以下咽（微波爐只對水分子有加熱的作用，而加熱的程度僅低於沸點：換言之，這是一種用熱水煮的過程，所以烹飪出的魚會多汁，而肉卻味道一般） ；為什麼僅在上菜之前的那一刻才給沙拉添加拌料（因為油會浸入保護蔬菜的薄弱表層，並迫使蔬菜內含有的對光線有折射作用的空氣，這樣蔬菜就具有了最本質的顏色） ；土豆為什麼通過油炸才味道最佳（因為油炸過程中，大量的澱粉與糖份會浮出到土豆的表面） ；以及為什麼給蛋黃醬解凍的最簡便的方法是先把醬倒出來，等內含的油完全分離之後，然後把醬倒回瓶子里，再不停地攪拌。Results show that the interdecadal anomalies are more significant in the variance of the system anomaly in the north pacific ( np ), and the interannual and interdecadal anomalies are about equivaleut in the tropical pacific ( tp ) ; the interdecadal change characters of the surface ( shallow ) layer of the ocean and the atmosphere aloft are unanimous in the same season and region, and their transition from a low mode to a high mode both occurred from the end of 1970s to the beginning of 1980s, with an exception for july in the np, which is related to the stability of the stratification of sea temperature within the sub - surface layer ; the interannual scale air - sea anomalies are associated with enso, is most typical for january, then july in the tp, followed by january in the np, and there is no visible relationship for july in the np
在海氣系統異常的方差構成中，北太平洋區域以年代際異常為主，熱帶太平洋區域年際和年代際異常相當；表（淺）層海洋與大氣的年代際變化特徵對同一季節、區域是一致的，且20世紀70年代後期到80年代初均發生由低模態向高模態的轉變；北太平洋區域的7月與此不同，這與該季節近表層海溫層結穩定有關；年際尺度的海、氣異常與enso有關，且以熱帶太平洋區域1月最典型， 7月次之，北太平洋區域1月再次之， 7月無明顯關系。A sensitive experiment is also performed to prove that dynamical instability of low level atmosphere would strengthen the entrainment of the sand particles in surface
最後本文通過動力穩定性對起沙影響的敏感性試驗證明了低層大氣的動力不穩定能增強起沙。Based on the ncep / ncar reanalysis products, the sea ice concentration data and the observation rainfall data in china, the seasonal, intraseasonal and interannual variations of the atmospheric circulation in the southern hemisphere ( sh ) are systematically analyzed together with their influences on east asian summer monsoon ( easm ). the major conclusions are summarized as follows : ( 1 ) in the lower level of the troposphere, the semi - annual oscillation ( sao ) is most active along 40 s and 65 s in the extratropics of the sh. over these latitudes, the variance percentages of sao exceed 70 %, and the anti - phase variation of the sea level pressure ( slp ) between the two latitudes is primarily caused by their sao components
利用ncep ncar再分析資料、南半球海冰密度資料及中國臺站降水資料，本文系統分析了南半球大氣環流的季節、季節內和年際變化特徵及其對東亞夏季風的影響，主要結論歸納如下： （ 1 ）對南半球熱帶外大氣環流而言， 40 s和65 s是低層大氣準半年振蕩最為顯著的兩個緯帶，在這兩個緯帶上，半年波的貢獻都超過了70 ，二者季節變化的反位相主要體現為半年波分量的反位相。The theoretical analysis of large cryocondensation pump for nbi was mainly concerned. this paper emphasized on analyzing and calculating the heat load of cryocondensation pump, simulating thermal transmission coefficient and molecule transmission coefficient of radiation baffle according to monte carlo method, analyzing the process on cryo - surface and the factor of affecting pumping speed and hydrogen layer thickness of influencing cryo - parameter, etc. finally by verifying the pumping speed on large cryocondensation pump for neutral beam injection system, the pumping speed of 4. 0x105l / s ( for h2 ) was proven to be reasonable
本文首先介紹了中性束注入系統的國內外發展狀況，闡述了中科院等離子體所ht - 7中性束注入系統的構成，主要對用於中性束注入系統的大型低溫冷凝泵的特性進行了理論分析；對冷凝抽氣面的熱負載進行了分析計算；用蒙特卡羅法對輻射擋板的分子傳輸幾率與熱傳輸幾率進行了模擬計算；研究了低溫表面的處理方法對抽速的影響以及氫層厚度對各低溫參數的影響；最後對用於中性束注入系統的大型低溫冷凝泵的抽速進行了驗證，得出的結論是：選取40萬升秒的抽速是合理的。The action that weak cold air penetrated into the tropical cyclone made the low pressure become vortex potential instability, and finally turned into kinetic energy. the results were that the center pressure of low became lower, the wind velocity around the cyclone was stronger and the precipitation became more
冷空氣在中低層的滲透主要使大氣斜壓作用加強，使不穩定能量的積聚並最終釋放；還造成臺風渦旋位勢不穩定，使熱帶氣旋中心氣壓降低，周圍風力加大，因而產生更大的降水。分享友人