概然值 的英文怎麼說

And then facing the problem of the channel estimation of the adaptive modulation system, we conclude out the channel estimation algorithms on maximum likelihood ( ml ) estimation and maximum a posteriori ( map ) estimation under the condition of flat fading channel and selective fading channel in detail. to meet flat fading channel, we simulate the relationship of the ratio between the error covariance in map estimation and ml estimation and pilot symbol message length. the conclusion can be drawn from these results

接著，對自適應調制系統中的通道估計問題難點，詳細推導了平衰落通道條件下和選擇性衰落通道條件下最大似然（ ml ）估計和最大后驗概率（ map ）估計演算法，針對平衰落通道，我們模擬了map估計和ml估計的方差與導頻符號長度的關系，模擬結果表明，錯誤方差受多譜勒頻率的變化影響最大，並且對實際的自適應調制系統，導頻符號長度的取值超過20個符號長度時， map通道估計明顯優于ml通道估計。

The natural capital stock concept has been defined as comprising four primary components ; natural resources, ecological resources, assimilative resources capacity and heritage resources, and four secondary components ; recreational value, landscape value, existence value and scientific value

自然資源資產概念包括四個主要組成部分（自然資源、生態資源、資源的吸納能力和文化遺產資源）及四個次要組成部分（康樂價值、景現價值、存在價值及科學價值） 。

In this diploma thesis, the statistic and structural characteristic of musical score image is analyzed and synthesized by relevant technology of image project, pattern recognition, mathematical morphology, software engineering, music knowledge, midi and so on. the concept of direction number has been defined, and then the mathematical morphology theory is used to process musical score image and recognize musical information. specialized direction number algorithms are firstly used to preprocess a musical score image and then recognize stafflines, barlines, pitch, note values, clef, etc. finally the musical information of the musical score image is automatically stored in the midi format

本文利用圖像處理、模式識別、數學形態學、音樂知識庫與midi等相關技術，分析與綜合數字樂譜圖像的統計與結構特徵，提出了方向數等概念，對樂譜圖像進行處理，利用直方圖技術與方向數演算法識別譜線、小節線、符乾等樂譜的主要框架，然後用數學形態學理論識別音高與時值，最後根據這些音樂信息，組合成音樂樂譜信息，並自動轉化成midi格式。

The paper describes isn as a nonlinear dynamic complexity system, and with self - organization characteristics. next, the paper constructs the structural model of ecological industrial chain by imitating the producer, consumer and decomposer in natural ecological system, and analyses the resources flow from the viewpoint of value chain. based on the theory of byproduct exchange, the paper put forwards four kinds of operation model of isn, and analyze them hi detail by using of the case study

模仿自然生態系統中的生產者、消費者和分解者構建生態產業鏈結構模型，從價值鏈角度分析了其中的資源流動；提出了生態產業鏈活性因子的概念，並運用這一概念對生態產業鏈的形成機理進行分析；基於副產品交換的特點，提出四種工業共生網路運作模式：依託型共生網路，平等型共生網路，嵌套型共生網路和虛擬型共生網路；通過對工業共生網路中資源流動的分析，揭示了副產品交換規律。

Based on consider hereinbefore, this dissertation discusses several aspects on the problem of the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources as follows : ( 1 ) reviewed entirely the origin and evolvement of the concept " sustainable development ", stated and commented the study status in queue on " sustainable development " around national and international range, thorough discussed the science connotation about the concept " sustainable development " ; ( 2 ) looked back and commented across - the aboard some furthest basic concept and proposition related to groundwater resources, put forward self opinions on a few existent mistake points of view and chaos understandings ; ( 3 ) expatiated entirely on the content and meaning of the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, contrast with the traditional methods of groundwater resources calculation and evaluation, combined example to show the application of this theory ; ( 4 ) thorough analyzed the difficult and complexity to forecast the groundwater resources, fully stated the traditional methods of groundwater resources forecasting, pointed out the characteristic and applying condition of these forecasting method, introduced the main ideas and methods of wavelet analysis developed recently, and the matlab software be known as the fifths era computer language, and its accessory wavelet analysis toolbox, applied these methods and tools to analyze the groundwater dynamic curve, adopted the b - j method and morte - carlo method, combined with the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, discussed the new view on the forecast of groundwater resources ; ( 5 ) synthetically analyzed the characteristics and limitations of the present all kind of groundwater manage model, combined mathematical programming mathematical statistics random process and the theory of variation system of groundwater resources on the unite optimum attempter of surface water and groundwater, emphasized how to make the model more nicety, more simple, more practicality ; ( 6 ) analyzed the inside condition and outside condition to assure the sustainable and optimum exploi tation of groundwater resources, the inside conditions are the follows : correct resources idea, scientific methods of resources calculation and evaluation, credible forecast methods of resources, exercisable measures of resources management, the outside conditions are the follows : the development idea of high layer, the transform of manage system, the matched policy and rule of law, the adjusted of economy lever, the improve of cultural diathesis, the boosting up of water - saving consciousness and detail measures, the control of population rising, the prevention and cure of water pollute, the renew and rebuild of ecology ; ( 7 ) scan the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources from the high level of metagalaxy, earth system science, and philosophy ; lint out the more directions on groundwater resources

基於以上考慮，論文主要從以下幾方面對地下水資源可持續開發問題進行了比較深入的探討：全面回顧了「可持續發展」概念的由來與演變，對國內外「可持續發展」的研究現狀進行了述評，並對「可持續發展」概念的科學內涵進行了深入探討；對涉及地下水資源的一些最基本的概念和命題進行了全面的回顧和評述，對目前仍然存在的一些錯誤觀點和混亂認識提出了自己的見解；全面闡述了地下水資源變值系統理論的內容和意義，並與傳統的地下水資源計算評價方法進行了對比分析，結合實例具體說明了方法的應用；深入分析了地下水資源預測預報工作的極端重要性和復雜性，對傳統的地下水資源動態預測方法進行了全面的評述，指出了各類預測預報方法的特點及適用條件，對最近二十多年剛發展起來的小波分析技術的主要思想和方法及其應用范圍，以及號稱第五代計算機語言的matlab軟體和附帶的小波分析工具箱進行了介紹，並應用於地下水動態過程線的分析，採用時間序列中的b ? j法，蒙特卡羅方法，與地下水資源變值系統理論相結合，探討了地下水動態資料分析和地下水資源預測預報的新思路；綜合分析了現今各類地下水管理模型的特點及缺陷，將數學規劃、數理統計、隨機過程等與地下水變值系統理論相結合進行地表水地下水或多水源的聯合優化調度，使模型更準確、更實用；對保證地下水資源可持續開發的內部條件和外部條件進行了分析，內部河海人學博卜學位論文前言、摘要、目錄條件主要是正確的資源觀，科學的資源計算與評價方法，可靠的資源預測預報技術，可操作的資源管理措施，外部條件主要是高層發展思路、管理體制的變革、配套的政策法規、經濟杠桿的調節、人文素質的提高、節水意識的增強及具體節水措施、人口增長的控制、水體污染的防治、生態的恢復和重建等;從宇宙科學、地球系統科學及哲學的高度審視地下水資源的可持續開發;指出了地下水資源可持續開發的進一步研究方向。

Firstly, the author refers that the premises of defining " act " is the change of research thinking manner and discusses concept separation based on two layers, the prototype of the crime and the model of the crime, with an eye of fact - value segregative dualistic thinking way

筆者首先指出界定「行為」概念的前提是要轉換研究該問題的思維方式，並就事實?價值分離的二元思維下的犯罪原型和犯罪模型層面的劃分問題作了具體論述，然後分別就不同層面的行為概念? 「自然行為」 、 「犯罪行為」 、 「刑法上的行為」的具體內涵提出了筆者的見解。

In the implementation of data classifier, we describe extraction and management of conceptual hierarchy for data, also design an automatic extraction algorithm for numeric data. in this section, we still provide the two algorithms of concept - based attribute - oriented induction and evaluating classification scheme and the visualization of classification rule. finally, the data classifier is tested in databas the results show that it is practical and its performance meet the requirement of designing

然後，在數據分類器的實現中，論述了數據的概念層次提取和管理，並對數值型數據給出了一個自動提取概念層次演算法；同時給出了基於面向屬性歸納的分類演算法、分類模式的評價演算法和分類規則的可視化方法。

The paper divided turbidite fan in deep water from long source into braided channel microfacies, inter - braided channel microfacies, medium fan over - belt microfacies, and external fan subfacies, and divided slump turbidite which related with delta into medium fan subfacies and external fan subfacies, and summed up 15 kinds of marking of subfacies and microfacies classification. at the same time, it formed a series of effective technology of analyzing turbidite source at the base of studying region geological which combined with analyzing the content change of terrigenous debris, with the found of logging facies, and with the ancient terrestrial magnetism test and other technology means under the guidance of three - dimensional model of turbidite which has been founded already and the flat surface feature of microfacies

將遠源深水濁積扇劃分為辮狀水道微相、辮狀水道間微相、中扇過渡帶微相和外扇亞相；將與三角洲有關的滑塌濁積扇劃分為中扇和外扇兩個亞相，並總結了濁積巖沉積劃分各種亞相、微相類型的十四種標志，分別為:巖石類型、層理類型、砂巖單層厚度、粒度結構特徵（粒度中值、分選性、概率曲線） 、生物化石、儲層物性（孔隙度、滲透率） 、泥巖隔層特徵（泥巖單層厚度、層數、顏色） 、鮑瑪層序組合和自然電位曲線特徵。

And evaluation theory, based on practice, and starting from the sociality of evaluative activity, regards natural value as a concrete historical concept embodied in the interaction between the multitude evaluation activity and the authority evaluation activity, and provides a broad avenue of research for settling the contradiction between human and nature

評價論以實踐活動為基礎，從評價活動的社會性出發，把自然價值當作一個由民眾評價活動和權威評價活動交織過程中凸現出來的具體的歷史的概念，從而為解決人與自然之間的矛盾提供了廣闊的思路。

Secondly, through reading of large documents, the paper analyses the typical housing policy of three west countries, including the general situation of housing policy, process history and policy trait. based on the comparative analysis of different housing policies the paper put forward some policies that can be used for reference. at last, aiming at the concrete problem, the paper come up with a series of countermeasure and put stress on the primary design of the mode of housing renting allowance

然後，通過大量文獻的閱讀，分析了西方國家的典型住房政策，包括政策地概況、發展演變歷程和政策特點，比較分析了各種政策的優劣，提出了值得我們現階段的政策措施最後，針對杭州中、低收入者住房政策的具體問題，提出了自己的對策建議，著重探討了住房租金補貼方式的初步設計實施。

Alienation, ideology and utopia are three snsitive concepts with many meanings, which imply such two functions as phenomenological description and value pursuit, and relate to reality and ideals of political culture

摘要異化、意識形態和烏托邦是三個異常敏感且意義豐富的概念，蘊涵政治文化的現象學描述和價值論規范雙重功能，直接關涉政治文化的實然和應然問題。

Firstly this paper points out that the mainstream value investment theories limits to some stratifications, such as market, business or product, technology and administrative levels, but it neglects the organizational idiosyncracy of the crux of the value factor, and it ' s better essence, better deep, better lasting than others. secondly this paper inducts and introduces collins " organizational idiosyncracy ideas, points out the importance of value investment theories " development ; and then establishes investigating index system of organizational idiosyncracy, through the way that from the surface to the core achieved a comprehensive summary of its external demonstrations in a large degree. to approve the effectiveness and operativeness of the investment index system in its application, this paper has chosen the specific cases in various corporations of different industries both at home and abroad, and made a various analysis of them, so that affirmed the advance and feasibility of the organizational idiosyncracy investment methods

本文首先指出主流價值投資思想主要局限於市場、業務（產品） 、技術和管理層等層次，而忽視了組織特質這一更本質、更深層、更持久的關鍵價值因素；其次引入並評價了柯林斯的組織特質思想，指出了它對投資思想發展的意義；然後形成了一套組織特質的評價指標體系，利用該體系由表及裡的，在最大程度上實現了對組織特質的全面概括；同時為了證實該指標體系的有效性，選取了國外公司、我國不同行業的不同公司進行了個案分析，通過對不同組織特質狀況企業的多角度分析確認了組織特質投資方法的先進性和可行性；最後對組織特質投資方法的適用性和局限性予以了總結。

The thesis outlines, according to the constructional learning theory, the background and inexorability of adaptable learning theory and analyzes the main features and key links of its mode. through positivistic analysis of adaptable learning strategy in actual teaching and learning, the thesis exposes a few problems worthy of attention in the field and proposes some fundamental ideas for teaching and learning reform

依據建構主義學習理論和教學理論，概述適應性學習理論形成的理論背景和必然性，分析適應性學習模式的主要特徵、關鍵環節及其特點，通過對適應性學習策略在教學中的實證分析，提出網路教學課程設計中值得關注的問題，進而闡述有效應用適應性學習策略的幾點思考。

The content of each part follow as : in the first chapter, as start point and base of the paper, this part focuses on the basic study of definition characteristic of no, and the existing base of no - e - commerce environment ; in the second one, this part studies the theory base of no comprehensively applying the theories of core competence competent strategy and transaction cost ; chapter three studies the no from the coordination of no, and gives the structure clarification and characteristic of no firstly, at the same time, put forward the concept of virtual enterprise cluster ; based on such conclusion, studies the model of no from life cyc organization level process and value chain, and operational mode ; in chapter four, a theoretical explanation was addressed on the above structure by modeling no with game theory and graphic theory ; in the fifth chapter, on the bases of analysis of no operational risks, coordination mechanism of no was studied by individually modeling the no without core and no with core, and then put forward the solution for coordination mechanism of no ; as an important component of coordination mechanism of no, chapter six explored some basic concept of trust and importantly put forward the way of how to build trust in no, especially investigated the supporting function of valid reputation mechanism of no for the trust building, importantly an operational method on building reputation mechanism and evaluation method in no were given ; the last chapter applied the conclusion of the paper to investigate the famous trade web - sunbu. com analyzed its shortcoming and gave the advices of developing

全文共分為七章，主要內容如下：第一章作為全文的理論出發點和基礎，圍繞網路組織的定義、特徵以及網路組織生存基礎- -電子商務環境等方面對網路組織的基本概念進行了闡述；第二章綜合運用核心能力、競爭戰略和交易費用理論對網路組織產生的理論基礎進行闡述；第三章首先從組織協調的角度對網路組織進行了研究，給出了網路組織的結構，分類和特徵，同時並給出了虛擬企業群簇；然後在此基礎上分別研究了網路組織的生命周期模型、層次模型、過程模型、價值鏈模型，以及運行模式；第四章綜合運用博弈論、圖論的相關知識，通過構建網路組織的模型，對上一章所研究的網路組織結構的形成機理給出了一種理論解釋；第五章在分析網路組織運行風險的基礎上，分別建立無盟主網路組織的博弈論模型和有盟主網路組織的博弈論模型，詳細研究了網路組織的協調機制，然後給出了網路組織協調機制的解決方案；第六章作為網路組織協調機制的重要組成部分，本章在討論了網路組織中建立信任機制的必要性的基礎上，研究了網路組織信任關系的類型，提出了在網路組織中如何建立信任機制。

The writer, as one of the ma i n members i n the job analysis group, handles some specific work in this project, such as design of questionnaires, design of interview questions, design of some forms and so on. in this thesis, above all, the writer studies some relative theory, then, researches the whole process of this job analysis. according to this logical order, there are four parts in the thesis as following : the firs part introduces some important concepts and theories, including the significance, the position, the history, the methods, and the value of job analysis in modern human resource management

本著理論指導實踐，實踐升華理論的原則，在本論文中，筆者首先從工作分析的相關理論入手，然後在理論研究的基礎上對cssc公司銷售部工作分析的全過程進行深入細致的分析研究，按照這種邏輯順序本論文共分為五大部分：第一部分為文獻綜述，主要闡述了工作分析的相關概念、工作分析的意義和作用、工作分析在現代人力資源以及人力資本管理中的地位、工作分析的歷史沿革、工作分析的理論、工作分析的內容、工作分析的方法技術、工作分析的價值等。

In order to select the plan for a hydraulic project the conception of the entropy principle of the information theory has been introduced. this paper summarized as the problems lined up non - restraint and restraint project which are based on their characteristics weight coefficient and presented a method of real combined inherent information of projects chosen with decision - maker subjective sense

為了解決水利水電投資方案的優選問題，本文引入信息論熵的概念，並以此為基礎，總結此類問題的特點，將其分為無約束方案排隊問題和有約束方案排隊問題，並相應提出一種結合優選方案的固有信息和決策主觀判斷力的使用權值的方法，然後建立模型。

Meanwhile, most aspects about this perspective are concerned, which include quantification of the soil water background of the plateau area, the regional spatial variation of soil water background and variation along the slope, mosaic structure and seasonal changes etc. the results show that : ( 1 ) for the fundamental circumstance for vegetation development is the original debilitated slope, so the perspective of soil water background specially for the loess plateau refers to the soil water conditions on the original slope. ( 2 ) the value of soil water background appears to be a descending trend from south to north based on the difference of vegetation zones. in the forest zone, soil moisture contents beneath 3m depth from the soil surface are more than 12 % usually ; in the forest - pasture zone, the values of soil moisture content beneath 4m depth underground are more than 6 % and stable, and tend to be ascending while the depth increases ; but the values in the dry pasture zone is lingering between 4 % to 6 % from the surface layer to sub - layers

發展了「土壤水分背景」的概念，並以之為基礎對其各個方面進行了研究，使之形成一個相對獨立和完整的體系，主要包括黃土高原土壤水分的背景值、土壤水分背景的區域分異、坡面分異、鑲嵌結構及其季節分異等： （ 1 ）由於植被生長發展、演替的基礎階段是天然草被群落，故認為黃土高原的土壤水分背景在概念上是特指該區天然草被群落下的土壤水分狀況； （ 2 ）黃土高原的土壤水分背景值，根據植被地帶的不同表現出自南向北逐漸降低的規律：森林地帶3米以下土層水分背景值普遍穩定地高於12 ，森林草原地帶4米以下土層水分背景值穩定大於6 ，且均隨土層的加深水分含量逐漸增加，而草原帶的土壤水分背景值自土表至底土層一直在4 6之間徘徊。

The black-disk approximation used so far reproduces the coarse features, but not the finer details.

應用至今的黑圓盤近似值雖然再現了概貌，但不能再現更為詳細的細節。

( 3 ) the idea suggested in this paper of converting flood into utilizable resource 、 attempering flood by engineering means and supervising human behaviors in the flooded area. to overcome the various barriers arising from ideology 、 systems 、 technology and economy which the establishment of risk management system of flood will be confronted with, this paper also suggests a statistical approach to estimate extremum and the concept of gray - uncertainty risk in figuring flood risk and analyses the severe harmfulness of accidents of extremum risk, furthermore, supplements and perfects present quantity - analyzing method of risk loss

3 、本文提出洪水資源化的觀念，以工程手段對洪水進行調節，以法律、行政、經濟、教育等綜合性的手段對人類在洪泛區中的行為進行管理，是削弱洪水的危害性、減輕洪水風險的有效方式，提高的防洪安全保障需求，實行洪水風險管理是必由之路。洪水風險管理體制的建立必然面臨觀念方面、體制方面、技術方面與經濟方面的重重障礙，並提出洪災風險評價的極值統計學方法和灰色-隨機風險率的概念，建立了其表達形式與計算方法，它完善了現有的風險損失量化方法。

I may sum up all by saying, that for strangers they were nothing, for superficial observers less than nothing ; but for those who had known them all their lives in the intimacy of close relationship, they were genuinely good and truly great

概括起來，我可以這么說：對于陌生者，她們是微不足道的人；對于淺薄的人，也許更是不值一顧；然而，對于那些了解她們生平的親密無間的人來說，她們是真正優秀和真正偉大的人。