民事不法行為 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [mínshìbùfǎhángwéi]
民事不法行為 英文
civil wrong
  • 民 : Ⅰ名詞1 （人民） the people 2 （某族的人） a member of a nationality 3 （從事某種職業的人） a pers...
  • 事 : 名1 （事情） matter; affair thing; business 2 （事故） trouble; accident 3 （職業;工作） job; wor...
  • 不 : 名詞[書面語] （剁物所用的木墩） a block of wood
  • 法 : Ⅰ名詞1 （由國家制定或認可的行為規則的總稱） law 2 （方法; 方式） way; method; mode; means 3 （標...
  • 行 : 行Ⅰ名詞1 （行列） line; row 2 （排行） seniority among brothers and sisters:你行幾? 我行三。where...
  • 民事 : [法律] relating to civil law; civil民事案件 civil case; 民事財產關系 civil property relations; 民...
  • 行為 : action; behaviour; conduct; deed
  1. The term delict and variants thereof are used in civil law systems for civil wrongs.

    不法侵害及其變化的術語在民法制度中被用於民事侵權行為上。
  2. For the treaty about the responsibility ' s quality, have four kind doctrine, is a deflect to say respectively, and the act of law say, and the direct provision of law say that say with honest repute, and the writer more incline toward the honest repute to say, quanta this is the treaty about negligence responsibility this a special stage solicit of, the parties steer the activity relating to civil law the hour to must have the heart of bona fides the status, other doctrine all some lead long strong, treaty about of occasion, traditional standpoint it is an acknowledge concordat that negligence responsibility establish does not establish, void or reversed occasion

    對于締約責任的性質，有四種學說，分別是侵權行為說，法律行為說，法律直接規定說和誠實信用說，筆者更傾向于誠實信用說，因為這是締約過失責任這一特殊階段要求的，當事人進行民事活動時必須具備誠實善良的內心狀態，其他學說都有些牽強。對于締約過失責任成立的場合，傳統的觀點是只承認合同不成立、無效或被撤銷的場合。筆者認為也應包括合同成立的場合，因為他同時也侵犯了非違約方的固有利益，雖然這部分利益不佔重點，但我們不能否認她們的存在，比如標的物有瑕疵，締約人違反保證等。
  3. Firstly, some basic concepts are not clear, such as what is the status of the company under liquidation, how to define the action of the industrial - commercial authority ' s invalidation of the license of the company, whether or not the share holders can sue to disincorporate the company, is it legal to dissolve a company without liquidation, what is special liquidation, under what situation will a company be obliged to disincorporate, who will be responsible for liquidation after the dis incorporation, etc. secondly, some primary legislative principles about disincorporation and liquidation that are adopted in foreign countries are not established in china, such as a company must be liquidated before disincorporation except for acquisition, the company remains valid during the liquidation until it finishes the invalidation registration, an ordinary liquidation must be replaced by a special liquidation under the instruction of the court when there is an impediment or a fraud, the company should apply to the court for bankruptcy when it is found that its debt is over its asset during the liquidation, the number of people execute liquidation can be several or just one, companies applied for annulment shall be judged by the court and must be liquidated, etc. thirdly, china does n ' t have some of the fundamental rules that are specified in the laws of foreign countries, such as the rule of disincorporation registration, the rule that the company should sue to let the court judge for disincorporation if there is a deadlock between share holders, the rule of credit trade - off in special liquidation, the rule that people who execute the liquidation are jointly responsible for compensating the loss of the third party caused by their activities that are illegal or vicious, the rule of special liquidation, the rule of the representation of the people who execute the liquidation, the rule of the court supervising the liquidation in an inactive way, the rule of how long the accounts and documents should be kept after disincorporation, etc. because of the lack in research and legislation, the system for companies leaving the market is highly disorganized, which harmed the interest of the creditors and relevant people, increased the risk of market exchange, damaged the order of the market economy and the ethic of doing business, wasted the resources of the society, and impaired the authority and seriousness of the law

    再次，國外立法上的一些基本制度我國沒有，如解散登記制度，股東出現僵局訴請法院判決解散制度，特別清算中的債權協定製度，清算人因違法或惡意對第三人承擔連帶賠償責任制度，司法特別清算制度，清算人的代表性制度，法院消極監督清算制度，帳薄及文件在公司解散后保存法定期限制度等。由於理論研究和立法的不足，造成了我國公司法人退出市場機制的嚴重混亂，損害了債權人和利害關系人的利益，增加了市場主體交易不安全感，破壞了市場經濟秩序和商業道德，浪費了社會資源，削弱了法律的權威性和嚴肅性。文章認為，完善我國公司解散和清算制度，應借鑒和引進發達國家的法學理論和法律制度，統一我國有關解散和清算立法，在基本概念、基本原則、基本制度、基本程序諸方面進行統一規范，填補立法空白，創設法院解散公司制度，廢除行政特別清算制度代之以司法特別清算制度，健全和嚴格違反清算規定的法律責任制度（包括民事責任，刑事責任，行政責任，改變現行行政處罰范圍偏廣，民事賠償范圍偏窄，刑事追究空白太多的不協調狀況） ，從而構築起科學的公司解散和清算制度，使之符合我國經濟生活的客觀需求，符合市場經濟發展的基本方向，並與國外立法通例趨同。
  4. The third part of this article mainly discusses the causal relationship in market manipulation, which is a block of the enforcement of the law against market fraudulences. because market manipulation is a kind of special tort, the author agree on the use of the " proof to the contrary " theory to lighten the proof burden of the damaged party in causal relationship. besides, this part also discusses such issues as how to decide the scope of legal plaintiffs, how to assess the losses of the damaged party

    本文第三部分「操縱市場的因果關系研究」從民法一般的因果關系理論入手，並結合操縱市場的侵權行為中因果關系的特殊性，論述了操縱市場的侵權行為中因果關系是否成立的判斷標準，並主張對因果關系在民事訴訟中舉證責任的分配應突破「法律要件分類說」的要求，適用因果關系舉證責任倒置的做法，即由操縱市場案件中的被告負擔證明責任成立因果關系不成立的舉證責任，否則即推定因果關系成立。
  5. Why we call public interest litigation as new litigation, one reason is that we have not set any system about public interest litigation in our civil procedure act and administrative procedure act ; another reason is that the history of public interest litigation is only morn than one hundred years which make it looks like a juvenility in the field of action law. for it is new, it must has more theory space and practice worth to study, so i choice it as my subject of master " s degree

    公益訴訟之所以被稱之為新型訴訟，一是因為在我國現行的民事、行政訴訟框架中沒有設置相關的制度；二是因為放在國際大背景來看，它的成長歷史也不過區區一百多年，是訴訟法領域內尚不成熟的「少年」 ，正因其「新」 ，充滿可供研究探索的理論空間，具有發展完善的實際價值，我選擇了它作為碩士論文的課題。
  6. According to domestic relevant essays and works on this crime, related discussions mainly concentrated on this crime ' s composition characteristic, the form of crime intention and its time of emerging, the asserting of the purpose of illegal possession, the distinction between contract swindling and civil disputation, etc. there is fewer discussions on the concept, the difference between swindling and fraud, the nature of the behavior that swindle intention produced while the effective contract is fulfilled, the evaluation and analysis of the clause of the crime, etc. the author studied related essays and works carefully, then combining the theory of the contract lav and criminal law, to discuss the concepts of this crime, the judicial confirmation of this crime, the evaluation and analysis of the clause of the crime, etc. aiming at casting a brick to attract a jade

    從國內有關本罪研究的論文與專著來看，相關論述主要集中在本罪的構成特徵，犯罪故意的形式與產生時間，非法佔有目的的認定，合同詐騙與民事糾紛的區別等方面，而對本罪的概念，欺詐與詐騙的區別，在有效合同履行過程中產生犯意進而詐騙之行為如何定性，本罪條文評析等方面，尚探討不多。筆者在較詳盡地研讀有關論文、專著的基礎上，結合合同法理論與刑法理論，就合同詐騙罪的概念與特徵、司法認定、條文評析等方面展開論述，旨在拋磚引玉。
  7. There must have anti - monopoly laws instead of specialistic legislation of anti - malfeasant competition in west market economic country. according to the ordinary rules, our market economy should not only set up competitive legal system, but also put anti - monopoly laws to the center of competitive law as the developed country did

    西方市場經濟國家可以沒有反不正當競爭的專門立法（其不正當競爭行為由民事侵權行為制度有效規制） ，卻一日不可或缺反壟斷法，市場經濟具有同質性，因而「我國實行市場經濟，不僅一般地需要建立競爭法制，而且要像發達國家一樣，將反壟斷法置於競爭法的核心」 。
  8. Market manipulation generally refers to such practices as wash sale, matched orders or rigged prices. these practices are all ultimately intended to produce a market for the securities, which has little or no bearing on the true value of the securities based on the real business of the issuer and its true prospects. that is to say, market manipulation violates the integrity of the market because it alters the independent trading and pricing mechanisms of the market

    從私法的角度言之，操縱市場行為嚴重地侵害了證券市場上廣大投資者的合法權益，因而，不同國家和地區的證券立法在禁止操縱市場行為的同時，大都注重發揮操縱市場的民事責任制度的功能，對操縱市場行為的受害人的合法民事權益給予私法上的救濟，並加大違法行為人的違法成本，以有效地遏制或制裁操縱市場的違法行為。
  9. In china environmental tort law system in modern sense has already, the forms of it are constitution law, civil law, environmental protection law, interpretation of law, etc. china ocean environmental protection law ( 1982 ) has established the criterion of liability without negligence, the requisites to constitute an environmental tort are injurious act, damage, causation, etc. among of them injurious act is the prerequisite of environmental tort

    我國環境侵權法的無過失責任原則最先是由《海洋環境保護法》確立的。環境侵權的構成要件有行為的違法性（侵害行為） 、損害事實、侵害行為與損害事實之間的因果關系等三個條件構成的。其中行為的違法性（侵害行為）是構成環境侵權的前提，因為合法行為不能引起民事責任的產生。
  10. Judicial remedies are correct, rectify, or redress make by the courts to the damage, jeopardize, lost, or injure which have occurred, or had been made by wrong conducts

    民事司法救濟是法院對已發生或業已造成損害、危害、損失或損害的不正當行為的糾正、矯正或改正。
  11. From the angle of law, the regulation and restriction of collaboration with bidding should be put in the framework of the competitive law rather than be regarded as the tort

    從法律角度，規制串通招標投標行為應當把其放在競爭法的框架下進行，而不僅將其視為一般的民事侵權行為。
  12. Punitive damages is n ' t suitable to be applied widely in nowadays in our country, but in some unusual areas where torts is very serious and the existing law is n ' t sufficient, we can use it

    在我國不宜廣泛適用懲罰性賠償，但在民事侵權行為十分嚴重，現有的法律制度不足以有效遏制的一些特殊領域，可以適用懲罰性賠償。
  13. Directors of dltp includes de jure directors, de facto directors and shadow directors and third parties is composed of shareholders, creditors and some special creditors, such as governmental tr. x agencies, social security departments and corporate employees. the legal nature of dltp is special liability and different from liabilities mder tort, accordingly directors have to face both the liabilities under civil law and the special liabilities under corporate law. a director is not liable to third parties except that his or her action is illegal ; he or she is guilty of wrongful intent or of gross negligence for the illegal action ; the action occurs in the course of performing his or her corporate suties ; and third parties are damaged by the action

    作者指出，董事對第三人責任中的董事不僅指正式董事，而且還包括影子董事和事實董事;除了股東和一般債權人之外，第三人還包括二些特殊債權人，如稅務機關、社保機關以及雇員等;其責任性質為法定責任，但並不排除與民法侵權責任競合的可能;董事對第三人責任應包括以下要件: .董事之行為須違法、董事對其行為違法有故意或重大過失、董事之行為發生於執行職務過程中、第三人因董事之違法行為受損害;在舉證責任的分擔上應有董事證明其違法行為是否有故意或重大過失，實現這一制度的訴訟形式為第三人之訴;另外，在公司破產時應採取一些特殊措施，以保證公平受償。
  14. The writer considers that establishing the unification rule currently is not only the requirement of the fact, but also having the stable foundations and conditions. the third chapter of the article uses the rule of unification between the army and the local place as a tool of research, starting with the status in quo, taking the basic requirements of the rule as a standard judgment, find out the shortage of the military criminal law. the shortages are analyzed separately from the aspects of military criminal material law, military criminal procedure law and judicatory system

    在本文的第三章，筆者以軍地法治相統一原則為研究工具，進而從軍事刑事法的現狀入手，以原則的基本要求為評判標準，找出軍事刑事法存在的不足:一、靜態層面: （一）軍事刑事實體法方面:一是軍事刑法及其附屬性罰則的部分內容欠缺規范;二是軍事刑法中的危害國防利益罪對于普通公民的規定過于嚴密;三是軍事刑法中的軍人違反職責罪對于嚴重危害軍人人身權益和人格尊嚴的不法行為缺乏相應的規范。
  15. The legal rule is the best way of suppressing the illegal activitives of security, but legal liability is the ultimate guarantee of legal rules realization. in three main shapes of legal liability, criminal liability and administrative liability are the responsibilities in the public law, they implement human ' s disciplinary punishment and the deterrent to the illegal act ; civil liability is the responsibility in the private law, the stress is to compensate the losses of investors

    法律規則是抑制證券違法行為的最佳方式，而法律責任又是法律規則實現的根本保證。在法律責任的三種主要表現形式中，刑事責任和行政責任是公法上的責任，側重的是對不法行為實施人的懲戒和威懾;民事責任是私法上的責任，側重的是對不法行為給受害人造成的損失給予實際補償。
  16. Taking pursuit of value of law on procedural justice and procedural benefit as the starting points, taking guarantee of rights and interests of citizens as the final settling place, on the basis of analysis on three kinds of cases with different characters, beginning with the shortcoming of existing methods of dispute settlement and the limitation of present theoretic framework, by means of legal and logical thought, the dissertation emphatically demonstrated three different models, namely administrative litigation with incidental civil action, civil action with incidental administrative litigation and action of parties, which are suitable to the three kinds of cases respectively

    以程序正義和程序效益的法律價值追求為起點，以保障公民的權益為歸宿，在對三類不同性質案件特點分析的基礎上，從現有解決方式的弊端和既存理論框架的局限入手，通過法律的邏輯思維，文章著重論證了分別適宜該三類案件的三種不同的訴訟解決模式：行政附帶民事訴訟、民事附帶行政訴訟和當事人訴訟。
  17. As a result, the applying object of the institution of the capacity for civil liability is all of the actions with fault, including the conduct to breach of faith and the act of tort that is suitable for the institution of liability with fault

    民事責任能力的著眼點是行為的過錯與否，而不是行為的違法與否。所以責任能力的適用對象是所有過錯行為，包括所有適用過錯責任制度的違約行為與侵權行為。
  18. In no event shall either party be liable to the other for any special or other indirect damages of any kind, including but not limited to, loss of profits or damages, however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in any action for contract, strict liability or tort ( including negligence ) or any other legal or equitable grounds

    在任何事件中，對于任何特殊和間接的損害雙方都要承擔責任，包括不受限制的利益損失或損害，無論什麼原因和責任推斷，是否屬于合同規定內的行為，都要以法律和公平為依據，明確責任和民事侵權行為（包括因疏忽造成的後果） 。
  19. However, in examing the existing system established by current related department laws, obvious contradictions and incongruities can be found between that and the above due system deduced from the constitution, which are mainly manifested in the following aspects : first, lack of regulations regarding the filing of prosecutions by prosecutorial organs against major civil illegal activities committed by citizens, legal persons or other organizations hampering state and social public interests ; second, absence of regulations on the participation of civil proceedings of the prosecutorial organs ; third, absence of regulations on lodging protest against non - effective court decisions ; fourth, failure to incorporate into regulations supervision models such as the issuing of prosecutorial suggestion and notice to redress illegalities, which prove to be effective in prosecutorial practices

    但是，從現行有關部門法所確立的實然制度分析，卻與上述從現行《憲法》規定推導出的應然制度之間有著明顯矛盾和不協調。這種矛盾和不協調集中地表現在：一是沒有規定檢察機關針對公民、法人或其他組織實施的侵害國家和社會公共利益的重大民事違法行為提起公訴的制度；二是沒有規定檢察機關參加民事訴訟的制度；三是沒有規定檢察機關對未生效裁判提起抗訴的制度；四是對檢察建議、糾正違法通知等這些被檢察實踐證明是行之有效的監督方式未有規定。
  20. It is not right to say generally which relation should be protected. to answer that, the behavior party who caused the appearing fact is to be judged whether he is responsible, and as for the opposite party and the third party, they are to be judged whether they have the reliable interests to protect

    保護那一個民事法律關系，不能一概而論，對于造成表見事實的行為人來講，要看他是否有歸責性，對于相對人和第三人來講，應當是否有信賴利益可以保護。
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