特種費用 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [tèzhǒngbìyòng]
特種費用 英文
special charge
  • 特 : Ⅰ形容詞（特殊; 超出一般） particular; special; exceptional; unusual Ⅱ副詞1 （特別） especially; v...
  • 種 : 種名詞（姓氏） a surname
  • 費 : Ⅰ名詞1 （費用） fee; expense; expenditure; dues; charge 2 （姓氏） a surname Ⅱ動詞（花費; 耗費） ...
  • 用 : Ⅰ動詞1 （使用） use; employ; apply 2 （多用於否定: 需要） need 3 （敬辭: 吃; 喝） eat; drink Ⅱ名...
  • 特種 : special type; particular kind特種編碼 specific coding; 特種兵 special soldier; special troop; 特...
  • 費用 : cost; expenses; outlay
  1. Technique of transmitting data via power line （ pl ） ， a new technique developed in recent years ， is used to automatize the free collecting system in public service and the management of uptown service 。 this article discussed the advantage ， disadvantage and the current state of the power line carrier communication 。 the advantage ， method and current state of using spread spectrum technique in power line communication are discussed 。 then the characteristic of low voltage power network was also compendious analyzed 。 in this paper ， after introducing the principle of ssc ， design of hardware and software of the system are been discussed 。 this system has been put into use ， the result has proved its high stability and reliability

    本文研究旨在提供一種利用低壓電力供電網路、低成本、高可靠地實現公共事業收費自動化和小區物業管理智能化的技術應用。討論了電力線載波通信的優、缺點及現狀，擴頻技術在電力線載波通信應用的優點、方式和現狀，並對低壓電力線網路的特性進行了簡單的分析。在闡述了擴頻通信的基本原理的基礎上，本文詳細地介紹了電力載波遠程抄表系統的具體實現，包括硬體模塊和管理軟體本系統已投入運行，具有較高的穩定性和可靠性。
  2. A fixed charge or tax for a privilege, especially for passage across a bridge or along a road

    費用，通行費獲得某種特權所要交的固定費用或稅款，特別是為了通過一座橋梁或一條道路
  3. The land occupied in the process of urbanization is divided into cropland, garden plot, woodland, grass / rangeland, water area, wilderness. according to the characteristic of land occupation in the process of urbanization, the ecological loss of land is environmental loss, land restoration costs and available ecological loss

    本文將城鎮化進程中佔用的土地類型分為耕地、園地、林地、牧草地、水域、未利用地六種，根據城鎮化進程中佔用土地造成土地生態損失的特點，將土地生態系統的生態損失分為有效生態損失、環境損失、恢復費用三部分。
  4. But much of that jump is thanks to a sharp rise in the cost of housing ( which makes up almost 40 % of core cpi ), particularly the category of “ owners ' equivalent rent ” which estimates the cost of living in a house by looking at rents charged on similar properties

    但是，此次上漲大多歸因於迅猛上漲的房屋成本（組成了將近40 %的cpi ） ，特別應該歸咎于「業主等價租金」的上漲上，這種租金使家庭的生活成本能夠通過觀察相似財產的租賃費用來衡量。
  5. After generalizing the characteristic of modern equipment, the mission of equipment management and general situation of chinese equipment management, basied on two forms of equipment management - - - - - - practicality & value, the author combined quantitative & qualitative methods with example to analyze and discuss questions, especially the reasonable update & depreciation, accordingly achieving the optimization of the technical efficiency & economic benefit 0 one of emphases of the thesis is methods application of equipment reasonable update, that is starting with economic benefit to looking for reasonable using fixed number of year. the thesis used inferior - converted numeric method and rate equation which based on the theory square and combined with harbor loading machines & tugboat ' s actual facts, calculated the economic life of the same machine in order to make sure harbor machines " reasonable using fixed number of year. at the same time, the author made use of midpoint value regress method and stochastic trapeziform forecast method to calculate and analyze and gain the reasonable conclusion o the other emphases is questions of harbor equipment

    本文概括介紹了現代設備的特點、設備管理的任務以及我國設備管理發展的概況后，作者從設備經濟管理的兩種形態? ?實物形態和價值形態出發，採取定量與定性相結合，以定量為主，結合實例進行分析與論述，對港口設備的合理更新與折舊問題進行了著重研究，從而實現設備的技術效能和經濟效益的最優化。本文研究的重點之一是設備合理更新的方法應用，即從經濟效益出發，來尋求設備的合理使用年限。本文結合港口裝卸機械和港作拖輪的實際，運用以正方形理論為基礎的低劣化數值法和費用方程兩種方法，計算了同一種機械設備的經濟壽命，從而確定港機合理的使用年限，同時，運用了中點值回歸法和隨機梯形預測法進行計算和分析，得到了合理的結論。
  6. Nevertheless, some respondents have expressed reservations about the effectiveness and viability of the integrated approach, particularly in regard to old buildings where the owners may not be able to afford the recurrent management fee, and where the long - standing weak building care culture may not support such an approach

    不過，有部分回應者對融合方式的成效及可行性有保留，特別是關注舊樓業主，可能無法負擔經常性的管理費用，而且這些業主對保養樓宇的意識向來都比較薄弱，或未能配合這種融合方式。
  7. Evading risk in financial trading market cries for pricing options to a nicety. asian option, as the most flourish options in the finace market, the pricing has been focused on always. the exact pricing formula for the geometric average asian option had existed, but as to the european - style arithmetic average asian option, due to the dependence structure between the prices of the underlying asset, no analytical formula exists. on the hypothesis that the market is frictionless and without transaction costs 、 on the base of b - s ’ s and in the binomial tree model, we provide several algorithms for computing an accurate value of the european - style arithmetic average asian option. following rogers and shi and by jensen ’ s inequality, many different upper and lower bounds are provided ; meanwhile a formula have got by the comonotonicity and approximating the distribution function. all of the algorithms are easy for programming. with the development of computer, more accurater price can be computed quickly. and numerical example proved that these algorithms are very accurate

    對于幾何平均亞式期權它的定價相對簡單，已經給出了定價公式。對于算術平均亞式期權，它的未定權益具有軌道依賴特性，一直沒有得到它的定價方程的解析解形式。本文基於對市場是無摩擦且在沒有交易費用的情況下，在b - s模型下，利用二叉樹模型給出了算術平均亞式期權定價方法;並總結了利用jensen 』 s不等式給出的各種不同情況下的上下界;同時應用共單調性和近似分佈函數的方法也給出了算術平均亞式期權價格的近似公式。
  8. The content of each part follow as : in the first chapter, as start point and base of the paper, this part focuses on the basic study of definition characteristic of no, and the existing base of no - e - commerce environment ; in the second one, this part studies the theory base of no comprehensively applying the theories of core competence competent strategy and transaction cost ; chapter three studies the no from the coordination of no, and gives the structure clarification and characteristic of no firstly, at the same time, put forward the concept of virtual enterprise cluster ; based on such conclusion, studies the model of no from life cyc organization level process and value chain, and operational mode ; in chapter four, a theoretical explanation was addressed on the above structure by modeling no with game theory and graphic theory ; in the fifth chapter, on the bases of analysis of no operational risks, coordination mechanism of no was studied by individually modeling the no without core and no with core, and then put forward the solution for coordination mechanism of no ; as an important component of coordination mechanism of no, chapter six explored some basic concept of trust and importantly put forward the way of how to build trust in no, especially investigated the supporting function of valid reputation mechanism of no for the trust building, importantly an operational method on building reputation mechanism and evaluation method in no were given ; the last chapter applied the conclusion of the paper to investigate the famous trade web - sunbu. com analyzed its shortcoming and gave the advices of developing

    全文共分為七章，主要內容如下：第一章作為全文的理論出發點和基礎，圍繞網路組織的定義、特徵以及網路組織生存基礎- -電子商務環境等方面對網路組織的基本概念進行了闡述；第二章綜合運用核心能力、競爭戰略和交易費用理論對網路組織產生的理論基礎進行闡述；第三章首先從組織協調的角度對網路組織進行了研究，給出了網路組織的結構，分類和特徵，同時並給出了虛擬企業群簇；然後在此基礎上分別研究了網路組織的生命周期模型、層次模型、過程模型、價值鏈模型，以及運行模式；第四章綜合運用博弈論、圖論的相關知識，通過構建網路組織的模型，對上一章所研究的網路組織結構的形成機理給出了一種理論解釋；第五章在分析網路組織運行風險的基礎上，分別建立無盟主網路組織的博弈論模型和有盟主網路組織的博弈論模型，詳細研究了網路組織的協調機制，然後給出了網路組織協調機制的解決方案；第六章作為網路組織協調機制的重要組成部分，本章在討論了網路組織中建立信任機制的必要性的基礎上，研究了網路組織信任關系的類型，提出了在網路組織中如何建立信任機制。
  9. However, once we take all - sided and impersonal view over the housing finance, we will definitely realize the conflict between the high speed and the low efficiency of it. in this paper, it ' s analyzed that there ' re five factors affecting the efficiency of housing finance, based on the basic situation of china as a developing country and according to some related theories of the western economics. the first one is the dual - track interest rate which presumes that price of housing credit financing is under the control of government to a certain extent, and the rest is open

    因此，本文從我國作為一個發展中國家? ?這一基本國情出發，以西方經濟學中有關理論為依據，分析影響我國住房金融效率的因素主要包括：利率雙軌，即一部分住房信貸資金價格受到政府的管制，而另一部分住房信貸資金價格則是開放的；住房金融機構產權不清，特別是政策性住房金融機構產權不清而導致金融創新動力不足，金融工具品種單一，不能滿足居民需求多樣化的要求；住房信貸中由於較高的交易費用，而使內耗偏高、效率降低；住房金融機構不健全，既不存在真正的住房金融機構又缺乏相應的擔保機構；此外，住房金融中融資機制不完備，長期信貸資金來源不足與資產負債的期限結構不匹配也是影響住房金融效率的一個主要因素。
  10. The main issues of the research are put as following : firstly, with the international comparing of market sharing rate and trading competitive index, it was revealed that wheat in china has inferior international competitiveness with a bit rising during current years, however, which is still behind that of the main wheat export countries. secondly, after the international comparing of the main factors that affect the international competitiveness of wheat, it was discovered that chinese wheat has the obvious cost advantage on unit product, while because of the high circulation fee, it results in inferior advantage on the price ; low and unstable quality is another factor which leads to inferior wheat competitiveness ; the input of fertilizer and labor makes little impact on the productivity of chinese wheat, while the input of seeds, irrigation and machine makes a strong impact, so it should be more invested in seeds, irrigation and machine to reduce wheat ' s unit cost. the assistant industries of the wheat, such as breed, production materials and processing industries, have inferior international competitiveness and lagged development

    其次，通過對影響小麥國際競爭力的主要因素的國際比較發現：中國小麥單位產品生產成本具有明顯優勢，但由於較高的流通費用，導致在價格上不具有優勢；小麥質量較差、品質不穩定是導致中國小麥國際競爭力較低的主要因素；生產要素中化肥和勞動力投入對中國小麥生產力水平的影響程度較小，而種子、灌溉和機械投入對小麥生產力水平的的影響程度較大，因此小麥生產投入要以增加種子、灌溉和機械的投入為主，代替大量的化肥和勞動力投入，進一步降低小麥單位產品成本，增強中國小麥國際競爭力；中國小麥的上下游輔助產業（包括品種資源、生產資料和加工業）的國際競爭力較弱，發展較為滯后；中國小麥生產者的組織化程度較低嚴重製約了中國小麥質量的提高、流通費用的降低和加工業的發展；小麥生產經營活動本身的特點決定了在充分發揮市場機製作用的基礎上，必須通過政府的宏觀調控來克服其市場機制的失靈，保障市場機制有效運行，但通過國際比較研究發現：中國政府在生產者支持、市場體系建設和國際貿易政策上對小麥的支持水平較低，與提高中國小麥國際競爭力的要求有較大差距，尤其是較低的生產者支持水平和市場體系建設程度制約了中國小麥國際競爭力的提高。
  11. The retail sales of consumer goods include : ( 1 ) commodities sold to urban and rural residents for residential use and building materials sold to them for the construction or repair of houses ; ( 2 ) food and fuels sold to canteens of institutions, enterprises, schools, military units and to canteens of hotels and hostels that only serve their guests, and commodities produced by enterprises, institutions or state farms and sold directly to their employees or their canteens ; ( 3 ) grain and non - staple food, clothing, daily articles and fuels sold to military personnel ; ( 4 ) consumer goods sold to foreigners, overseas chinese, and chinese compatriots from taiwan, hong kong and macao during their stay in the mainland of china ; ( 5 ) chinese and western medicines, herbs and medical facilities purchased by residents ; ( 6 ) newspapers, books and magazines directly sold to residents and social groups by publishers, new and old commemorative stamps, special stamps, first - day covers, stamp albums and other stamp - collection articles sold by stamp companies ; ( 7 ) consumer goods purchased and then sold by second - hand shops ; ( 8 ) stoves and other heating facilities and liquefied gas sold by gas companies to households and institutions ; and ( 9 ) commodities sold by farmers to non - agricultural residents and social groups

    社會消費品零售額包括： （ 1 ）售給城鄉居民作為生活用的商品和修建房屋用的建築材料； （ 2 ）售給機關、團體、學校、部隊、企業、事業單位的職工食堂和旅店（招待所）附設專門供本店旅客食用，不對外營業的食堂的各種食品、燃料；企業、事業單位和國營農場直接售給本單位職工和職工食堂的自己生產的產品； （ 3 ）售給部隊幹部、戰士生活用的糧食、副食品、衣著品、日用品、燃料； （ 4 ）售給來華的外國人、華僑、港澳臺同胞的消費品； （ 5 ）居民自費購買的中、西藥品、中藥材及醫療用品； （ 6 ）報社、出版社直接售給居民和社會集團的報紙、圖書、雜志、集郵公司出售的新、舊紀念郵票、特種郵票、首日封、集郵冊、集郵工具等； （ 7 ）舊貨寄售商店自購、自銷部分的商品； （ 8 ）煤氣公司、液化石油氣站售給居民和社會集團的煤氣灶具和罐裝液化石油氣； （ 9 ）農民售給非農業居民和社會集團的商品。
  12. The retail sales of consumer goods include : ( 1 ) commodities sold to urban and rural residents for residential use and building materials sold to them for the construction or repair of houses ; ( 2 ) food and fuels sold to canteens of institutions, enterprises, schools, military units and to canteens of hotels and hostels that only serve th eir guests, and commodities produced by enterprises, institutions or state farms and sold directly to their employees or their canteens ; ( 3 ) grain and non ? staple food, clothing, daily articles and fuels sold to military personnel ; ( 4 ) consumer goods sold to foreigners, overseas chinese, and chinese compatriots from taiwan, hong kong and macao during their stay in the mainland of china ; ( 5 ) chinese an d western medicines, herbs and medical facilities purchased by residents ; ( 6 ) newspapers, books and magazines directly sold to residents and social groups by publishers, new and old commemorative stamps, special stamps, first day covers, stamp albums and other stamp ? collection articles sold by stamp companies ; ( 7 ) consumer goods purchased and then sold by second ? hand shops ; ( 8 ) stoves an d other heating facilities and liquified gas sold by gas companies to households and institutions ; and ( 9 ) commodities sold by farmers to non ? agricultural residents and social groups

    社會消費品零售額包括： （ 1 ）售給城鄉居民作為生活用的商品和修建房屋用的建築材料； （ 2 ）售給社會集團的各種辦公用品和公用消費品（ 3 ）售給機關、團體、學校、部隊、企業、事業單位的職工食堂和旅店（招待所）附設專門供本店旅客食用，不對外營業的食堂的各種食品、燃料；企業、單位和國營農場直接售給本單位職工和職工食堂的自已生產的產品； （ 4 ）售給部隊幹部、戰士生活用的糧食、副食品、衣著品、日用品、燃料； （ 5 ）售給來華的外國人、華僑、港澳（臺）同胞的消費品； （ 6 ）居民自費購買的中、西藥品、中藥材及醫療用品； （ 7 ）報社、出版社直接售給居民和社會集團的報紙、圖書、雜志、集郵公司出售的新、舊紀念郵票、特種郵票、首日封、集郵冊、集郵工具等； （ 8 ）舊貨寄售商店自購、自銷部分的商品； （ 9 ）煤氣公司、液化石油氣站售給居民和社會集團的煤氣灶具和罐裝液化石油氣； （ 10 ）農民售給非農業居民和社會集團的商品。
  13. The retail sales of consumer goods inclued : ( 1 ) commodities sold to urban and rural residents for their daily use and building materials sold to them for the construction or repair of houses ; ( 2 ) office appliances and supplies sold to institutions ; ( 3 ) food and fuels sold to canteens of institutions, enterprises, schools, military units and to canteens of hotels that only serve their guests, and commodities produced by enterprises, institutions or state farms and sold directly to their employees or their canteens ; ( 4 ) grain and non - staple food, clothing, daily articles and fuels sold to military personnel ; ( 5 ) consumer goods sold to foreigners, overseas chinese, and chinese compatriots from taiwan, hong kong and macao during their stay in the mainland of cina ; ( 6 ) chinses and western medicines, herbs and medical facilities purchased by residents ; ( 7 ) newspapers, books and magazines directly sold to residents and social groups by publishers, new and old commemorative stamps, special stamps, first - day covers, stamp albums and other stamp - collection articles sold by stamp companies ; ( 8 ) consumer goods purchased and then sold by second - hand shops ; ( 9 ) stoves and other heating facilities and liquefied gas sold by gas companies to households and institutions ; and ( 10 ) commodities sold by farmers to non - agricultural residents and social groups

    社會消費品零售額包括： （ 1 ）售給城鄉居民作為生活用的商品和住房及修建房屋用的建築材料； （ 2 ）售給社會集團的各種辦公用品和公用消費品； （ 3 ）售給機關、團體、學校、部隊、企業、事業單位的職工食堂和旅店（招待所）附設專門供本店旅客食用，不對外營業的食堂的各種食品、燃料；企業、單位和國營農場直接售給本單位職工和職工食堂的自己生產的產品； （ 4 ）售給部隊幹部、戰士生活用的糧食、副食品、衣著品、日用品、燃料； （ 5 ）售給來華的外國人、華僑、港澳臺同胞的消費品； （ 6 ）居民自費購買的中、西藥品、中藥材及醫療用品； （ 7 ）報社、出版社直接售給居民和社會集團的報紙、圖書、雜志、集郵公司出售的新、舊紀念郵票、特種郵票、首日封、集郵冊、集郵工具等； （ 8 ）舊貨寄售商店自購、自銷部分的商品零售額； （ 9 ）煤氣公司、液化石油氣站售給居民和社會集團的液化灶具和灌裝液化石油氣； （ 10 ）城市建設，房產管理等部門、企業、事業單位售給居民的商品房； （ 10 ）農民售給非農業居民和社會集團的商品。
  14. The possible drawbacks of this approach are the costs and difficulties of private borrowing, especially for the poorest countries.

    這種方法可能存在的弊端是，向私人借款需要費用並會遇到困難，特別是對于最貧窮的國家來說。
  15. The virtual experiment based on vr ( virtual reality ) technology is a new advanced computer simulation technology. the advantage of using virtual experiment is unique and obvious. the advantages include about tasting the experiment process, understanding and analyzing easy simulation result, economizing the experiment expenses, reducing research and development times

    基於虛擬現實技術（ virtualreality ）的虛擬試驗技術（ virtualexperiment ）是一種先進的計算機模擬技術，它在「體驗」試驗過程，分析、理解模擬的結果，減少試驗費用，縮短研究開發時間等方面具有獨特的優勢，是科學界和工程界所關注的技術之一。
  16. A optimizing model of port construction scale is established in the thesis and the variants in the model are selected scientifically and suitably based on analyzing the each factor to influence the freight cost which occurs in transportation system. according to the model trait, every variant meaning and mutual relation between variants hi the model, the restriction condition of optimizing scale for port construction is educed, a simpler method which is called " climb hill " method is used to find the optimizing solution and corresponding computer program is developed

    分析研究了運輸系統中各種費用項目對貨物轉運費的影響程度，科學合理地選取費用項目，建立了港口規模優化模型，根據模型的特點和各參變量的物理意義及其相互關系導出了港口最優規模必須滿足的條件，給出了利用相對比較簡單的「爬山法」尋求最優解的方法，研製了相應的計算程序。
  17. The satellite - telecommunication has a serial of characteristic such as long distance, large coverage area, wide communication band, big transmission capacity, high quality, it has made a rapid progress in the last decades and become one of the most powerful communication methods today

    而衛星通信具有通信距離遠、費用與通信距離無關、覆蓋面積大、不受地理條件限制、通信頻帶寬、傳輸容量大、適于多種業務傳輸、可進行多址通信、通信質量高等一系列特點，幾十年來獲得了迅速的發展，成為現代強有力的通信手段之一。
  18. Features : various burst pressure ranges alternative available, simple, intrinsically safe design, leak - tight seal, instantaneously rupture at a specific predetermined pressure range, low installation and maintenance cost, accuracy of 5 %

    特性與用途：多種爆破壓力范圍可選擇、簡易，本安設計、緊閉防漏密封，超壓瞬間爆破釋放壓力、低的安裝和防護費用、 5 %的精度。
  19. Powerformer is a new high voltage generator ， which use xlpe cable as stator winding instead of rectangular conductor bars ， thereby it overcome the shortcomings which the shape of these conductors results in an uneven electric field distribution with high electric field strenghs at the corners especially and prevents the output voltage of the conventional generator from exceeding about 36kv powerformer offers a direct connection to the network without the need for a step - up transformer as a consequence, there are some merits in the total plant equipped with powerformer, such as high effiency, high availability, low maintaining cost and giving less environmental impact

    Powerformer是一種新型的高壓發電機，它採用電纜代替矩形導體作為定子繞組，從而克服了矩形導體電場分佈不均勻，特別是在矩形導體在導體拐角處電場過于集中而使常規發電機的輸出電壓等級不能高於36kv的缺點，使其能夠直接和輸配電網相聯，這樣就不需要升壓變壓器，同時也使裝配powerformer的電廠具有如下優點高效率、可利用率提高、維修費用降低和降低了對環境的負面影響。
  20. It could particularly improve the health of the elderly and impoverished, people who often do n ' t have access to routine health care, bright said. as well, doctors could use it to filter out possible diagnoses and cut down on costly medical tests

    它還能改善人們，特別是老年人和貧困人口的健康狀況，因為這部分人一般不可能定期去做體檢，而利用這種儀器濾出病因還可以省去昂貴的檢查費用。
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