科研費用成本 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [kēyánbìyòngchéngběn]
科研費用成本 英文
scientific research cost
  • 科 : Ⅰ名詞1 （學術或業務的類別） a branch of academic or vocational study 2 （機關按工作性質而分設的單...
  • 研 : 研同 「硯」
  • 費 : Ⅰ名詞1 （費用） fee; expense; expenditure; dues; charge 2 （姓氏） a surname Ⅱ動詞（花費; 耗費） ...
  • 用 : Ⅰ動詞1 （使用） use; employ; apply 2 （多用於否定: 需要） need 3 （敬辭: 吃; 喝） eat; drink Ⅱ名...
  • 成 : Ⅰ動詞1 （完成; 成功） accomplish; succeed 2 （成為; 變為） become; turn into 3 （成全） help comp...
  • 本 : i 名詞1 （草木的莖或根）stem or root of plants 2 （事物的根源）foundation; origin; basis 3 （本錢...
  • 科研 : scientific research
  • 費用 : cost; expenses; outlay
  1. Considering that the enterprise cannot research the " customer - enterprise " value deeply, on the basis of that, the paper puts forward evaluating system of customer value in the enterprise according to value contribution, applies ahp to analyze weight of the indexes in consultation with marketing management and selling personnel of the enterprise and relevant experts and then exert clustering analysis and sas software to classify the customers according to the current value and potential value, provide the strategies of the customer classification management. in addition, any resource is exiguity, including economical resource. this paper defines economical resource, puts forward the model of optimum distributing resource and utilizes the method of linear regress equation to get result, which to grope for a new method about calculating marketing expenditure

    本文首先界定了客戶和客戶價值的含義，同時闡述了關系營銷中客戶價值的理論以及客戶價值的影響因素，針對目前「客戶?企業」價值的研究還不成熟的研究現狀，以及現實中還沒有定量分析客戶價值大小的方法，本文提出了一套具有可操作性的客戶價值評價的指標體系，對客戶可以進行比較全面的、多角度的評價，同時採用ahp法對這個評價體系中的各指標因子賦以合理的權重，然後運用聚類分析法和sas統計軟體對客戶群進行了科學地細分，在此基礎上幫助企業制定出不同細分客戶群組的營銷策略；除此之外，考慮到目前企業對于營銷資源的合理分配問題還沒有進行過深入地討論，本著企業經營的根本目的是盈利的原則，論文結合經濟學原理以及計量經濟學中的多元線性回歸分析提出了實現利潤最大化的營銷資源配置的優化模型，旨在探索一種銷售費用最優配置的方法。
  2. Songrongtang ( srt ) chemical industrial branch company is mainly manufactured in environmental protection bathing series : dove bath confetti 、 dove solid saponification 、 bath ball 、 transparency soap 、 hot spring bath bubbles 、 bath salt ect. the products are supervised by kaifu research institute and hong kong kaida industry limited company, the products which have colorful appearance can be substituted for fanvy soap 、 facial cream 、 bath lotory 、 bank 、 post office 、 school 、 restaurant 、 hotel especially for traveler 、 gift 、 present. our products are well sold in the countries and regions of japan 、 america 、 europe 、 australia

    松榮堂化工分公司是恩平市邦企業有限公司屬下企業，主要生產環保型沐浴產品，包括：多芬香皂片、多芬立體皂花，透明皂、沐浴珠等產品，此產品由凱富科學技術應用研究所和香港凱達實業發展有限公司共研製而成，具有色彩鮮艷、易溶於水的特點，深受消費者的好評，可替代香皂、洗面奶、沐浴露，是新一代的健康沐浴產品，適用於家庭、工廠、銀行、郵局、學校、賓館、酒店等領域，尤其是旅遊人士或作為禮品、贈品，產品遠銷日本、美國、歐洲、澳大利亞等十幾個國家和地區。
  3. As a new generation of micro - satellite based on micro - electro - mechanic system ( mems ), pico - satellite, in virtue of its low weight ( 1kg or lighter ), is unburdened from high - cost large sending sets. thereby research of pico - satellite can be progressed with much lower cost without huge experimental establishments and wide - span workshops so that institutions, mostly universities, became the main researching force. besides reduced expenses, another advantage of research in university laboratories is the potential high privacy

    皮型衛星是新一代以mems技術為核心的微小衛星，由於質量很輕（ 1kg以下） ，可不使用高成本的大型運載工具進行發射，其成本可比一般衛星大大降低；此外，皮型衛星的研製將不再需要大型的實驗設施和高跨度廠房，因此目前大學等研究機構是研製皮型衛星的主要科研力量，在大學的實驗室里研製皮型衛星，可以降低它們的研製費用。
  4. Its core arithmetic is i d3 and ftart. to guarantee the sample data as science, entireness, typical, and accurate, the author selected the samples from the investigating network of shanghai statistic bureau, which were composed of 300 households in total and 292 effective samples were defined finally. the research lasted a period of one year and data collected within each season

    為確保研究樣本數據的科學性、全面性、典型性和準確性，筆者結合由本人主持完成的香港理工大學itc的「中國家庭服裝消費結構狀況及影響因素」的課題研究，採用了上海統計局家庭計劃調查網路，抽取樣本300戶，回收有效問卷292份，整個調查歷時一年，分四季完成。
  5. In this report, we mainly covered the following aspects of " tissue organ regeneration and replication in situ " : 1 ) procedures of tissue organd regeneration and replication and replication in clnical practice ; 2 ) the discover and existence of potentiald regenerative cell ( prc ) ; 3 ) the proliferation, differentiation and regeneration law of potential law of potential regenerative cells ; 4 ) study procedure on tissue organ regeneration and replication from prcs in vitro based on the model of full skin organ regeneration in situ after extensive in vitro, set up the method and technology of searching life regenerative substance required in tissue organ regeneration and replication in situ. in this study, first, the whole human body is divided into 206 function units, which are the " tissue organ " in regeneration study. then the histology foundation of tissue organ regeneration and replication in situ is set up. in ordre to prove the existence of the potential regenerative cells and their potential baility and function, we established clinical tracking rechnique of skin organ regeneration in situ ; meanwhile, several tissue organ regeneration and replication in vitro models which represent different kinds of runctions were sucessfully set up, with all these techniques and models, we confirmed : 1 ) the existence, function and ability of pptemtoa regenerative cells ; 2 ) the importance of life regenerative substance ; 3 ) the feasibility of tissue organ regeneration and replication in situ ; 4 ) the big value of tissue organ regeneration and replication in situ in life science and medicine progerss. we also showed the possible foreground of capture cancer with this method and technologh. in this report, nearly 200 photographs of several tissue organ regeneration and replication in situ or in vitro demonstrated the whole process of tissue organ and big organ entities regeneration and replication from cells. the results of tissue organ regeneration and replication in situ mainly include : 1 ) whole skin organ regeneration and replication in situ ; 2 ) gastrointestinal mucosa tissue organ regeneration in vitro ; 3 ) hair follicle tissue organ regeneration in situ or in vitro ; 4 ) never tissue organ regeneration in situ ; 5 ) pancreas tissue organ regeneration and replication in vitro ; 5 ) marrow tissue regeneration in vitro ; 6 ) renal glomerulus and tubule tissue organ tugeneraation in vitro ; 7 ) heart muscle regeneration in vitro, etcl. in order to let more and more people know and understand this technology of tissue organd regeneration and replication in situ, herein, for the first time, we publicize the key points of actualizing this technology. also, we publicized the technology procedures and the frame constitute of life substances. we bilieve this is a big contribution to human science

    本研究報告，重點報道了組織器官的原位再生復制的臨床程序，報道了組織潛能再生細胞的發現和存在，以及該細胞的增殖分化和形成組織器官的變化規律.以燒傷后皮膚組織器官的原位再生復制為模型，研究出了體外組織潛能再生細胞復制組織器官的培養方法;以體外組織器官的復制為模型，建立了尋找原位組織器官再生復制所需生命物質的方法和技術.本研究，首先按人體的器官功能，分解為206個功能單位，確立了所復制的人體器官中的組織功能單位為組織器官，從而建立了原位組織器官再生復制的組織學基礎.為了驗證組織潛能再生細胞的再生潛能，建立了皮膚器官原位再生的實體臨床跟蹤技術，同時又建立了能代表有關器官功能類別的代表組織器官的原位和體外復制模型，以多組織器官的成功復制確定潛能再生細胞的作用，確定生命研究再生物質的重要性，確定組織器官原位再生復制的可行性，確定了組織器官原位再生復制的生命科學研究和醫學進步的重大應用價值，同時展示了用此方法和技術攻克癌癥的前景.本研究報告，以近二百幅多個組織器官原位和體外再生復制的實體圖片，展示了潛能再生細胞復制的組織器官和大器官司實體;展示了細胞再生復制器官的全過程.真實的報告了組織器官原位再生復制的成果.所公布的主要成果為:皮膚器官的原位再生復制;胃腸黏膜組織器官的原位和體外再生復制;毛囊組織器官的原位和體外再生復制;神經組織器官的原位復制;胰腺組織器官的體外復制;骨髓組織的體外復制;腎小球小管組織器官的體外復制;心肌的體外復制等.為了讓更多的人學會和掌握組織器官原位再生復制技術，本報告首次公布實施技術的重要環節和技術流程;首次公布了生命再生物質的框架和組成.作者自費研究成果對人類生命科學的一大貢獻
  6. The second chapter studies the economy of ship ' s power plants, based on the aspects of lowering fuel cost, waste heat recovery, the match of ship, machinery and propeller, increasing propulsion efficiency, increasing the economy of ship ' s power plants, etc. the third chapter discusses in detail the control measures of voyage change cost, analysizes systematically the voyage change cost based on the way of fuel cost, harbor cost, voyage venture cost. the fourth chapter studies the structures and control measures of seafarers cost, maintenance cost, spare parts and stores cost, lubricating oil cost, etc. which are relatively easy to be controlled ; based on the state maintenance decision - making, a mathematical model is put forward, the validity and its solve process are discussed. the control measures of spare parts, fuel cost and lubricating oil cost should be based on scientific budget, through the control means of application, reception, usage, store check, try to acquire the inosculation of theory

    第一章主要討論營運船舶運輸成本，對船舶運輸成本的概念、結構、性質與分攤、成本細分進行了分析，從宏觀上闡明了船舶運輸成本的生存環境和生長趨勢；第二章研究了船舶動力裝置的經濟性，在營運船舶降低油耗、廢熱利用、船機槳匹配、提高推進效率、提高船舶動力裝置經濟性的有效途徑等方面進行了闡述和論證；第三章詳細論述並論證了航次變動成本的控制措施，全面系統地分析和總結了航次變動成本，通過對燃油成本、港口使費、航次風險成本的分析與控制，提出了航次風險成本的概念並論述了若干航次風險成本的控制措施；第四章對船舶營運成本中的船員費用控制、維修保養及其費用控制、船舶備件物料管理及其費用控制等幾個主要可控性較高的成本進行了細致的分析並分別討論了相互的控制措施，提出了基於狀態維修決策的馬爾可夫數學模型並論證了模型的正確性及具體解算步驟，對于備件、燃潤物料的控制堅持以科學的預算為前提，以申領、接收、使用、盤存為控制環節，切實做到理論與實踐的密切結合；第五章，結合營運成本的預核算的案例，對船舶營運成本的預算及核算進行了有益的探討，旨在揭示成本發生的動因，並給出了成本預算、核算的編制方法。
  7. The last part demonstrates the scientific and feasibility of the sharing mechanism model of education cost and construction and execution blue print of the tuition policy by analyzing real data with the rules of payment capability and profit capability and combining the suggestions and opinions of graduates at school, teachers and the outside people. the real data are got from questionnaire, visiting and analyzing individual case in x x university

    論文最後一部分，採用問卷調查、深入訪談和個案分析等實證研究方法，對大學的在校研究生進行抽樣調查，採用網路調查數據，用支付能力原則和收益能力原則對獲得的數據加以分析，並綜合在讀研究生、高校教師和社會人士的意見和建議，對研究生教育成本分擔機制模型和學費政策方案的合理性、科學性和可行性進行論證。
  8. After the students graduate from junior middle school, they only mast the ordinary knowledge and some of them ca n ' t even read newspapers well, still less mastering the technology of production and the knowledge of management. therefore, it is quite necessary to develop and do some research about the pattern of exbracurricular biology and scientific education for the peasants " service in the middle school in the countryside. secondly, this thesis sets forth the basis, current situation and aim about the pattern research of biology scientific education for the peasants " service

    論文首先論述了在農村初中課程和教材中呈現的大一統形式，與城市學校課程及教材相差無幾，缺乏地方性和特色性，由於片面追求升學率，很少涉及農村農業和農民問題，導致絕大部分學生不能成為優秀學生而白白浪費時間，造成學生不能學以致用，畢業回家時，只具備最基本的文化知識，甚至有的學生連報紙都念不下來，更談不上掌握生產技術、管理知識，因此在國際基礎教育課程改革的大背景下，發展農村初中課外生物科技教育為農服務模式的研究是完全可行和可能的，也是十分必要的。
  9. The patent application acceptance and awarding of university was studied in this paper, including patent, utility model and industrial design between 1986 and 2001, and the comparative studies with other trades have been carried out ; investigations were done on the relationship between university patent applications, the number of researchers and inventors, application of r & d advances, number of technical service personnel, investment of scientific research funds, patent transfer, number of research and development projects, and number of scientific and technological achievement awards in universities ; 547 staff members of the central south university completed the questionnaire ( 32 questions ) regarding the intellectual property right, knowledge of patents, awareness of patent protection and patent - related behaviors, those people were distributed in the departments of teaching, research, administration and management, and teaching support ; one - way anova, multivariate analysis of variance manova and linear correlation methods were used in the analysis of research - related factors concerning central south university staff members and their understanding of intellectual property right, knowledge of patent, awareness of patent protection and patent - related behaviors, the major factors affecting university patent application, awarding and transfer were identified ; countermeasures to promote university patent development in china were also proposed

    本研究旨在通過對1986年? 2001年我國高校發明專利、實用新型、外觀設計的申請受理與授權情況的分析，並且與其他行業的比較；通過研究我國高校專利申請與高校研發人員數、 r & d成果應用及科技服務人員數、科研經費投入、高校專利轉讓、研究與發展課題數、科技成果獲獎數的關系；通過對中南大學547名教學、科研、黨政管理、教輔人員的產權知識、專利知識、專利意識、專利行為的問卷調查（共32題） ，並用單因素分析法、多元逐步回歸分析法和線性相關分析法，對中南大學在職人員各研究因素與產權知識、專利知識、專利意識、專利行為的統計分析，尋找出制約我國高校專利申請、授權、成果轉讓的因素，提出加速發展我國高校專利工作步伐的對策。
  10. The enterprises of aerospace industry are wholly state - owned, they have not only the common characteristics of soe for instance the agency risk and the principal risk, but some particular, for example particular capital structure and because of the income from nation according with the costs of the present products, in order to get more dollars from nation finance ministry, the aerospace enterprises try their best to increase the costs and expenses of their products

    航天系統的組織結構是以研究院為母公司，以研究所、工廠為子公司的科研生產聯合體。它們屬于國有企業，具有國有企業一般特點，又具有自身的特殊性，例如特殊資本結構；以成本為基礎的合同誘使成本最大化成為企業經營目標；經營成果核算具有較大彈性以及軍品采購過程缺乏明確的成本費用目標等等。
  11. This paper will discuss project feasibility study, investment estimating, operating costs estimating, selling income and tax, finical analysis of a high technical project - medical isotopic production reactor which was developed by nuclear power institute of china, using nuclear project feasibility study and economic analyses method

    本論文將利用現有的核工程項目可行性研究和經濟分析的方法對中國核動力研究設計院近期開發的高科技項目? ?醫用同位素生產堆的項目可行性報告編制、項目投資估算、項目生產成本費用估算、項目銷售收入及稅金估算、項目財務評價指標的計算、項目財務評價的結論等情況進行研究和探討。
  12. The thesis consist of six chapters and based on the way of propose the question, analysis, then get the solution. it discussed and recognized what the ship transportation cost was in chapter one ; studied the environment and growing trend of the cost in chapter two ; fully discussed and demonstrated the voyage variable costs and controlling method, proposed a mathematic decision model of fuel supplying and get through the validation, proposed the concept of risking cost and addressing many controlling measures to it in chapter three ; discussed a certain running costs, proposed and validated a mathematic model of condition - based maintenance, and put forward many practical controlling method of running costs such as crew payment, repairs, spare parts, stores and lub oils in chapter four ; combining a case of monthly running cost budget and verification, performed a useful learning on running cost budget, forecast and verification in chapter five ; finally fully studied the method of cost - calculating and benefit - analyzing of time chartering container ships on a proposed route

    第一章主要討論並認清什麼是船舶運輸成本；第二章研究了船舶運輸成本的生存環境和生長趨勢；第三章詳細論述並論證了航次變動成本的控制措施，提出了燃油補給方案的決策模型並給出了模型的驗證過程，提出了航次風險成本的概念並論述了若干航次風險成本的控制措施；第四章對船舶營運成本中的船員費用、維修保養費用、備件、潤物料費用等幾個主要的可控性較高的成本進行了細致的分析並分別討論了相應的控制措施，提出了基於狀態維修決策的數學模型並論證了模型的正確性及具體解算步驟，對于備件、潤物料的控制堅持以科學的預算為前提，以申領、接收、使用、盤存為控制環節，切實做到理論與實踐的密切結合；第五章結合營運成本的預核算的案例，對船舶運輸營運成本的預算及核算進行了有益的探討；第六章結合具體案例對期租班輪的成本測算與效益分析方法進行了細致的研究。
  13. The article has researched the intention of agricultural industrialization which is guided by market and mainstay enterprises, based on agricultural product base organized by a lot of families, and characterized by joint management and mutual benefit. it also realized production specialization, product commercialization, service socialization and etc. the article has also researched the existing conditions of agricultural industrialization both at home and abroad. although it is different in national conditions and actual practice, the developed countries follows the market economic law and naturally steps on the road of agricultural industrialization. as the continuous reforming and opening up, china actively explores and enhances the management level of agricultural industrialization. the writer uses system changing theory, scale management theory, trade expense theory. market system theory and industrial economics theory, to put forward the main type of mainstay enterprises, which is divided by ownership, organization form, contact form and product. the writer thinks that development of mainstay enterprises can promote effective joining between small production and big market, the developing of high - benefit agriculture, establishing trade / industry / agriculture operation system, region economics and joining process between urban area and rural area. the existing conditions in strengthening the mainstay enterprises in zhaoyuan embodies continuous expanding in scale. continuous widening in fields, continuous enhancing in benefits, continuous improving in techology and quality. by finding the problem and shortage in product quality, developing ability and scale strength, the article has put forward the following views : face to market and enhance quality and techological content of agricultural products ; enforce flexible policy and investments ; establish fair and reasonable benefits joining system. the article has also put forward the countermeasures and suggestions on enhancing the enterprises ' management level

    文章研究了農業產業化經營的內涵，明確其以市場為導向、以龍頭企業為依託、以一大批農戶組成的農產品生產基地為基礎，形成農工商有機結合、風險共擔、利益均沾的本質特點，表現出生產專業化、經營一體化、企業規模化、產品商品化、服務社會化等特徵。分析了國內外產業化經營的現狀，認為盡管各國的國情不同，具體的做法和叫法不盡相同，但是經濟發達國家都遵循市場經濟規律，很自然走上了農業產業化經營的道路，發展中國家紛紛仿效，中國也隨著改革開放不斷深入，積極探索發展提高農業產業化經營水平。作者運用制度變遷理論、規模經營理論、交易費用理論、市場機制理論和產業經濟學理論，提出了龍頭企業從所有制形式、從組織形式、從聯系方式及從產品上劃分的主要類型；認為發展龍頭企業有促進小生產與大市場的有效對接、推動優質高效農業縱深發展、建立貿工農一體化運行機制、振興區域經濟、加速城鄉一體化進程等作用；考察了招遠市壯大龍頭企業推進農業產業化的現狀，表現在規模不斷擴大、領域不斷拓寬、效益不斷提高、技術不斷改進、質量不斷提高等方面；找出了龍頭企業產品質量上、開發能力上、規模實力上和行業自律上的問題和差距，提出了要面向市場，努力提高農產品的質量和科技含量，多策並舉，搞活投入機制，建立公平合理的利益聯結機制，加強行業自律，提高企業經營管理水平等對策和建議。
  14. Go together with to send together to are excellent to turn a kind of to pursue to rationalize through the long - term development and quests of go together with and send form, its content lie in under the resources share principle the establishment business enterprise alliance. the business enterprise passes the communication and communicates, becoming the consensus gradually, in the mutual trust with each other the foundation of the benefit up, pass the integration of the level, perpendicularity, same profession, different industry, with the strategic alliance, be in conjunction with the combination, logistics together turn etc. the resources that the cooperation method share is limited, the integration that thus attain the logistics to go together with to

    本文以吉林省交通科技發展計劃項目「道路運輸業共同配送發展模式及關鍵技術研究」為依託，從汽車物流行業的swot分析入手，對汽車物流共同配送從概念、優勢、模式、組織方式等方面進行分析，並採用博弈論中的合作對策理論解決費用分攤機制問題，最後通過對一汽大眾入廠物流的實例分析，充分說明共同配送是一種提高管理水平，調動供需雙方積極性，貫通整個物流網路，實現資源有效整合的配送模式。吉林省汽車物流實行共同配送對于降低汽車產業生產流通成本具有重要的現實意義。
  15. In this research, the scientific efficient computer simulation technology replaces the traditional taking - time and arduous experimental method, which provides a beneficial thought for researching the wear design of the contacted machine in the boundary lubrication and computer simulative technology used in the part life design. the developed cam life predicted software can watch and control the cam wear state, forecast it ' s life and have the rudiment of the similar machine life predicted software. so the research has a good application prospect and practicality value

    本課題以科學高效的計算機模擬技術取代傳統的費時、費力的實驗方法，為研究接觸高副機構配對副在邊界潤滑條件下的耐久性設計以及計算機模擬技術在零件壽命設計方面的應用提供了一個有益的思路；開發的凸輪使用壽命預測軟體能實時監控凸輪機構的磨損狀態，預測其使用壽命，基本具有了類似機構使用壽命預測軟體的雛形，因此研究成果具有較大的實際意義。
  16. In order to solve two difficulties in the present conceptual design of torpedo, this paper introduces many new ideas into the original theories, and gives a new synthetic conceptual design theory for torpedo. one of the difficulties is that we have no a index which can represent various performances of torpedo, the other is that the coupling relationships among various subsystems and disciplines are ignored in the design process. the new ideas involve the study about operational effectiveness, life circle cost, risk and research schedule, which can be used together to evaluate a design project

    本文針對魚雷總體設計中目前存在的兩個突出技術難題： （ 1 ）缺乏能夠全面反映魚雷總體設計性能的指標（ 2 ）對魚雷總體設計中各部分組成、各學科間的耦合關系，沒有合適的分析和求解方法在原魚雷總體設計理論和方法的基礎上，引進了作戰效能、壽命周期費用、風險和研製周期的概念，來全面反映魚雷設計的性能、經濟性、風險性和時間性等指標；在優化設計中，採用多學科設計優化方法作為優化演算法，構建了一種新的魚雷總體綜合設計方法。
  17. Ttis study first discuss how 1ogistics company make use of netwrk to twe mangement, and then analyze the benefit, finally present advice to logistics company for futuf progress. the results of thes study are as followedffirst, the network environment is necmp for logishcs company. secon4the use of lithermation technology, netwotk skills and atmatic equipment will bring logistics company benefits, such as orrtiine information, reduced labor cost, cut down mistake and omission, no paper environmnt, effective store control, well inveneq cedl and on tli11e, correct accounting recoids and statements. third, b c ommerc e corp ofati on s e ntru s t t he l og ist ic di striblltion to l ogi shc s company, and ecommerce corporations can concem customers " goods and custoffier managenent. logistics con1pany can make use of scale advantage to hefo t customer / consumer receive goods more quickly

    研究結果指出，網路化環境為專業物流公司必行的決策，應用信息科技，網路技術與自動化設備將為專業物流公司帶來的效益有：即時有用的信息、抑減人力成本、減少錯誤與遺漏、無紙化環境、有效的儲位控制、良好的存貨控管以及即時正確的會計記錄與報表；電子商務公司將物流配送委由專業物流公司處理后，電子商務公司就可專注于提供顧客滿意的商品、豐富網站內容及做好顧客管理；而專業物流公司在接受電子商務公司的委託后，就可利用其規模優勢協助顧客消費者更迅速地取得所購的商品。
  18. In this part, on the basis of analysis characteristics and content of cost, we adopt a special way to collect and allocate cost. so that we can account talent training cost and science researching cost

    在這部分中，採用特定的方法對成本費用進行歸集、分配，從而計算出人才培養成本和科研成本。
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