絕對成本論 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [juéduìchéngběnlún]
絕對成本論 英文
theory of absolute cost
  • 絕 : Ⅰ動詞（斷絕） cut off; sever Ⅱ形容詞1 （完全沒有了; 窮盡; 凈盡） exhausted; used up; finished 2 ...
  • 對 : Ⅰ動詞1 （回答） answer; reply 2 （對待; 對付） treat; cope with; counter 3 （朝; 向; 面對） be tr...
  • 成 : Ⅰ動詞1 （完成; 成功） accomplish; succeed 2 （成為; 變為） become; turn into 3 （成全） help comp...
  • 本 : i 名詞1 （草木的莖或根）stem or root of plants 2 （事物的根源）foundation; origin; basis 3 （本錢...
  • 論 : 論名詞（記錄孔子及其門徒的言行的「論語」） the analects of confucius
  • 絕對 : absolute
  1. As the structure of dividing right into the relatively right and the imperium is the base of civil law, the theory of creditor ' s right belonging to the relatively right is a basic theory of civil law

    相對權和絕對權的權利分類結構是大陸法系民法構成的框架基礎，債權相對性理論是大陸法系民法的基本理論之一。
  2. With the rapid development of the security stock market especially the stock market in chian ， issuing stock and circulating on market became the first choice of financing for more and more enterprise at the same time ， more and more investors are attracted by the relately high initial return of stock however ， the problem of ipos underpricing always exists in the stock market according to the data of more than one thousand chinese stocks ， most new issues had great raise in the first trade day ， and investors could acquire higher initial return than the average return of the stock market or the same industry we find that initial returns on a - share ipos average reached 132. 24 percent the main body of this paper is made up of six sections ： in the first part ， we introduced the method of the estimate of pricing decision ； in the second part ， we analyzed the method of the pricing decision and issuing system in china ， discussed the advantage and weakness of the various issuing methods ， and compared the economic efficiency between the examine and approve system and authorization system ； in the third part ， we analyzed the reason of ipo ' s underpricing in detail from information economics and other factors and combined with the environment of the chinese stock markets ， we analyzed the special characteristics in china and how they effect the ipo ' s underpricing in the fourth part ， we analyzed the data of chinese stock market with spss ， made a analysis of the administrative pricing decision and market pricing decision ， studied the underpricing phenomena of chinese stock market ， and analyzed it ' s causes ； in the fifth part ， we made a analysis of the examine approve system and authorization system ； and in the last part ， we drew some conclusions and put forth some policy advices the follow are the conclusions and policy advices in this dissertation ： （ 1 ） from the results of this empirical study ， we found that the issuing price - earning ratio and the market situation before ipos are strongly and positively associated with the underpricing of shares ， the issuing scale of ipo and the hit rate are strongly and negatively associated with the underpricing ； （ 2 ） we found that after the abolishing of ipo ' s p / e ratio and the using of authorization system ， there is no significant difference among the underpricing of shares ， but considered with the market entironment ， we think that the ipo ' s underpricing has been correspondingly reduced （ 3 ） to reduce difference between the primary market and the second market ， we suggested that we shall bring the " over - allotment option ( oao ) " to bear and resume the state - owned share and corporate - owned share to circulate on market as soon possible

    本文的主體由六個部分組成：第一部分介紹新股發行定價的估值方法；第二部分對我國的發行定價方式和發行制度進行分析，探討不同發行定價方式的優缺點，以及審批制和核準制經濟效率分析；第三部分從信息經濟學角度和其他因素的角度詳細分析造成新股發行抑價的原因，並結合我國股票市場實際情況，分析了我國市場的特有因素是否及如何影響一級市場的發行抑價程度的；第四部分利用統計分析軟體spss對我國新股行政化和市場化定價進行實證分析，主要包括新股發行行政化和市場化定價方式的實施情況和效果分析、新股發行行政化定價方式的實證分析，以及新股發行行政化和市場化定價方式的比較實證分析；第五部分利用統計分析軟體spss對我國新股發行審批制和核準制進行實證分析；第六部分是本論文的主要結論。本文的主要結論和建議有： （ 1 ）從實證分析結果看，我國新股發行抑價與市場環境、發行市盈率呈顯著正向關系，與發行規模、申購中簽率等呈顯著反向關系。 （ 2 ）取消發行市盈率限制和實施核準制等市場化改革措施並沒有降低發行抑價的絕對水平，只是由於市場環境的因素，發行抑價的相對水平才有所降低。
  3. But the grain growth, grain semiconduction and grain boundary insulation were influenced by many factors, such as the type and contents of dopants, sintering temperature and so on. therefore, in this thesis the effect of the restore sintering temperature, the oxygenize temperature, the donor and acceptor dopant on the dielectric and varistor properties of devices were studied. with sem, the microstructure of srtio3 - based double function ceramic was analyzed

    而晶粒生長、晶粒半導化和晶界絕緣化受到多種因素的影響，諸如雜質的種類和含量、燒成溫度等，因此本論文研究了還原燒成溫度、中溫氧化溫度、施主和受主摻雜等對srtio _ 3基陶瓷的壓敏和介電性能的影響，並藉助于sem分析對srtio _ 3基雙功能陶瓷的微觀結構進行了分析。
  4. The simple story is in the world of the animation is an absolute main factor, a complicated story details turns and twists confusing link for see an animation of the audience is a tremendous burden, the market need that is in present the top interest has already replaced a traditional story to spread chen, at this interest in command age how expressed a plot to become the most important topic with the simple story, very clearly, advertise from the film of the way can feel what kind of the topic just is the need of the consumer, passed by high cost to create greatly of the advertisement mode has already not been reseen this several years, take but the generation is a film to have many interests much play, this be the typical simple story description complicated plot, give examples to say : the movie “ shrike ” is a very typical example, pure of save a princess of plot, continuously of pound at audience by the plot of " be contrary with traditional thinking " of thinking mode, i still remember at that time see that slice through behind appear details of hear the public discussion interest continuously, but hear half personal say this drama of story have much good, in fact such manuscript was the best animation manuscript, letting the audience acquire they want of plot but don ' t be pack with complicated story, this just is the animation dramatize of the tallest state, because of would like to spend money to enter into theater or spend money to purchase dvd consumer, all is want to open happy heart ' s appreciating film bear, have no burden, also be spend money to buy happy, want to remind specially of " the writing animation manuscript not is write to personal satisfy own creations desire but is face all appreciate of crowd "

    在動畫的世界里簡單的故事是絕對的要素，一個復雜的故事情節曲折迷離的環節對于看動畫的觀眾是一項極大的負擔，在現今的市場需求上趣味已經取代了傳統的故事鋪陳，在這個趣味掛帥的年代怎麼樣用簡單的故事來表現劇情變成了最重要的課題，很明確地，從影片廣告的方式可以感受到什麼樣的主題才是消費者的需求，過去高成本大製作的廣告模式這幾年已不復見，取而代之的是影片有多趣味多好玩，這就是典型的簡單故事描述復雜的劇情，舉例來說：電影史瑞克就是一個很典型的例子，單純的救公主的劇情，不斷的以「與傳統思維相反」的劇情沖擊著觀眾的思考模式，我還記得當時看完該片后出場不斷的聽到眾人討論趣味的情節，但是卻沒有聽到半個人說這部戲的故事有多棒，其實這樣的劇本就是最好的動畫劇本，讓觀眾獲得他們想要的劇情卻不以復雜的故事包裝，這才是動畫編劇的最高境界，因為願意花錢進到戲院或是花錢購買dvd的消費者，都是想開開心心的觀賞影片沒有負擔、沒有包袱，也就是花錢買開心，特別要提醒的「寫作動畫劇本並不是寫給個人滿足自己的創作慾望而是面對所有欣賞的人群」 。
  5. 10 while the buildings of this congregation shall be open to all people to share in its worship, instruction, pastoral care, and fellowship, this congregation rejects all fellowship with organizations, secret or open, which are avowedly religious or which practice forms of religion without confessing faith in the triune god and in jesus christ as the eternal son of god incarnate to be our only savior from sin, and which thus teach salvation by works

    本教會教堂對所有敬拜上帝、追求真理、教牧關懷、和團契分享的人們開放，但本教會拒絕那些否認三一真神、否認上帝永生之子耶穌基督道成肉身拯救罪人、否認因信稱義的宗教團體和機構使用教堂；無論它是公開宣稱的宗教或是在實際運作上帶宗教性，也無論它是公開的或是秘密的。
  6. With the development of the network and the multi - processor system, the research, simulation and the impemeni of the system - level fault diagnosis which is the very important means to increase the reliability of the system, are becoming more and more important. on the system - leve1 fault diagnosis, based on the group theory of system - level fault diagnosis that has been put forward by pro f zhang, the paper constructs newly the theory bases, improves on the matrix method, reinforces and consummates group arithmetic of all kinds of test mode, for the first time, analyses and discusses the equation solution of all kinds of models, so al1 the consistent fault patterns ( cfp ) could be found, straightly and high efficiently, even if the sufficient and necessary condition of t - diagnosable is dissatisfied and the complexity of system - level fault diagnosis is greatly decreased, especialy in strong t - diagnosabl6 system. last the simulation system ' s function has been extended and the application hotspot and the development trend have been disscussed

    本人在張大方教授等人提出的基於集團的系統級故障診斷的理論基礎上，重新構建了系統級故障診斷的理論基礎，定義了系統級故障診斷測試模型的三值表示；改進了系統級故障診斷的矩陣方法，重新定義了測試矩陣、鄰接矩陣、結點對、結點對的相連運算、極大準集團和斜加矩陣，由此能直觀、簡便地生成集團和極大獨立點集；補充和完善了各類測試模型的系統級故障診斷的集團演算法，通過定義集團測試邊和絕對故障集，簡化了集團診斷圖，由此能較易地找到所有的相容故障模式，即使不滿足t -可診斷性，大大減少了系統級故障診斷的復雜度，尤其是對強t -可診斷系統；首次分析探討了各類測試模型的方程解決，由此從另一角度能系統地、高效率地求出所有的相容故障模式（ cfp ） ：擴充了系統級故障診斷模擬系統的功能，快速、直觀和隨機地模擬實驗運行環境，進行清晰和正確的診斷，同時提供大量的實驗數據用於理論研究，優化演算法和設計。
  7. To the infiltration of social life of various fields with science and technology, modern dispute and science have been already inseparable, the scientific evidence becomes the new " king of the evidence ", has formed the enormous impact to judge ' s judgement right. this text set forth one ' s views in the platform with the judge how to examine and assert scientific evidence, how to restrain invasion and attack to the mechanism of dispute solves from expansion of expert discourse - right

    關于科學證據的文章可謂汗牛充棟，其中絕大多數是對所謂鑒定體制的批評與設計，對于科學證據的基本問題以及法官如何審查認定科學證據的論文卻寥若星辰。隨著科學技術向社會生活各個方面的滲透，現代糾紛與科學已經密不可分，科學證據成為新的「證據之王」 ，對法官裁判權形成了巨大的沖擊。
  8. Because of the powerful drive of the technological culture, logistic power forming the absolute power of language, chinese education gets into imitating and pursing science language, namely, chinese education is deeply governed by rationalistism. that is the essential sticking point of chinese education in theory and practice, this article distructures and animadverts it

    本文是圍繞對長期以來制約語文教育理論與實踐的一個根本癥結? ?由於科技文化的強勢推動，邏輯的權利構成了語言的絕對權利，因此語文教學就陷入了對科學語言範式的追求和模仿之中，也即深受理性主義的絕對支配的解構與批判而展開論述的。
  9. From the second to the fifth chapter such problems concerning state - owned property right are illustrated respectively as its definition, valuation and price fixing and capital sources of undertaking party and the disposal and use of transfer income. problems are raised with regard to the process of current property right system diversity in state - owned enterprises, such as the disagreement to the definition of state - owned property right, no standard of evaluation, imperfection of price fixing system and relative confusion of transfer income disposal and use. what ' s more, new solutions are offered : the probe into state - owned property right definition " changsha model " is confirmed positively ; two specific ways of quantification - - " the method of average growth rate of state - owned property right " and " the method of average cost of labor in market " ; the concept " present value of earnings " is applied to the property evaluation of receivable accounts, finished goods, invisible assets and so on ; the unjust in price fixing of state - owned property right can be avoided by improving property valuation methods, perfecting capital market especially property right trading market and bettering information publishing system ; as to the guarantee problem of human resources financial contribution, an original key is offered

    第一章運用產權理論對國企產權多元化改革進行經濟學分析；第二章至第五章主要圍繞國有產權的界定問題、評估問題、定價問題、承接方的資金來源問題、轉讓收入的處置運用問題分別進行闡述，指出了當前國企產權多元化過程中存在著國有產權界定不統一、評估不規范、定價機制不完善、處置運用相對混亂等諸多問題，並提出新的解決思路：肯定國有產權界定「長沙模式」的積極探索意義，提出量化職工創造剩餘價值的「國有資產平均增長率法」和「平均市場勞動成本法」 ；將「收益現值」概念運用到對應收賬款、產成品、無形資產等資產評估之中；應從完善資產評估方法、完善資本市場特別是產權交易市場和健全信息公開機制三個方面來解決國有產權定價不公問題；就人力資本出資的擔保問題提出實際債務承擔額（比例）應小於名義出資額（比例）的新思路，並認為人力資本市場上的交易價格應包括絕對出資額和相對出資額兩部分。
  10. In this thesis, abundant statistical data are contained, two methods are employed to give a positive analysis on the elasticity of demand ( eod ) of i & e in china during the period from 1990 to 2001 from the following three aspects : firstly, regression analysis is applied to calculate the average eod of the general i & e. generally speaking, the export is rich in price eod while the import has a poor one. in addition, the absolute value of the sum of these two kinds of elasticity is higher than 1, which accords with marshall - lener condition and proves that devaluation of rmb should be helpful to improve the trade balance. suggestion is further provided such as cutting off producing cost of export, improving technology and implementing strategy of import substitution to improve trade balance

    本文運用豐富的統計數據資料、兩種方法、從三個層次實證分析了1990 - 2001年我國進出口商品的需求彈性：首先，運用回歸分析法計算總體進出口商品的平均彈性，得出我國出口商品總體富有價格彈性，而進口商品總體缺乏價格彈性，進出口需求價格彈性之和的絕對值大於1 ，符合馬歇爾?勒納條件，人民幣貶值有助於改善貿易收支的結論，並提出降低出口商品生產成本、提高生產技術水平、實施進口替代戰略來改善貿易收支；其次，運用彈性定義法逐年計算約100種主要出口商品和約50種主要進口商品的總體需求價格彈性，對其結果進行分析，進一步驗證了前述結論；再次，運用彈性定義法逐年計算農產品、鋼鐵、汽車、醫藥等五大類八種商品的進出口需求價格彈性，根據其不同的分佈狀況，聯系實際經濟情況，提出相應的匯率、價格及產業政策以改善貿易收支。
  11. The fact and the truth are no doubt important in politics, but the makeup is also important. because the political conclusion itself is not based on the fact or the truth sometimes, and the makeup can also form the proper judgment. it is the propriety not the correctness that the political cognition pursues

    在政治中事實和真實固然是重要的，但是虛構也是重要的，因為政治結論本身往往並不以事實或真實為基礎，虛構同樣能形成適當的判斷，政治認識追求的不是絕對正確性，而是適當性。
  12. Based on traditional derivative theories of commercial banks to operate internationally, retrospect of international development of overseas banks ’ international operation, combined with international operation history and current situation of our country ’ s state - owned banks, this paper puts forward strategies for international operation, that is, conducting a perfect market access study of targeted country, advancing ladder likely in term of territory, following the prescribed order in terms of organizing means, improving in proper sequence in terms of product strategy, this paper puts forward to construct internal risk control system and strengthen home country ’ s regulation on overseas institutions, advance process of commercial banks ’ international operation

    隨著我國加入wto 「后過渡期」的日益臨近，佔有我國金融絕對比重的國有商業銀行必然要面對與國際金融市場融合的新形勢，實施國際化經營。本文在闡述商業銀行跨國經營的傳統成因理論的基礎上，回顧海外銀行業國際化發展的歷史，結合我國國有商業銀行當前現狀，提出了國際化經營策略，即做好東道國市場準入研究，在地域上梯次推進，組織方式上按部就班，產品策略上循序漸進，以期解決在哪裡經
  13. This paper uses arch model method in econometrics to set up an auto - regression model with different variance characteristic, which catches to the signal of herd behavior that can be comparatively sensitive. basing on the sample stocks of the index 180 of sse for studying sample, author conduct empirical tests on the non - linear relations between csad ( cross - sectional absolute deviation of returns ) and the market returns to judge whether the herd behavior in the stock market of china is remarkable. according to the empirical analysis, author finds, both in the up - market and down - market, certain herd behavior exist on the stock market of our country

    本文運用計量經濟學中的arch模型方法，建立了一個能較為敏感的捕捉到羊群行為信號的具有異方差特性的自回歸模型，以上證180指數樣本股為研究樣本，通過檢驗個股截面收益的絕對偏差（ csad ）與市場組合收益的非線性關系，來判斷我國股市羊群行為是否顯著，通過實證分析，我們發現，無論是市場上漲階段還是下跌階段，我國股市都存在一定的羊群行為，同時，本文通過比較分析，對實證結果進行深入的剖析，對羊群行為的形成原因進行簡要的分析，並對如何控制羊群行為提出了一些政策性建議。
  14. The success of our activities relies on your participation and involvement. all of you are welcomed to suggest invitation of speakers for the business leaders ' forum in the coming year

    本會活動的成功與否，絕對有耐你的參予。會員可以協助本會擬定每年商業論壇的邀請嘉賓及題目。
  15. The study of the statement and extant problems in china analyzes that although china possesses a unique and rich culture resources, the people has a low awareness of the protection of the culture resources ; the distribution of the culture resources lacks competition at the international level ; the irrational distribution of the culture resources restricts the development of the culture resources. based on the above - mentioned achievements, the paper states the categories of china ' s culture markets and its consumption groups. after illustrating the statement of the market capacity of china ' s culture industry by a model, the author points out that in spite of the fast development of china ' s culture markets, the course of its development, which moves along a horizon of low level balance between supply and demand, is in a state of non - symmetry and has structural conflictions

    根據以上研究成果，本論文得出了以下基本結論：我國的文化消費由於收入水平的不同，不同的消費群體之間有著很大的差別，且區域間的文化消費不平衡，出現了由東向西的「擠壓傳遞放應」 ；我國文化產業的市場空間沒目前雖然發展很快，而且有著巨大的發展空間，但是在其發展過程中是一種低水平總體上的供求平衡，處于非對稱狀態，存在著結構性矛盾；我國居民在文教娛樂服務消費擴大的同時，其內部結構並不完全合理，這其中的消費，絕大部分是教育消費，而教育支出的過于龐大，實際上已經制約了居民的其它文化消費。
  16. In the regression analysis of the data of each province, it reaches a conclusion that human capital investment has an obvious positive correlation to economic growth but in some province of the west area, human capital investment has an absence correlation to economic growth while capital asserts investment has an obvious positive correlation to it, which is due to the little human capital investment, the few human capital deposit, and the persons with ability strictly running off. the paper also proves that most provinces " labour force growth has a negative correlation to economic growth

    在對我國各省數據進行回歸分析中，得出人力資本投資與經濟增長呈顯著正相關，對于西部地區的部分省份來說，由於人力資本投資的絕對數很小，形成的人力資本存量很小，並且這部分省份的人才流失非常嚴重，使得該部分省市的人力資本投資與經濟增長無顯著的相關性，相反，這些西部省份的經濟增長與固定資產的投資具有顯著的相關性；而大部份省份勞動力的增加與經濟增長呈負相關的結論。
  17. Because of that, we need to study the cost of taxation under asymmetric information conditions, it is not merely help us analyze the current situation and problems of taxation cost in our country, meet the desirability of economic development, abundant theoretical system of tax revenue of our country, perfect our country ' s tax system and tax policy, improve the efficiency of tax collection and management, make taxpayers to pay taxes in accordance with the law and legal system, complete the taxation framework of our country ; but also help us pursue the effective way to reduce and optimize taxation cost

    絕對的理想模型並不存在。因此，研究不對稱信息條件下的征納博弈和稅收成本，將具有一定的現實意義，不僅有利於分析我國稅收成本的現狀及存在的問題，適應我國經濟發展的客觀需要，豐富我國稅收理論體系，健全和完善我國稅收制度及稅收政策，提高稅收征管效率，培養納稅人依法納稅的意識和完善我國稅收法制環境;而且有利於探尋控制和降低稅收成本的有效途徑。
  18. We will discuss two kinds of way to charge transaction cost which are used usually in market. it is discussed in detail to charge constant cost per change in the proportion of every asset. we use new variables to deal with non - smooth programming problem including absolute values

    本文中的討論只涉及到常見的兩種收取交易費方式，重點討論了按固定數額收取交易成本的情況，用增加變量的方法來處理含絕對值的非光滑規劃問題
  19. The value orientation of governance theory lies on that it tries to clear up the absolutely sovereignty of traditional nation - state, emphasizes obviously multi - center governance, goes beyond the traditional confrontation between nation - state and international society 、 political state and civil society 、 public sector and private sector 、 marketing and planning, advocates the procedural technology of negotiation and collaboration among lots of social actors to deal with social public affairs, applies on social capitals such as cooperation 、 reciprocity and trust to establish a autonomy cooperative network, respects the important role of diversity in good governance, thus makes it be characteristic of post - modernity

    治理理論的價值取向在於它試圖消解傳統民族國家主權的絕對性，明確主張多中心治理，打破傳統民族國家與國際社會、政治國家與公民社會、公共部門與私人部門、市場與計劃之間的二元對立思維，倡導社會各行為體間通過談判、協商式程序技術以治理社會公共事物，運用合作、互惠與信任的社會資本而最終形成一種自主的合作網路，尊重多樣性在良好治理中的重要作用，從而表現出較明顯的后現代主義色彩。
  20. For this purpose, this article is titled as an economic analysis of law on the corporate behavior and interest of shareholders under the dualistic ownership structure, using the economic analysis of law method ( with posner as the representative economist ) as the basic analytic and argumentation method, with the actually existent dualistic ownership structure on china ’ s securities markets as the precondition for this research, with the target of legal regulation - shareholder interests and corporate behavior as the focus of this research, hereafter comes the structure of this paper as following : by using the perspective, theorems and tools of economic analysis of law to analyze the lexononic quality of the dualistic ownership structure which is unique in china and the reasons for the setup of this special kind of ownership structure, disclose the disequilibrium of shareholder interests in the listed companies and the dissimilation characteristics of the behavior of the listed companies under the dualistic ownership structure. then this paper conducts research on the actual regulation efficiency of the company law, the securities law and other relevant laws and

    據此，本文以「二元股權結構下公司行為與股東利益的法律經濟分析」為題，即以波斯納為代表的「法律經濟分析」作為本文分析、論證的基本方法，以中國證券市場現實存在的「二元股權結構」作為本文研究的前提條件，以上市公司相關法律調整的對象? ? 「公司行為」及「股東利益」作為本文研究的標的，由此形成本文論述的主要思路:通過和利用法律經濟學的視角、原理和工具，分析中國特有的二元股權結構的法律經濟屬性，以及該特殊股權設置規則形成的原因，揭示二元股權結構下上市公司股東利益的失衡現象及上市公司行為的異化特徵，並在此基礎上研究二元股權結構下公司法、證券法及其他相關法律法規調整的現實效率，以及實現我國上市公司公司行為及股東利益的法律調整體系的相對效率乃至理想的絕對效率的改革途徑。
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