絕對進程比 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [juéduìjìnchéngbǐ]
絕對進程比 英文
absolute advance ratio
  • 絕 : Ⅰ動詞（斷絕） cut off; sever Ⅱ形容詞1 （完全沒有了; 窮盡; 凈盡） exhausted; used up; finished 2 ...
  • 對 : Ⅰ動詞1 （回答） answer; reply 2 （對待; 對付） treat; cope with; counter 3 （朝; 向; 面對） be tr...
  • 進 : 進構詞成分。
  • 程 : 名詞1 （規章; 法式） rule; regulation 2 （進度; 程序） order; procedure 3 （路途; 一段路） journe...
  • 比 : Ⅰ動詞1 （比較; 較量高下、 長短、距離、好壞等） compare; compete; contrast; match; emulate 2 （比...
  • 絕對 : absolute
  • 進程 : course; proceeding; process; progress
  1. In this essay i argue that the writing of american jazz age novelist f. scott fitzgerald responds to the developing national culture of his time, here described as an evolving relation between the marginality of the region and the hegemony of the center. like many of the characters in his novels, fitzgerald ' s perceived liminality from nation and canon - his work did not achieve repute until after his death - produced, paradoxically, dependence on those values the writer felt most distant from. to a far greater extent than hemingway, fitzgerald fictionalized the commodity culture of the american center which he, in time, came to reject in favor of a moral posture. fitzgerald ' s migration from the perceived margins of american literary discourse to status as a posthumous, centered canonical figure has three specific dimensions - the geographical, the canonical, and the moral - all of which combine to produce a significant ambivalence, beyond " modernist " credentials, in his life and legacy

    本文認為，美國爵士時代的小說家菲茨傑拉德的作品對于作者所處時代和處于發展之中的民族文化（即區域邊緣與國家霸權之間的演進關系）作出了回應.正如其小說中的許多人物一樣，菲茨傑拉德從國家和典律中感知到閾限性（他自己的作品直到死後才獲得盛譽） ，這使得他依賴于自己認為是最為邊遠的價值觀念.與海明威相比較，菲茨傑拉德在更大程度上將位於美國中心的商品文化小說化，而最終他又出於道德考量將它予以拒絕.菲茨傑拉德從明顯的美國文學話語邊緣向去世之後被經典化的中心地位的漂移表現在地理、典律、道德三個方面.三者交織，使得學界關於他的紛爭超越了現代主義者身份問題，在關於他的人生和文學遺產問題上也是褒貶不一，眾說紛紜
  2. With the rapid development of the security stock market especially the stock market in chian ， issuing stock and circulating on market became the first choice of financing for more and more enterprise at the same time ， more and more investors are attracted by the relately high initial return of stock however ， the problem of ipos underpricing always exists in the stock market according to the data of more than one thousand chinese stocks ， most new issues had great raise in the first trade day ， and investors could acquire higher initial return than the average return of the stock market or the same industry we find that initial returns on a - share ipos average reached 132. 24 percent the main body of this paper is made up of six sections ： in the first part ， we introduced the method of the estimate of pricing decision ； in the second part ， we analyzed the method of the pricing decision and issuing system in china ， discussed the advantage and weakness of the various issuing methods ， and compared the economic efficiency between the examine and approve system and authorization system ； in the third part ， we analyzed the reason of ipo ' s underpricing in detail from information economics and other factors and combined with the environment of the chinese stock markets ， we analyzed the special characteristics in china and how they effect the ipo ' s underpricing in the fourth part ， we analyzed the data of chinese stock market with spss ， made a analysis of the administrative pricing decision and market pricing decision ， studied the underpricing phenomena of chinese stock market ， and analyzed it ' s causes ； in the fifth part ， we made a analysis of the examine approve system and authorization system ； and in the last part ， we drew some conclusions and put forth some policy advices the follow are the conclusions and policy advices in this dissertation ： （ 1 ） from the results of this empirical study ， we found that the issuing price - earning ratio and the market situation before ipos are strongly and positively associated with the underpricing of shares ， the issuing scale of ipo and the hit rate are strongly and negatively associated with the underpricing ； （ 2 ） we found that after the abolishing of ipo ' s p / e ratio and the using of authorization system ， there is no significant difference among the underpricing of shares ， but considered with the market entironment ， we think that the ipo ' s underpricing has been correspondingly reduced （ 3 ） to reduce difference between the primary market and the second market ， we suggested that we shall bring the " over - allotment option ( oao ) " to bear and resume the state - owned share and corporate - owned share to circulate on market as soon possible

    本文的主體由六個部分組成：第一部分介紹新股發行定價的估值方法；第二部分對我國的發行定價方式和發行制度進行分析，探討不同發行定價方式的優缺點，以及審批制和核準制經濟效率分析；第三部分從信息經濟學角度和其他因素的角度詳細分析造成新股發行抑價的原因，並結合我國股票市場實際情況，分析了我國市場的特有因素是否及如何影響一級市場的發行抑價程度的；第四部分利用統計分析軟體spss對我國新股行政化和市場化定價進行實證分析，主要包括新股發行行政化和市場化定價方式的實施情況和效果分析、新股發行行政化定價方式的實證分析，以及新股發行行政化和市場化定價方式的比較實證分析；第五部分利用統計分析軟體spss對我國新股發行審批制和核準制進行實證分析；第六部分是本論文的主要結論。本文的主要結論和建議有： （ 1 ）從實證分析結果看，我國新股發行抑價與市場環境、發行市盈率呈顯著正向關系，與發行規模、申購中簽率等呈顯著反向關系。 （ 2 ）取消發行市盈率限制和實施核準制等市場化改革措施並沒有降低發行抑價的絕對水平，只是由於市場環境的因素，發行抑價的相對水平才有所降低。
  3. Compared with the classical bp algorithm, robust adaptive bp algorithm possesses some advantages as following : ( 1 ) increasing the accuracy of the network training by means of using both the relative and absolute residual to adjust the weight values ; ( 2 ) improve the robustness and the network convergence rate through combining with the robust statistic technique by way of judging the values of the samples " relative residual to establish the energy function so that can suppress the effect on network training because of the samples with high noise disturbances ; ( 3 ) prevent entrapping into the local minima area and obtain the global optimal result owing to setting the learning rate to be the function of the errors and the error gradients when network is trained. the learning rate of the weights update change with the error values of the network adaptively so that can easily get rid of the disadvantage of the classical bp algorithm that is liable to entrap into the local minima areas

    與基本bp演算法相比，本文提出的魯棒自適應bp演算法具有以下優點： （ 1 ）與魯棒統計技術相結合，通過訓練樣本相對偏差的大小，確定不同訓練樣本對能量函數的貢獻，來抑制含高噪聲干擾樣本對網路訓練的不良影響，從而增強訓練的魯棒性，提高網路訓練的收斂速度； （ 2 ）採用相對偏差和絕對偏差兩種偏差形式對權值進行調整，提高了網路的訓練精度； （ 3 ）在採用梯度下降演算法對權值進行調整的基礎上，通過將學習速率設為訓練誤差及誤差梯度的特殊函數，使學習速率依賴于網路訓練時誤差瞬時的變化而自適應的改變，從而可以克服基本bp演算法容易陷入局部極小區域的弊端，使訓練過程能夠很快的「跳出」局部極小區域而達到全局最優。
  4. In this paper, the drive theory of the large ratio friction transmission is studied ; a new type elliptical cam wave generator is designed ; the large ratio friction transmission prototype is designed and manufactured ; based on the ansys finite element method software, structure of the elliptical cam is analyzed ; precision index of the manufactured large ratio friction transmission prototype, such as transmission accuracy, least step, stability of the least step, load capacity is measured by the absolute rotary encoder. by analyzing the measurement data and research content, it is think that the new elliptical cam wave generator could overcome a good many problems brought by processing errors, facilitate size precision adjustments, input moment can be achieved in the form of a pure force couple importing ; through this study, " the large ratio friction transmission prototype " could apply in practical engineering basically

    本文研究了大速比摩擦傳動的傳動理論;設計了新型橢圓凸輪波發生器，設計製作了大速比摩擦傳動樣機;用軟體ansys對所設計的橢圓凸輪結構進行了有限元分析;用19位絕對式編碼器測試了大速比摩擦傳動機構的傳動精度、最小步距、最小步距的穩定性以及帶負載能力等各項精度指標;對測量數據和研究內容進行了歸納和整理，認為新型橢圓凸輪波發生器克服了加工誤差帶來的諸多問題，新型橢圓凸輪波發生器可以進行尺寸精度調整，能夠達到輸入力矩以純力偶的形式輸入;通過本項研究，基本可以使「大速比摩擦傳動機構」在工程中得以應用。
  5. During the course of the research, the criterions of the interpolation effect are mean error ( me ), mean absolute error ( mae ), root mean squared interpolation error ( rmse ) and the difference of mean square deviation between the measured and the estimated surface air temperature. the conclusions are as follows : ( 1 ) by contrasting the gaussian weighted model associated with the error modification with the gaussian weighted model, the error modification is proved to considerably ameliorate the precision of spatial interpolation ; ( 2 ) on the base of the gaussian weighted model, taking altitudinal effect into account can reflect the trend in which temperature changes according to the topographic altitude and may ameliorate the precision of spatial interpolation correspondingly and apparently, which indicates that topographical effect on the preciseness of spatial interpolation can not be disregarded in terms of the region with complicated topography ; ( 3 ) the map of daily surface air temperature distribution, using the modified gaussian weighted model a and b, can accurately reflect the temperature - changing - with - topographical - altitude trend. among them, the better is the model a, whose me is below 0. 03 ?

    在此過程中，採用平均誤差（ me ） ，平均絕對誤差（ mae ） ，插值平均誤差平方的平方根（ rootmeansquaredinterpolationerror ，簡稱rmsie ） ，插值前後測站要素值的均方差（ meansquaredeviation ，簡稱msd ）差值作為判定插值效果的標準，得出如下結論：通過高斯權重法與結合逐步訂正的高斯權重法的對比，說明結合逐步訂正方案的高斯權重法可大大提高地面日氣溫的插值精度；在高斯權重法中加入海拔影響項可以反映出溫度隨地形高度的變化趨勢，同時也能較大地提高地面日氣溫的空間插值精度，說明在地形復雜的區域，地形影響在插值精度中是不可忽略的；對于高斯權重法的兩種改進方案得到的地面日氣溫分布圖都能很好地反映出表面大氣氣溫隨地形高度的變化趨勢。
  6. How eradicate completely to cheat : the reform of [ with ] the enlargement examination method, reduce the final result the comparison have in the course result, change the target control to control for the process ; end, should be perfect to the student ' s review systems, beg the solid spirit and creative ability as the 評 label student ' s foundations, for study result the strength and progress of the still not enough good student want to give to be well affirmative, formation encouragement the student become useful, help the student become useful of good atmosphere

    怎樣杜絕作弊:加大考試方法的改革，減少期末考試成績在課程成績中所佔的比例，變目標控制為過程式控制制；最後，應完善對學生的評鑒體系，把求實精神和創新能力作為評簽學生的基礎，對于學習成績尚不夠好的學生的長處和進步要予以充分肯定，形成鼓勵學生成材、幫助學生成材的良好氛圍。
  7. China has entered wto, that means the customs duties as well as the non - tariff barrier must be eliminated, and this causes " the major industry " or " the extra large type of enterprise " in domestic in the absolute superiority originally turned into relatively " the small and medium - sized enterprises " ; and challenge and competition caused by multinational corporations is in our own country ; because enterprise ' s technical level and idea of management in our country is backward relatively, the difference of strength phase is disparate with the multinational corporation in the competitive process, therefore, strategy management to small and medium - sized enterprise ' s research and implementation is on watershed in our country

    中國「入世」后，意味著那些關稅以及非關稅壁壘必須消除，大量的跨國公司則趁機大舉進入中國，搶灘后利用其資金、技術、管理、人力等優勢迅速瓜分市場，這就使得原先在國內處于絕對優勢的「大型企業」或「特大型企業」變成了相對的「中小型企業」 ，並在家門口直接遭遇跨國公司短兵相接的挑戰和競爭;由於我國企業的技術水平和管理理念與那些跨國公司相比，相對比較落後，在與跨國公司的競爭過程中實力相差懸殊，所以對我國中小企業戰略管理的研究和實施就顯得更加意義重大。
  8. The article is on the basis of studying a mass of german original documentations, meticulous sorting and introducing strict logic deduction process of feuerbach ’ s “ theory of psychological compulsion ” : following feuerbach logical ideology, it begins with the concept of “ civil penalty ”, and analyzes that penalty is distinct from disciplinary and defence, civil penalty is different from the moral penalty, and then gradually deeply analyzes on the “ psychological compulsion ”, “ legal deterrence ” and “ determined penalties absolutely ” ideology and so on, and successively excludes or rejects “ physical compulsion ” and “ moral education ”, “ judicial deterrence ” means or methods. they were developed deeply and connected each other. on this basis of the process feuerbach ’ s “ theory of psychological compulsion ” logic deduction process is relatively completely on the face of the reader

    本文在參閱大量德語原版文獻資料的基礎上，對費氏「心理強制說」嚴密的邏輯論證過程進行了細致的梳理和介紹:順著費爾巴哈的邏輯思路，從「刑罰」和「市民刑罰」的概念入手，分析了刑罰與懲戒、防衛以及市民刑罰與道德刑罰的區別，然後逐步深入分析闡述了「心理強制」 、 「法律威懾」以及「確定的刑罰法規絕對」等思想，並先後排除、否定了「物理強制」 、 「道德教育」 、 「司法威懾」等手段或者方式，層層遞進、環環相扣，在此基礎上將費氏「心理強制說」的邏輯論證過程比較完整地呈現在讀者面前。
  9. From the second to the fifth chapter such problems concerning state - owned property right are illustrated respectively as its definition, valuation and price fixing and capital sources of undertaking party and the disposal and use of transfer income. problems are raised with regard to the process of current property right system diversity in state - owned enterprises, such as the disagreement to the definition of state - owned property right, no standard of evaluation, imperfection of price fixing system and relative confusion of transfer income disposal and use. what ' s more, new solutions are offered : the probe into state - owned property right definition " changsha model " is confirmed positively ; two specific ways of quantification - - " the method of average growth rate of state - owned property right " and " the method of average cost of labor in market " ; the concept " present value of earnings " is applied to the property evaluation of receivable accounts, finished goods, invisible assets and so on ; the unjust in price fixing of state - owned property right can be avoided by improving property valuation methods, perfecting capital market especially property right trading market and bettering information publishing system ; as to the guarantee problem of human resources financial contribution, an original key is offered

    第一章運用產權理論對國企產權多元化改革進行經濟學分析；第二章至第五章主要圍繞國有產權的界定問題、評估問題、定價問題、承接方的資金來源問題、轉讓收入的處置運用問題分別進行闡述，指出了當前國企產權多元化過程中存在著國有產權界定不統一、評估不規范、定價機制不完善、處置運用相對混亂等諸多問題，並提出新的解決思路：肯定國有產權界定「長沙模式」的積極探索意義，提出量化職工創造剩餘價值的「國有資產平均增長率法」和「平均市場勞動成本法」 ；將「收益現值」概念運用到對應收賬款、產成品、無形資產等資產評估之中；應從完善資產評估方法、完善資本市場特別是產權交易市場和健全信息公開機制三個方面來解決國有產權定價不公問題；就人力資本出資的擔保問題提出實際債務承擔額（比例）應小於名義出資額（比例）的新思路，並認為人力資本市場上的交易價格應包括絕對出資額和相對出資額兩部分。
  10. However, the refractive index will increase with the increase of the flow ratio of sifu / nhs, slightly increase with the increase of substrate temperate, and decrease with the increase of rf power. by measuring the passivation results of hydrogen plasma and sinx thin film, we found an evident improvement of minor carrier lifetime in polycrystalline silicon after hydrogen plasma treatment, although it has little to do with the annealing temperature and time. the hydrogen contained in sinx thin film can enhance the carrier mobility of monocrystalline silicon, but after annealing at high temperature the mobility turns down

    通過測試氫等離子體鈍化和氮化硅薄膜鈍化的效果，實驗還發現氫等離子體處理對多晶硅材料的少子壽命提高作用比較明顯，但是這種提高作用與處理溫度以浙江大學碩士學位論文王曉泉2003年5月及時間的關系不大；氨化硅薄膜中的氫對單晶硅的載流子遷移率提高有一定作用，但經過高溫處理后這種作用消失；氮化硅薄膜能提高單晶硅和多晶硅的少子壽命，具有表面鈍化和體鈍化的雙重作用；氫等離子體和氮化硅薄膜都能有效地提高單晶和多晶電池的短路電流密度，進而使電池效率有不同程度（絕對轉換效率0
  11. In this paper, referring to qingju water power station, temperature control analysis and study has been done : study on the match ratio of the concrete and question of modifying of the special fine sand concrete to improve resisting ability of splitting of concrete ; study on the technology of the highly mixed fly ash to reduce the adiabatic temperature rise of concrete ; in case of the condition of resisting splitting to allow, study on the temperature control measure to strengthen and water the size of building, simplify the operational procedure, accelerate the construction speed, economize the expenses of the project

    溫控問題成為青居水電站設計和施工的關鍵技術問題。 、本文對水工大體積混凝土溫控問題進行了分析和總結，結合青居水電站閘壩工程，開展溫度應力及溫度控制研究:研究混凝土的配合比及特細砂混凝土『改性問題，提高混凝土的抗裂能力;研究高摻粉煤灰技術，降低混凝土的絕熱溫升:在抗裂條件允許的情況下，研究施工過程中溫控措施的簡化，以加大澆築尺寸，簡化施工程序，加快施工進度，節約工程費用。
  12. This can fully consider the effect of the structure of transmission line and the selection of lighting parameter etc. by calculating and analyzing various of factor that affect the lightning tripping probability of 500kv double circuit transmission line, we can draw the conclusions : the result by intersecting method is more accord with the practicality circumstance than by existing standard methods, using unbalance high insulation and reverse sequence of wire can reduce the contemporary outage rate of double circuit line, reducing the footing resistance is one of the most efficiency method to reduce the back stroking rate of double circuit transmission line, the double back stroking rate and the single back stroking rate will fall by three ground wire, when the footing resistance is 10 ohm, the back stroking rate by three ground wire is 83 percent of by two ground wire

    在分析輸電線路繞擊耐雷性能時，對線路的雷電屏蔽問題進行了分析，提出對擊距法進行改進，充分考慮了風速的影響因素，編寫了具有工程實用價值的計算線路繞擊耐雷水平的程序，此方法可以充分考慮線路結構和雷電參數等對繞擊率的影響。通過對影響500kv同桿雙回線路雷擊跳閘率的各種因素進行了計算和分析，得到以下結論：採用相交法的計算結果比定義法更符合實際運行情況。採用不平衡高絕緣方式和導線逆相序排列可以大大降低雙回同時跳閘率。
  13. It compares and analyses the equipment test voltage emendated to standard atmosphere conditions with the equipment nominal withstanding voltage. and then it concluded that : the emendation value educed by " humidity ratio " integrated emendation method is basically equal or close to the equipment nominal withstanding voltage ; but the values by two traditional emendation methods are mostly higher. it also proves that, " humidity ratio " integrated emendation method is more perfect than any other methods, and it can reflect the influence degree of atmospheric parameters on electrical equipment outer insulation discharge voltage actually

    文中選擇「比濕」綜合校正法和兩種傳統校正法，分別對西高所為羊八井、拉薩、羊湖110kv變電所設備所做的人工氣候室模擬試驗數據及雲南中試所做的zs - 110工頻放電電壓試驗數據進行校正計算，將試驗電壓的校正值與試驗設備的標稱耐受電壓水平進行比較分析；認為： 「比濕」綜合校正法的校正值與設備耐受電壓水平基本相等或接近，而兩傳統校正法的校正值大多高於設備耐受電壓水平；進一步證明， 「比濕」綜合校正法是目前諸多校正法中較為完善的，能真實地反映大氣參數對電氣設備外絕緣放電電壓的影響程度的校正法，在高海拔電力工程設計中應推廣應用。
  14. Conventional iec three ratio method and new iec ratio criterion are reduced according to the method of decision table in rough set theory respectively, simplified diagnosis rules are proposed. besides being identical with original iec method, the codes of conventional iec three ratio method are increased and bounds of new iec ratio criterion are augment by using this method, codes imperfectness of conventional iec three ratio method and code name absence of new iec ratio criterion are improved to some extent, scarcity of codes in conventional iec three ratio method is offseted, absolutization of sort and boundary in new iec ratio criterion is overcomed. this is important in practice for its flexibility and enhanced error tolerances

    應用粗糙集理論中的決策表化簡的方法分別對常規iec三比值診斷表和iec新導則診斷表進行了化簡，得到了簡化的診斷規則，它們不但具有與常規iec三比值法和iec新導則完全相同的診斷分類能力，而且擴充了常規iec三比值表的編碼范圍和iec新導則的診斷范圍，在一定程度上改善了常規iec三比值表編碼缺損和iec新導則無對應代號的問題，彌補了常規iec三比值法編碼的不足，克服了iec新導則分類及邊界的絕對化，使得iec診斷法在實際診斷中更具靈活性、實用性和容錯性，提高了故障診斷能力。
  15. Abstract : this paper introduces a new class f epoxy glass - cloth laminate. the synthesis of a epoxy adhesive and the production process were studied. the properties of the laminate were compared with those of some similar products abroad. the results show that the laminate has higher adhesive strength 、 resistivity in moist conditions 、 dielectric strength and mechanical strength in higher temperatures. it is applicable for electric equipments, especially those to run in higher moisture or higher temperature conditions

    文摘:本文介紹了最近開發成功的一種新型f級耐高溫層壓板，研究了環氧樹脂膠粘劑的合成，層壓板的製造工藝及其性能，並與國外同類產品進行了對比，結果表明，它具有粘接強度、浸水后絕緣電阻及耐電壓、高溫機械強度高等特性，可用作大型高壓電機、輸變電設備以及核電工程、低溫高真空工程中絕緣結構材料，尤其適用於高電壓、高溫、高機械強度的工作環境。
  16. The paper studied withstand voltage level, influence factors, breakdown process and breakdown mechanism of covered with snow or ice through some theory calculation results, many test data and phenomena. the paper got the conclusions that withstand voltage strength of insulator covered with snow or ice descended largely, and the amount of ice or snow build - up, number of flashover, string length, environment temperature and leak current etc had obvious effects on flashover voltage values of insulators

    通過大量的試驗數據和現象研究冰雪條件下絕緣子的耐壓水平、影響因素及其擊穿機理，如串長的影響、環境溫度、絕緣子形狀及冰的干濕程度、閃絡次數、冠雪量和積冰量的影響、雪的密度、氣壓和濕度的影響等，並對試驗結果與理論分析結果進行了對比，分析其是否一致。
  17. During the present research of the flow characteristics of refrigerant in adiabatic capillary tubes, a drift flux model of two - phase flow was established and the influence of metastable phenomenon was considered. the flow characteristics of refrigerant were analyzed with the program developed in this research. an experimental system for the adiabatic capillary tubes testing was set up. the results show that the theoretical model fits the experimental data well

    在對絕熱毛細管內製冷劑的流動特性進行研究的過程中，運用兩相流漂移模型，並考慮製冷劑在實際流動中存在的亞穩態，開發了絕熱毛細管內製冷劑兩相流的數值計算程序，對毛細管內製冷劑的流動特性進行了分析;搭建了毛細管兩相流實驗裝置，並將計算結果與實驗數據進行比較，結果吻合的較好。
  18. A new method of absolute calibration of photodetector sensitivity based on spontaneous parametric down - conversion ( spdc ) biphoton field is described. the process of spdc is studied theoretically. the single photon detection probability and two - photon coincidence probability are derived and the calibration principle for photodetectors is explained. an experimental system has been set up. the sensitivity of a photon - counting photomultiplier tube was measured, and the results were compared with those obtained using conventional method

    討論了一種基於自發參量下轉換雙光子場絕對校準光電探測器靈敏度的新方法，著重推導了對自發參量下轉換過程中產生的單光子的探測概率和雙光子的符合速率，從而闡明了絕對測量光電探測器量子效率的原理.基於這一方法對光子計數型光電倍增管的響應靈敏度進行了測量，並將實驗結果與常規方法測得的結果進行了比較
  19. Based on the previous and through the uniaxial tension damage experiment and comparing to the uniaxial compression damage experiment, the paper makes research on the anisotropism of the damage and the difference of the damage between the uniaxial tension and the uniaxial compression, combining with orthogonal anistropic damage model and exponent function damage developing equation. through the formulae deduction, the damages caused by the same absolute value tension and compression strain have the comparing character in some extent and corresponding decay coefficient

    本文在前人研究的基礎上，通過單軸拉伸損傷試驗，及其與單軸壓縮損傷試驗的比較，進一步結合正交異性損傷模型與指數函數損傷演變方程，對混凝土體中損傷的各向異性以及單軸拉伸和單軸壓縮情況下損傷的差異性進行了研究探討，經過公式推導，提出絕對值相等的拉、壓應變產生的損傷具有一定的可比性，並給出了進行可比性換算的折減系數。
  20. In the author ' s opinion the third party has the right to refuse the given benefit, to claim of payment, and to request for protection. besides, it has efficacy to the detors and the creditors. in the end, the article 64 of existing chinese contract law is similar with germany law regulation concerned, but it does not entrust any legal status of the third party

    而後進一步分析了第三人利益合同產生、存在的基礎，以及其在兩大法系的確立過程；其次，筆者結合各國實踐，對第三人利益合同的涵義、特徵、構成要件、基礎關系以及主要類型分別進行分析，並將其同民法理論中的一些相似制度進行比較；再者，從更深的層次論述了第三人利益合同的效力，探討了受益第三人的權利根源問題，提出受益人的權利直接來源於當事人之間的合同，其包括履行合同請求權、給付受領權、保護請求權以及拒絕權等。
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