經濟自由主義 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [jīngjìzìyóuzhǔyì]
經濟自由主義 英文
economic liberalism
  • 經 : 經動詞[紡織] （把紡好的紗或線梳整成經紗或經線） warp
  • 濟 : 濟名詞1. （古水名） the ji river2. （姓氏） a surname
  • 自 : Ⅰ代詞（自己） self; oneself; one s own Ⅱ副詞（自然;當然） certainly; of course; naturally; willin...
  • 由 : causereason
  • 義 : Ⅰ名詞1 （正義） justice; righteousness 2 （情誼） human ties; relationship 3 （意義） meaning; si...
  • 經濟 : 1 [經] （社會物質生產和再生產的活動） economy 2 （對國民經濟有利或有害的） economic; of industria...
  • 自由 : freedomliberty
  1. The point analyses the composition and efficancy of the structure of corporate governance with the modern administration theory. lt systematically sets forth and compares the features and development of the structure of the corporate governance in chinese and western. by analyzing the present situation of our listing companies, it points out : " the internal control " can be considered the inevitable phenomenon, emerged in the period from the socialism planned economy to the market economy in china ' s state - owned enterprises. by the means of gathering a vast amount of data and analying cases and charts, it gives the conclutions : because the enterprise inform is progressed " step by step ", the internal controlling in our country has assumed its own features : the enterprise is in the concussion between the " super - powerful controp ' of external and the " super - weakly control " in internal. those popular phenomenon have been looked as the principle manifestation of " the internal control " which taking the national stock as the ma in part and holding the post of chainman of the board and the chief manager in company to the same man

    本文利用現代管理理論和現代企業理論來剖析公司治理結構的組成和效率體現，對中西方公司治理結構的特徵和歷史發展作了較系統的闡述和比較，並且運用大量的數據對我國上市公司治理結構進行了實證分析，指出： 「內部人控制」是在我國社會主義經濟向市場經濟轉軌時期，國有企業公司治理結構中出現的一種必然現象。本文在闡述公司治理結構特徵和功效的基礎上，通過大量數據的收集、案例分析和圖表處理來分析我國企業治理結構的歷史變遷並揭示出：由於我國企業改革是「漸進式」的， 「內部人控制」表現出其自身的特點：企業處于外部「超強控制」和「超弱控制」的兩極震蕩中。作為最具我國現代企業代表特徵的上市公司，因為以國家股為持股主體，董事長和總經理兩職兼任的現象甚為普遍而成為目前企業事實上的「內部人控制」的主要表現形式。
  2. But the problems have also emerged as the activity of government procurement in china. so we should research on the intendance system of government procurement to ensure the validity of procure activity

    由於政府采購參與主體都是理性經濟人，它們都是自利的且具有有限理性和機會主義傾向，因此，政府采購活動需要有效的監督制度來規范。
  3. Based on consider hereinbefore, this dissertation discusses several aspects on the problem of the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources as follows : ( 1 ) reviewed entirely the origin and evolvement of the concept " sustainable development ", stated and commented the study status in queue on " sustainable development " around national and international range, thorough discussed the science connotation about the concept " sustainable development " ; ( 2 ) looked back and commented across - the aboard some furthest basic concept and proposition related to groundwater resources, put forward self opinions on a few existent mistake points of view and chaos understandings ; ( 3 ) expatiated entirely on the content and meaning of the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, contrast with the traditional methods of groundwater resources calculation and evaluation, combined example to show the application of this theory ; ( 4 ) thorough analyzed the difficult and complexity to forecast the groundwater resources, fully stated the traditional methods of groundwater resources forecasting, pointed out the characteristic and applying condition of these forecasting method, introduced the main ideas and methods of wavelet analysis developed recently, and the matlab software be known as the fifths era computer language, and its accessory wavelet analysis toolbox, applied these methods and tools to analyze the groundwater dynamic curve, adopted the b - j method and morte - carlo method, combined with the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, discussed the new view on the forecast of groundwater resources ; ( 5 ) synthetically analyzed the characteristics and limitations of the present all kind of groundwater manage model, combined mathematical programming mathematical statistics random process and the theory of variation system of groundwater resources on the unite optimum attempter of surface water and groundwater, emphasized how to make the model more nicety, more simple, more practicality ; ( 6 ) analyzed the inside condition and outside condition to assure the sustainable and optimum exploi tation of groundwater resources, the inside conditions are the follows : correct resources idea, scientific methods of resources calculation and evaluation, credible forecast methods of resources, exercisable measures of resources management, the outside conditions are the follows : the development idea of high layer, the transform of manage system, the matched policy and rule of law, the adjusted of economy lever, the improve of cultural diathesis, the boosting up of water - saving consciousness and detail measures, the control of population rising, the prevention and cure of water pollute, the renew and rebuild of ecology ; ( 7 ) scan the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources from the high level of metagalaxy, earth system science, and philosophy ; lint out the more directions on groundwater resources

    基於以上考慮，論文主要從以下幾方面對地下水資源可持續開發問題進行了比較深入的探討：全面回顧了「可持續發展」概念的由來與演變，對國內外「可持續發展」的研究現狀進行了述評，並對「可持續發展」概念的科學內涵進行了深入探討；對涉及地下水資源的一些最基本的概念和命題進行了全面的回顧和評述，對目前仍然存在的一些錯誤觀點和混亂認識提出了自己的見解；全面闡述了地下水資源變值系統理論的內容和意義，並與傳統的地下水資源計算評價方法進行了對比分析，結合實例具體說明了方法的應用；深入分析了地下水資源預測預報工作的極端重要性和復雜性，對傳統的地下水資源動態預測方法進行了全面的評述，指出了各類預測預報方法的特點及適用條件，對最近二十多年剛發展起來的小波分析技術的主要思想和方法及其應用范圍，以及號稱第五代計算機語言的matlab軟體和附帶的小波分析工具箱進行了介紹，並應用於地下水動態過程線的分析，採用時間序列中的b ? j法，蒙特卡羅方法，與地下水資源變值系統理論相結合，探討了地下水動態資料分析和地下水資源預測預報的新思路；綜合分析了現今各類地下水管理模型的特點及缺陷，將數學規劃、數理統計、隨機過程等與地下水變值系統理論相結合進行地表水地下水或多水源的聯合優化調度，使模型更準確、更實用；對保證地下水資源可持續開發的內部條件和外部條件進行了分析，內部河海人學博卜學位論文前言、摘要、目錄條件主要是正確的資源觀，科學的資源計算與評價方法，可靠的資源預測預報技術，可操作的資源管理措施，外部條件主要是高層發展思路、管理體制的變革、配套的政策法規、經濟杠桿的調節、人文素質的提高、節水意識的增強及具體節水措施、人口增長的控制、水體污染的防治、生態的恢復和重建等;從宇宙科學、地球系統科學及哲學的高度審視地下水資源的可持續開發;指出了地下水資源可持續開發的進一步研究方向。
  4. Starting from the definition of consideration, the paper states the theoretical and legal basis of consideration, and makes comparison between consideration and compensation. the content contains : ( 1 ) consideration is an important concept in the british and american law of contract ; ( 2 ) when nonnegotiable share turns to be negotiable, the price of negotiable share will decrease. therefore, if this action occurs, nonnegotiable shareholders should make promise to protect negotiable shareholders ’ benefits ; ( 3 ) shareholder structure premium is the basic theoretical basis of consideration payment ; ( 4 ) consideration is a reasonable compensation which contract beneficiary gives to sufferer, according to the fair principle of the civil law

    對價從法律上看是一種等價有償的允諾關系，而從經濟學的角度說，對價就是利益沖突的雙方處于各自利益最優狀況的要約而又互不被對方接受時，通過兩個或兩個以上平等主體之間的妥協關系來解決這一沖突; （ 2 ）把對價運用於股權分置改革，其基本含義是未來非流通股轉為可流通時，由於會導致流通股股價下跌，因此，流通股股東同意非流通股可流通的同時，非流通股股東也要對這一行為發生時將充分保護流通股股東的利益不受損作出相應承諾; （ 3 ）股權分置溢價是支付對價的基
  5. Under the drive of this kind of benefits, each local government, profession section and several big business enterprises abuse the administrative power, limiting or expelling the fair competition. numerous business enterprises feel it difficult to speak their minds or dare not speak out. thus, the rights of consumers are injured hardly, the development of national economy loses its balance seriously, which of course destroys the establishment and perfection of a unified big market

    壟斷的理由多種多樣，五花八門，但究其動力來說，就是追求直接或間接的經濟利益，在這種利益驅動下，各地方政府、各行業部門以及各個規模龐大的企業集團濫用自己的地位與權力，限制和排除公平競爭，不僅使眾多企業有口難言，更是嚴重侵害了消費者的利益，破壞了社會主義市場經濟的聲譽，造成國家經濟發展的嚴重失衡，損害了統一大市場的建立與完善。
  6. The second part analyses the reason of the complexity of national issue about the west : in economy, the reason that is economy among regions develops unbalance able and the national minority ca n ' t adapt the change of economic system very much, and the developing distance between national regions and coastal regions enlarges the estrangement which exists before and the national relationship is shocked by establishing socialism market economic system. in politics, the reason that is ill - considered national policies, unperfected national region self - control system, the effect and permeation of national and international hostile power. in culture, the reason that is the reverse effect of nationalism, the modernity of national traditional culture causes the complexity of national issue

    第二部分從三個方面分析了西部地區民族問題復雜性的原因：經濟上，是由於地區間經濟發展不平衡，經濟體制變化使少數民族表現出不適性，民族地區和沿海地區發展差距的擴大加深了原有的民族隔閡和猜忌，民族關系受到建設社會主義市場經濟體制的沖擊；政治上，是由於失誤的民族政策，民族區域自治制度不完善，國內外敵對勢力的影響、滲透等因素的作用；思想文化上，是由於民族主義的負面影響，民族傳統文化的現代化帶來民族問題的復雜性。
  7. This paper began from the definition gender and analyzed the traditional concepts of equality and tried to explain that the former what - is - called equality wrong point of view which wanted to efface the existing difference between man and woman and wanted to get the absolute equality. with the help of some postmodern terms and views, the writer tries to descontruct the traditional mode of equality and tries to take advantage of the individual characters of man ' s and woman ' s to make them can enjoy differential equality on the basis of admitting the i nfluence of gender on man and woman. the writer also suggests that the party that take more duties or lossed because of the differential equality should be compensated by the government through the laws, policies and economic approaches

    然而，現實生活中，女性得到的平等權仍是形式上的平等，離真正的男女平等還相差甚遠，造成此現象的原因是多方面的，本文僅從「社會性別」這一概念入手，通過對傳統平等觀的剖析，說明以往的平等權是一種企圖抹殺客觀存在的男女性別差異和社會性別的影響，要求男女絕對一樣的平等的錯誤觀點，筆者藉助后現代主義的部分觀點試圖解構這種傳統固定的平等模式，以期在承認社會性別對男女影響的基礎上，發揮、利用男性與女性各自的優點和特點，對其實行有差別的平等，對由於實行「有差別」的平等給女性（或男性）造成的損失或對多承擔義務的一方，國家從法律、政策、經濟等多方面對受損害者和多承擔義務者給予救濟，以此達到女性平等權的真正實現。
  8. In the system of the national ownership, every trivia of state - owned corporations, during the era of planned economy, was in the charge of the nation, whereas, itself was put into a state of being in lack of rights, benefits and responsibilities, in that, it was, at most an individual workshop of the big factory of the nation ; in this state, obviously, the state - owned corporations were in deficiency of developing power, which resulted in low output

    在計劃經濟時代的國家所有權制度下，受「父愛主義」的關懷，國有企業的一切經營均由國家承包，其自身處于無權利、無利益也無責任的狀態之中，充其量不過是「國家這個大工廠中的一個個小車間而已」 。這種狀況下的國有企業發展動力不足，效益低下。
  9. Farmers cannot get the good seed which has high yield, high quality, high resistance. as socialist market economy is tending toward perfection, especially 《 plant new variety protection 》, 《 seed law 》 those polities are coming on, and foreign large seed companies are joining in after china enter wto in fear of the coming of our country ’ s agriculture protection period. therefore, the general adoption of the market principle of china ’ s seed industry speed up, and the challenge between seed companies become hot

    傳統種子業是由自給自足的非商品化產業過渡到計劃經濟體制下政府壟斷性的行業，此時期，新品種及配套的新技術得不到很好的應用，行業市場集中程度很低，農民（用戶）很大程度上得不到高產、優質、高抗的良種，隨著社會主義市場經濟的不斷完善成熟，特別是《植物新品種保護條例》 、 《種子法》等政策、法規的相繼出臺實施，更為重要的是中國加入wto后對我國農業保護期限的即將到來，國外種業巨頭伺機紛紛進入，加速了中國種子產業的市場化進程，種業企業的競爭日益加劇，同時為中國種子產業的規模化、產業化經營帶來了更多的機遇。
  10. They do differ, however, on the proposition that a liberal monetary policy can move the economy effectively out of a recession.

    然而，在自由主義的貨幣政策是否可以有效地使經濟擺脫衰退這個問題上，他們的觀點確實不同。
  11. After this, a more detailed analysis on several aspects of the hunan electric power market including social economy, structural situation, consume structure, power consumption, etc. shows the fact that the increase in the power consumption in recent years is mainly due to that in the first industry and residents " daily life. we also draw the conclusion that the ease of the contradiction between demand and supply in the electric power market tends to present the natural principle in that market

    首先對湖南省能源資源和電力工業進行了概況分析，然後分析了湖南省電力市場的以下幾個方面：社會經濟狀況，用電結構與用電負荷；電力市場中的消費增長近年主要由第一產業和居民生活用電增長拉動；電力市場用電負荷因供需矛盾的緩和而更趨表現其自然性規律；最後做了湖南省鯉魚江電廠擴建工程對改善湖南電力工業現狀的意義分析。
  12. Little is known about how to control anpsp due to lack of the related theory and practical experience. especially there is no satisfactory measure to reduce the runoff and leaching of n and p from agriculture into rivers and lakes. it ' s very significant in both theory and realism to reduce agricultural non - point source pollution and protect our ecological environment for realizing the harmonious development of resource, environment and agriculture in china

    農業面源污染是困擾我國社會、經濟持續發展的一個嚴重的環境問題，主要是由於農業面源污染具有量大面廣、分散的特點，並受自然條件突發性、偶然性和隨機性的制約，現階段我們對農業面源污染情況的了解程度遠遠不如點源污染，還缺乏整治的相關理論基礎和實踐經驗，減少污染物尤其是氮、磷營養的排放具有相當大的難度，因此控制農業面源污染、保護和優化生態環境對實現我國資源、環境和農業協調發展有重要的理論和現實意義。
  13. The answers to these questions have important significance in thelegitimacy and sustainability of posner ’ s economic analysis of law, in theconnotation and extension of the definition of legal pragmatism and in theconsistency and compatibility of posner ’ s whole theory. it is not onlyrelated to posner ’ s economic analysis of law and his legal pragmatism, butalso related to the formation and development of posner ’ s whole theory. moreover, becauseofposner ’ sirreplaceablyimportantstatusinthesefields, it is even related to the whole field of economic analysis of law and legalpragmatism. however, the academe seems to have no recognition of the importanceof these issues, that most scholars ’ research on posner ( including domesticand foreign ) stillbasicallystaysinakindofsingle - anglemode, thatistosay, they either study posner ’ s economic analysis of law solely, or only discusshis legal pragmatism, ignoring the relationship between the two

    本文從波斯納對自己早先提出的經濟分析法學所作的前後兩種截然不同的辯護? ?一個是基礎主義的辯護，一個是實用主義的辯護;一個是建構基礎的辯護，一個是拋棄基礎的辯護? ?出發，通過對「經濟分析法學與功利主義」 、 「經濟分析法學與新蘭德爾主義」 、 「法律實用主義與形式主義」這幾對關鍵概念之內涵及相互關系的界定，並從波氏法律實用主義對其經濟分析法學的影響，以及波氏經濟分析法學對其法律實用主義的影響這兩個方面出發，對波氏法律實用主義與波氏經濟分析法學之間的關系進行了深入的剖析，由此證明了二者之間的聯系和可調和性。
  14. This paper begins from the function of trade union, looking back to the mode of trade union from the planned economic period to market economic period. that is from the traditional mode of production and guard to the new mode of guard stressed. and elaborates the current situation in which the trade union gives play to the function of guard ; analyzing the elements that affected the elaboration of its function, including some systematic reasons, some unfavorable factors lying in itself, the imperfect related labor laws which protect labors and so on ; finally giving some suggestions that strengthen the function of trade union, that is harmonizing the relations among trade union and government and party, reforming and perfecting the trade union, making the legislative guarantee for union ' s function, which includes the modification and perfection of related laws which protect labors and the enhancement of enforcing the law

    本課題首先從工會的職能入手，回顧了我國工會組織在計劃經濟體制向市場經濟體制轉型中工會模式的轉變歷程，即由「生產和維護」的傳統二元主義職能模式向「突出維護」的新功能模式;闡述當前工會發揮維權不力的現狀;分析了影響工會發揮維護職能的因素，即制約工會維護職能發揮的制度性因素，工會組織自身存在不利於維權的因素，及現有維護勞動者權益的相關法律的不健全等;最後提出了強化工會維護職能的對策，即協調工會與黨、政的關系，加強工會自身的改革與建設，完善立法，為工會發揮維護職能構建法制保障，包括《工會法》 、 《勞動法》等保護勞動者權益的相關法律的修改和完善，及勞動執法的加強等。
  15. Between the continuously thorough development and international domestic enterprise of socialist market economy competition aggravate, the state - owned enterprise of china must meet the development of times, carry out enterprise carefully in develop strategy for a long period plan, deepen reform and developing innovation, form the key competition ability of self step by step, and the present situation of financial management and accounting information system can not satisfy this requirement obviously, since artificial factor and system run the reason of mechanism and means, causes plenty of false accounting informations, is serious to affect decision quality, has become the bottleneck of the work of business management

    隨著社會主義市場經濟不斷深入發展和國際國內企業間競爭的加劇，中國的國有企業必須適應時代的發展，認真進行企業中長期發展戰略的籌劃，深化改革，開拓創新，逐步形成自身的核心競爭力，而財務管理和會計信息系統的現狀顯然不能滿足這一要求，由於人為因素、系統運行機制和手段的原因，造成大量的虛假會計信息，嚴重影響決策質量，已成為企業管理工作的瓶頸。
  16. It is the basic existing law which regulates, standards and sustains the market economy as the economic law, the civil commercial law, etc. it is the physical law, not in conjunction with the procedural law. it is a mandatory standard law which is decided by its properties. the principles of the social security law should include : the fusion of universality and selection ; the agreement between rights and duties, consideration to both fairness and efficiency, adapting social security standard to economy development, the fusion of state security and social security

    就社會保障法的性質來說，它應該包括以下幾個方面：社會保障法為公法，而不是公法、私法的融合或結合；社會保障法為人法，以人為出發點，體現了人道主義精神；社會保障法為生存權利保障法，保障社會成員的基本生存和生活；社會保障法為現代社會的基本法，和經濟法、民商法等其它法律一樣，都對市場經濟的發展起著調整、規范和支持作用；社會保障法為實體法，而不是實體法與程序法的統一體；社會保障法是以強制性規范為主的法，這是由社會保障自身的特性決定的。
  17. A new report by the humanitarian group oxfam says weather - related natural disasters have risen from 120 annually in the 1980s to about 500 today

    人道主義團體牛津饑荒救濟委員會在最新報告中稱氣候相關的自然災害已經由1980s的120件每年增長到了現在的500件
  18. Corporation, as the major and most active civil subject in this modern economic society, just like a lively natural person, has its own process of emerging, growing declining and finally disappearing. their capacities of surviving are greatly different among each company. some stronger ones operate well for hundreds of years, while some may have to terminate only after years or ever days. the termination of a company may have great impact on the rights and benefits of its share holders, debtees, debtors and employers, so the company should properly deal with all there interests after terminating, ending its rights and obligations with other subjects so as to protect the peaceful order of the economic society. but as a civil subject in law, corporation has its way of obtaining the capacity of rights greatly different from that of a natural person, as a result a company shall have a different liquidation process after termination comparing to the process for a natural person after his / her death. at present, many defects exist in china ’ s corporation legal system, including the system of company liquidation. the regulations in corporation law are too few and abstract which can not guide the company liquidation activities in reality, seriously destroying the normal economic order of social life

    公司生存的強弱之分有著十分巨大的差距，有的公司已存續百年仍生機勃勃而不見頹勢，有的公司成立不過數日或幾年就不得不終止。公司的終止會對公司股東、公司的債權人、債務人以及公司的職員的利益產生重大影響，公司在終止之必須對各種相關利益進行妥善安排，將公司與相關主體之間的權利義務歸于消滅，以維護社會經濟生活的平穩秩序。但由於公司作為法律擬制的民事主體，其取得權利能力的方式與自然人有著迥然的差異，這就決定了公司在終止時應當進行與自然人死亡后迥然不同的清算程序。
  19. However, because of the exchange at equal value and its operational environment lacking integrality, there still exist certain moral defect with it and it needs the introspection of people ' s morals and intuitive knowledge, the stipu lations of an agreement of legal system and the socialist market mechanism itself ' s being perfected, so that it could reduce and avoid the moral crisis posed by the ethics defect of the exchange at equal value, to bring about double smoothing people ' s material and spiritual demands in the marliet economy

    不過，由於「等價交換」本身及其運作環境的非完滿性，它還存在一定的倫理缺憾，需要人的道德良知的內省，法律制度的規約和社會主義市場機制自身的日臻完善，以盡可能縮小和避免等價交換倫理缺憾引發的道德危機，實現市場經濟對人的物質和精神需求的雙重潤澤。
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