綜合先行指數 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [zōngxiānhángzhǐshǔ]
綜合先行指數 英文
leading indicators composite
  • : 綜名詞[紡織] (織布機上使 經線交錯著上下分開以便梭子通過的裝置; 綜片) heddle; heald
  • : 合量詞(容量單位) ge, a unit of dry measure for grain (=1 decilitre)
  • : 名詞1 (時間或次序在前的) earlier; before; first; in advance 2 (祖先; 上代) elder generation; ...
  • : 行Ⅰ名詞1 (行列) line; row 2 (排行) seniority among brothers and sisters:你行幾? 我行三。where...
  • : 指構詞成分。
  • : 數副詞(屢次) frequently; repeatedly
  • 綜合 : 1 (歸在一起; 聯合成一個統一的整體) synthesize 2 (不同種類、不同性質的事物組合在一起) syntheti...
  • 指數 : 1. [經] (比數) index number; index 2. [數學] exponent
  1. The thesis is based on income question, forest coverage rate and grop production. to beging with, date envelopment analysis is proved that it can be applicated into grain for green in shan - bei district, and then in view of the fact, seven esential factors which have influence on the project are found out : expense of dam, expense of crop, expense of cash tree, expense of defense tree, other economic crop, expense of grass and graziery ; and the output factors include : income of gdp, pure income per captia, the area of decreasing land loss, graziery income, crop production, income of tree, the totle income of economic crop. after the date of each facts are puted into dea model, unefficiencial decision making units ( dmu ) found. the data that are got through adjusting unefficiencial dmus dy dea can offer guide in shanbei district upgrading of an industrial structure. at the same time, taking into account some possible problems in or after grain for green in shan - bei district, the thesis bring out some propesal to improve the circ umstance, enhance the life level and put the relation of population, resource and circumstance into a healthy orbit

    因此,加快退耕還林還草,調整土地利用結構和產業結構,已成為實現山川秀美工程和可持續發展戰略的必經之路。論文以解決陜北地區的收入問題,植被問題以及糧食產量問題為出發點,首從理論上分析了包絡分析方法在陜北地區退耕還林(草)中運用的可性,然後結陜北地區目前的實際情況,分析出影響陜北地區退耕還林(草)的關鍵的七個因素作為輸入標:水利水保設施投入,農作物投入,經濟林種支出,防護林支出,其它經濟作物,草類支出,畜牧業投入;以退耕還林所要解決的最終問題作為輸出標: gdp收入、農民人均純收入、水土流失減少量、牧業總產值、糧食產量、林業總產值、其他經濟作物總產值。將各標所對應的據代入模型后,通過分析求解得出非有效的決策單元,再運用包絡分析方法的一些基本原理對非有效的決策單元進調整,由此所得的據對陜北地區的實際投入具有很好的導意義。
  2. In ranking the indicator system of affecting cultivated land being selected into prime farmland has been built firstly, which is composed of 18 indicators involved in quality, location, policy attribute and administrative intervention of cultivated land. then based on the character of ranking, the idea of combination decision has been brought forward, ranking cultivated land synthetically with three ranking models including a model by similarity to ideal point, fuzzy optimization model and attribute hierarchy model. in three models the weights are based on hierarchy analysis and entropy weights, considering not only subjective partiality but also the intrinsic information of decision objects, which make the ranking results more scientific, reasonable and credible

    在耕地排序中首建立了耕地入選基本農田的決策標體系,由耕地質量狀況、區位條件、政策屬性以及政干預4大決策因素共18個決策標構成;然後根據排序問題的特點,提出了「組決策法」的思路,並採用逼近於理想點的排序模型( topsis ) 、模糊優選模型( fom )和屬性層次模型( ahm )三種排序方法對耕地進排序,每種排序模型中均採用基於層次分析法和熵權系法確定的權重,既考慮決策者的主觀偏好,又充分利用決策對象的固有信息,使排序結果更為科學、理、可靠。
  3. First, it was taken that a discuss about the effects of geometry parameters of each piezocrystal on direction parameters ( main lobe width, side lobe amplitude, elimination of grating lobes ), amplitude of ultrasonic pressure, element viberation pattern, mutual radiation among elements, efficient test regions, ability to keep accurate and near - field distance and so on. based on the direction of ultrasonic field in ulpa deduced by ourselves. in addition, on the base of integrating all kinds of factors, it was put forward that the principle and method for optimized design of geometry parameters of piezocrystals in ulpa transducer, and its design programme and interface were compiled

    在推導超聲相控線陣換能器聲場的向性的基礎上,就各個晶片幾何參向性標(主瓣寬度、旁瓣幅度、消除柵瓣) 、聲壓幅值、陣元振動模式、陣元間互輻射、有效檢測區域、精確控制能力、近場長度等方面的影響進了論述,並在各方面影響的基礎上,提出了晶片幾何參優化設計的原則和方法,編寫了設計程序和界面。
  4. According to the measuremental data of the two ammunications, the anti - designed computation and analysis of aerodynamic characteristic, flight stability, exterior ballistic characteristic for the two ammunications are studied with the advanced methods of the exterior ballistics. using the monte calo algorithm, the statistic mathematical model about ammunication ' s intensity is established and the 1000 miter vertical target intensity and the fall intensity are discussed in detail for the two ammunications. the improval potential and the main technical approachs of these ammunication ' s exterior ballistic performances are presented by compositive optimal algorithm

    根據工廠對俄ak130艦炮彈藥的測繪據,利用進的外彈道值分析方法對兩種彈藥的空氣動力特性、飛穩定性特性、外彈道特徵量等進了反設計計算分析;採用montecarlo方法,建立了艦炮彈藥密集度性能統計分析學模型,對兩種彈藥的立靶密集度和地面密集度進了詳細的計算分析;利用外彈道性能優化設計方法對兩種彈藥的外彈道性能標的改進潛力和主要技術途徑進了分析。
  5. The content of this paper is arranged as foll owing : chapter 1 introduces the concept of credit, credit risk and credit assessment, as well as the history and development of credit assessment ; chapter 2 introduces the history of ai technology, and the background of expert system and neural network. characters and disadvantages of expert system and neural network are presented respectively and the necessity of combining expert system and neural network is lightened ; chapter 3 shows the process of dealing with sample data, including the treatment of exceptional data and factor analysis, and puts forward the concrete framework of the mixed - expert credit assessment system ; chapter 4 introduces concept of object - oriented technology, and constructs object model and functional model after analyzing the whole system. it also illustrates the implementation of concrete classes by an example of rule class and the inference algorithm in the form of pseudocode ; chapter 5 introduces the structure of the whole system, the major functional models and their interfaces, and the characteristic of the system is also generalized ; chapter 6 summarizes the whole work, and points out the remaining deficiencies as well as the prospective of this method

    本文具體內容安排如下:第一章介紹了信用、信用風險、信用評價的概念,回顧了信用評價的歷史、發展和現狀,並各種信用評價模型,出這些模型各自的優缺點:第二章簡單描述了人工智慧技術,著重介紹有關專家系統與神經網路的基礎知識,通過總結它們的優缺點,出結專家系統與神經網路構造混型專家系統的必要性;本章還介紹了神經網路子模塊的概念,提出了混型專家系統的一般框架與設計步驟:第三章對樣本據進處理,包括異常據的剔除、因子分析等,提出了信用評價混型專家系統的具體框架結構,介紹了系統知識庫的主要部分、基於優級的正向推理機制的流程、以及基於事實的自動解釋機制的具體實現方法;第四章介紹了面向對象技術,進而採用面向對象對信用評價系統進分析,建立了對象模型和功能模型,並在此基礎上,採用c + +語言以規則類為例說明系統中具體類的實現,用偽代碼的形式描述了推理的演算法;第五章描述了整個系統的結構,對系統主要功能模塊和界面進了介紹,並總結系統的特點;第六章總結了全文,出本文所構造系統存在的不足以及對將來的展望。
  6. The modern robust design detailed the robust design based on engineering model, which explained the specific design process, the whole process from founding system model to solving it. it obtained the optimum combination of parameters and the maximum manufacturing errors, using fuzzy comprehensive judgment to dispose the problem of many targets, handling the design results by fuzzy probability to increase the reliability of the design. in the end, there supplied an example, the optimization design of a long distance hydraulic cylinder to interpret the specific design process, achieving its optimum combination and the maximum manufacturing errors, and verifying the practicability of the design results by the method of fuzzy probability analysis

    在第二部分的基於試驗設計的穩健設計中,對傳統的穩健設計,即三次設計(功能設計、參設計及容差設計)的設計過程及原理進了分析,出了傳統穩健設計法中的不足,即沒有充分利用字計算機的強大優勢;對于多因素多標的設計,試驗周期長、計算復雜等造成設計周期長、成本高、效率低等缺點提出了改進的措施,即將虛擬現實技術應用於傳統的穩健設計中,通過模糊學的方法(模糊評判)來處理設計中的多標問題,使設計達到事半功倍的效果。
  7. Firstly, this thesis supports the relevant service theoretical concepts defined by the relevant service from the western theory, then grams of " service profit chain " theory and uses the service quality gap model ( gap model ) that scholars such as parasuranman, used the service quality gap model inside hotel enterprises, then combines the service quality state of the interior employee of hubei h hotel enterprise, through internal service quality scale ( internal servqual ) and spss10 which scholars such as hallowell, to put forward grade statistical analysis software comes to weigh the level of the service quality inside hotel enterprises and test the standard. then this thesis also regards the mathematical model that service quality gap tests. this thesis is divided into five parts on the structure : part one : introduction

    本論文首對服務理論中的相關概念進了界定,通過借鑒西方領域服務的相關理論,提出了自己對服務的認識,然後以赫斯克特( james . l . heskett )等學者提出的「服務利潤鏈」概念模型為線索,運用parasuranman等學者提出的服務質量差距模型( gap模型) ,提出了飯店企業內部的服務質量差距模型,緊接著結湖北h飯店企業內部員工的服務質量狀況,藉助hallowell等學者提出的內部服務質量量表( internalservqual )和spss10 . 0等統計分析軟體來衡量飯店企業內部服務質量的水平與測評標準,並在此基礎上得出適飯店企業內部服務質量差距測評的學模型,相信可以對中國飯店企業內部服務質量的具體運作和測評有一定的導作用。
  8. On the basis of the study of the theory and appraise method on land use in the small towns from home and abroad, this paper at first conducts a deep study on the development and role of the small towns, indicating that its development has sawn an uneven development phrase and becomes a carrier of the enterprises, a pool of surplus laborers, a hub of material exchanges between the rural and urban areas, a base of spiritual civilization, an important way to achieve urbanization. second, it conducts a study on the situation and features and the problems the land use, indicating that the efficiency of the land use is low, which has a direct influence on the development of agriculture and the role of the small towns. and the study of the demand of the land indicates the shortage of land is serious, and the small town must rationally use the land and increases its intensive role and the economical efficiency to meet the demand

    在分析國內外已有關于小城鎮土地利用的理論與評價方法的基礎上,首對小城鎮在我國的發展、地位和作用進了深入的分析,判明我國小城鎮發展經歷了一個曲折向上的發展階段,已成為鄉鎮企業的載體,農村剩餘勞動力的蓄水池,城鄉物資交流的樞紐,農村精神文明的基地,是我國城市化的重要途徑;其次,對小城鎮土地資源利用現狀和特徵進了探討,並對發展小城鎮建設導致的土地利用問題進了剖析,表明目前我國大多小城鎮土地效益和規模效益低下,佔用耕地過多,直接影響農業的發展,影響小城鎮的地位和作用;通過小城鎮土地供需分析研究表明,我國土地短缺十分嚴峻,小城鎮土地需求缺口較大,小城鎮必須理利用現有土地,增強集約功能和土地經濟效益,從而緩解需求壓力;最後,論文通過運用特爾菲法,描述統計分析法、多元統計分析(主成分分析)法和系統分析法中的層次分析法( ahp )等一系列方法,結定性和定量兩方面,從土地質量、土地資源量與結構、土地經濟效益、環境效益、社會效益等五個方面進分析,篩選、建立了土地資源利用評價標體系,在因子評價的基礎上,建立了土地利用評價模型,並給出了評價過程和方法。
  9. As a result, the studying aim of this paper is to establish a practical and complete system for the prediction of ship maneuvering motion, taking into account of the influence of the environmental factors, such as the wind, wave and current, establish a practical and complete system for the prediction of ship maneuvering motion. in this paper, the opengl virtual reality simulation technique is introduced into the field of ship maneuver and control, and using the mmg mathematical model, the three dimensional dynamic simulation system of the ship motion is established and good results are achieved. in the process of the system development, firstly, the maneuvering motion equations for ship in the still water are established, based on the mmg module mathematical model and serial experimental result

    在系統開發過程中,首採用mmg分離式學模型及相關的系列化試驗結果,建立單槳單舵海洋運輸船舶在靜水中的船舶操縱運動方程,並編制計算程序,經與試驗結果比較,證實了計算結果的正確性;為了解mmg學模型中模型參變化對操縱性的影響程度,作者在上述已有程序基礎上,對有關模型參偏移修正,探討了相應參變化后的操縱性,對船舶操縱性對模型參的靈敏度進了詳細的分析與探討,所得結論與工程實際相吻,具有實際應用價值,並為進一步提高船舶操縱性預報的精度打下了基礎;然後,在已有的船舶靜水操縱運動模型基礎上,考慮雙槳雙舵的影響,建立了內河雙槳雙舵船舶的操縱運動模型;最後,考慮風浪流作用力的影響,進了船舶的操縱運動模擬計算。
  10. During the course of establishing this kind of system, we have adopted some advanced instruments and analyzing ways, and used var ( value at risk ) as the base of making models. we also have used regression and historical simulation to evaluate the risks existing during the course of commercial banks " operation, upgraded these ways to make them cooperate with china ' s economic practice, pointed out some indexes and concepts which have practical significance, expanded the academic fields, and connected the normal ways and practical ways together. in this thesis, we have paid more attention to the practical research

    在進風險評估體系的構建過程中,本文充分借鑒了國外進的研究工具和分析方法,以var ( valueatrisk )方法作為相關模型構建的理基礎,採用了回歸分析、歷史模擬等系列研究工具,對我國商業銀經營過程中的風險情況進了跟蹤模擬與測評,並結我國具體現實對所用方法進了升級與改造,提出了一些具有較強使用價值的標概念,並在此基礎上進了進一步的理論延伸,做到了規范研究與實證研究相結,著重突出了現實意義。
  11. Furthermore, multi - investments can resolve the most part of nonsystematic risk. in chapter 4, the thesis estimated the value of by means of time series regression firstly. secondly, we used ways of equilibrium analysis to test the risk - return relation of shanghai a - share

    在第4章,本文通過時間序列回歸估計了樣本股票的值,然後以上證作為市場組分期進橫截面檢驗來考察上證a股的風險-收益關系,本章採用了均衡分析方法。
  12. Secondly, in view of the limitation and shortage of traditional simulation of finite element approaches for bolt, a new composite grouted bolt element including nonlinear contacting relation will be built based on the above study of the mechanics mechanism of fully grouted bolt. then, an elastic - plastic finite element program will be developed for the analyses of tunnel stability, in which the composite grouted bolt element and nonlinear finite element analysis method will be used ; the patterns and the affect of main design parameters on the support effect of bolt will be analysed using the program, and conclusions of guidance importance for tunnel support design will be drawn. finally, simulation compution for the excavation and support of a highway tunnel will be made out using the above production, and the method of application of the program will be discussed ; analysis of the deformation, stress and distribution of plastic range will be done, and rational support plan will be worked out, which is of guidance importance for tunnel support design and the thery and technique of fully grouted bolt used in tunneling will be perfected further

    ,本文在分析隧道穩定性影響因素及失穩破壞模式的基礎上,對全長粘結式砂漿錨桿作用力學機理進了深入研究,為全長粘結式砂漿錨桿的有限元模擬分析奠定了基礎;其次,針對傳統錨桿有限元模擬方法的局限性與不足,在上述全長粘結式砂漿錨桿作用力學機理研究基礎上,建立出能反映界面非線性粘結的新型復砂漿錨桿有限單元模型;然後,運用上述復砂漿錨桿單元模型,引進非線性有限元分析手段,開發了隧道支護穩定性分析的有限元程序,並就全長粘結式砂漿錨桿的型式與設計參對支護效果的影響進了深入探討,得到了對隧道支護設計具有導意義的結論;最後,運用本文研究成果對某公路隧道工程實例進了開挖與支護的模擬計算,探討了其應用方法,並就隧道變形與應力及塑性區分佈規律進了分析,從而提出了理的支護方案,為隧道支護設計提供了參考依據,完善了隧道全長粘結式砂漿錨桿支護的理論與方法。
  13. Nowadays high - techs and its industrialization have become one of the important force to boost the economy growth, as well as the main index to decide the integrative competition of a country or territory. under such a background, we firstly introduced the actuality, problems of guangzhou ' s high - tech industry and economy growth theory. on the next stage, we applied cob - douglus production function, took guangzhou city as an example, came out the multi - varible regression model exercising modern econometrics, systematically investigated the relationship between high - techs and gross domestic production ( gdp ), and scientifically analyzed the impacts of high - techs to economy growth

    當今,高新技術及其產業化發展已經成為推動經濟增長的重要力量,成為決定一個國家和地區競爭實力的重要標,在這種大背景下,本文首對目前廣州市高新技術產業的現狀、問題以及經濟增長理論作了較為全面的介紹,然後運用cob ? douglas生產函,以廣州市為實例,運用現代計量經濟學的研究方法給出了多元回歸模型,對高新技術與國內生產總值( gdp )的相關關系進了較為系統的考察,科學的分析了高新技術對經濟增長的影響。
  14. Firstly, having analyzed the present research situation on agricultural climate resources by gis at home and abroad, this thesis illustrates the importance of establishing agricultural climate resources information system. secondly, basing on developmental and integrative environment of arc view gis software, as well as developmental languages ( avenue and vb ), we design agricultural climate resources information system in fujian province with friendly and practical graphic user interface, together with comparatively perfect functions. finally, supported by fjacris, based on fujian province fundamental geographic data and agricultural climate resources database on 71 weather stations, relied on mathematic analysis techniques ( such as multiple statistical analysis, fuzzy mathematics etc ), a group of models are established to reckon the agricultural climate resources on small grids 41 indexes of agricultural climate resources are reckoned to the small grids that are 0. 004 longitude multiplied by 0. 004 latitude

    本文首通過對國內外運用gis進農業氣候資源研究的現狀的分析,闡明了建立農業氣候資源信息系統的重要意義:接著以arcviewgis為軟體開發集成環境,並以avenue和vb為開發語言,進了福建省農業氣候資源信息系統的設計和開發,設計出友好、實用的用戶界面,開發出較為完善的系統功能;最後在該系統的支持下,以福建省基礎地理據和71個氣象臺站的農業氣候資源據庫為據源,應用多元統計、模糊學等學分析技術,構建了農業氣候資源的小網格推算模型,將福建省農業氣候資源的41個有關標推算至0 . 004經度0 . 004緯度的地表網格單元上,全面地揭示了全省農業氣候資源的空間分佈規律,並在此基礎上完成了比較細致、精確和可靠的農業氣候系統功能的模糊評價,以及農業氣候區劃和專題農業氣候區劃。
  15. Experimental result and practice shows it is possible using seismic information forecasting subtle trap. integrated using geology % log, drilling data, specia ! seismic processing technique -, interpretation technique, including high precision horizon calibration technique, 3d seismic visualizing interpretation, seismic coherence analyze, attribute analyze, logging - constrained inversion, time frequency analyze, ann forecasting technique, subtle trap object is identified and interpreted. finally, advantage object of subtle trap in this area is determined

    地質、測井和鉆井資料,依靠進的地震特殊處理和解釋新技術,包括高精度的層位標定技術、三維可視化解釋技術、地震相干技術、屬性分析技術、測井約束反演技術、時頻分析技術、多參油藏檢測技術和神經網路預測等技術,對隱蔽油氣藏目標進識別、解釋和成藏研究,最後出工區內隱蔽油氣藏的有利目標。
  16. Both absolute difference and relative difference among per capita gdps of 14 cities ( prefectures ) increased year by year since 1990 - the absolute difference increased linearly - - and this increased tendency would n ' t change in short period. by counting the discrete and ratio between per capita gdp of every city ( prefectures ) and that of the total province, the relative development speed of every region and the industrial structure of every region, i think that the characteristic of the spatial structure of regional economic difference in hunan is that the area along the beijing - guangzhou railway line in the east of hunan developed fast, while the vast area in the west of hunan developed slowly, so the regional difference increased constantly. on the difference background between the east and the west of hunan, there is the difference between central region and fringe region, for one thing it shows ring difference, namely chang - zhu - tan internal ring, surrounding chang - zhu - tan medium ring, the outermost external ring, the most underdeveloped counties lie on the fringe and mountain regions in the west, south and east of hunan, for another it displays that the peripheral regions of 13 prefectural cities are more developed than the other

    文章還建立了反映基礎設施水平、經濟發展水平、社會發展水平的23個主要標構成的湖南省區域差異衡量標體系,在此基礎上,藉助spss統計分析軟體,運用主成分分析法,對湖南省14個市州經濟發展水平的差異狀況進了研究,結果表明:長沙市的經濟發展水平在14個市州中遙遙領,反映了湖南省經濟發展空間結構的「單極主導」特徵;通過計算人均gdp的標準差和標準差系,研究區域經濟差異的總體水平及區域經濟不平衡發展的演變趨勢,發現90年代以來湖南省各市州人均gdp的絕對差異和相對差異都在逐年擴大,其中絕對差異隨年份直線上升,且這種差異擴大的趨勢在短期內難以改變;通過計算各市州人均gdp與全省人均gdp的離差和比率、各市州發展速度的差異及產業結構的差異,認為湖南省區域經濟差異的空間特徵是:湘東京廣沿線地區基礎較好,發展較快,湘西地區發展緩慢,地區差異不斷擴大;通過以縣為對象的差異研究發現在湘東湘西差異的大背景上還有核心區與邊緣區的差異,它一方面表現為長株潭內層、圍繞長株潭的中層、更遠的外層的圈層差異特徵,最落後的縣分佈於湘西、湘南、湘
  17. Based on the study of regional industrial structure optimum theories and optimize methods, this paper studies the definition of inferior posiyion industry, the meaning and the reason, then puts forward a new estimate system of inferior position industries : uses the method of data envelopment analysis ( dea ) to analyze the relative validity among industries, then according as synthesis benchmark modulus of industries, consulting the degree of pollution and energy efficiency, combining qualitative analysis, estimate all industries " efficiency and development potential, finds out the inforior industries in certain region

    論文在深入總結了區域產業結構的內涵及演化趨勢的基礎上,分析了劣勢產業的定義、成因及其特點,探討了產業結構優化理論和優化方法及其模型,建立了一套劣勢產業的評價標,並提出了一種新的劣勢產業評價方法模型,即據包絡分析法( dea )評價產業的相對有效性,然後根據該產業的基準系,參考其環保、節能並結具體產業進定性分析,從而確定出一個區域的劣勢產業。
  18. The traditional evaluation systems based on the technology and economic theory are not fit for the evaluation of the erp project success. how to estimate the erp projects successful or not and the degree of the success is a problem attentioned by researchers and prctisers in a long time. the purpers of this paper is building a formwork about erp success evaluation based on busyness targets, this research can be used to estimate the enterprese erp systems after the projects have been finished, which reality

    本文首對該領域中信息系統成功評價與erp成功評價的研究現狀進了回顧,然後深入分析了erp成功評價的特點,出了erp成功評價的復雜性,在此基礎上提出了一個新的erp系統成功評價模型,開發了一套完整的企業信息系統成功評價標體系,將erp成功評價分為系統本身性能和基於對erp預期目標的商業利益評價兩個部分,評價結果最終由兩個部分的評價結果確定,然後本文進了企業問卷調查,通過對得到的據進分析採用層次分析法對系統性能標的權重進設置。
  19. Multiple objectives evaluation index system and analytical hierarchy process ( ahp ). three decision - making theories on venture capital ( net present value theory, expected utility theory, and option theory ) are compared with each other. for the system engineering component, a multiple objectives evaluation index system was set up, followed by an application of ahp to data processing

    本文首比較分析了凈現值理論、預期效用理論、期權理論等典型的風險投資決策理論,然後從系統工程的思想出發,建立了風險投資多目標評價標體系,進而應用多層次分析法學模型對風險投資決策問題進了分析。
  20. The author ' s main contributions are as following : first, an integrated performance index function of circuit products is constructed, and a continuous and differentiate price function is proposed accordingly. based on the mentioned and practical factors, such as market supply and demand, the continuous price function is dispersed and circuit products are classified into several classes

    主要研究結果如下:首,構造了一個電路性能標函,據此函理地構造了連續可導的價格系,並在此基礎上,結市場的供求和其它實際情況對連續價格函離散化及對電路產品進分檔。
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