綜合水文學 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [zōnggěshuǐwénxué]
綜合水文學
英文
synthetic hydrology- 綜 : 綜名詞[紡織] (織布機上使 經線交錯著上下分開以便梭子通過的裝置; 綜片) heddle; heald
- 合 : 合量詞(容量單位) ge, a unit of dry measure for grain (=1 decilitre)
- 水 : 名詞1 (由兩個氫原子和一個氧原子結合而成的液體) water 2 (河流) river 3 (指江、河、湖、海、洋...
- 文 : Ⅰ名詞1 (字) character; script; writing 2 (文字) language 3 (文章) literary composition; wri...
- 學 : Ⅰ動詞1 (學習) study; learn 2 (模仿) imitate; mimic Ⅱ名詞1 (學問) learning; knowledge 2 (學...
- 綜合 : 1 (歸在一起; 聯合成一個統一的整體) synthesize 2 (不同種類、不同性質的事物組合在一起) syntheti...
- 文學 : literature
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Based on field research and the dynamic analysis of remote sensing data of different time ( 1987 tm, 1996 tm and 2000 china - brazil earth resource satellite ccd ), using multi - information of research area ( including data of geology, geography, hydrology, meteorology, economy, human culture and dem ) and existing research results, the dissertation discusses drive factors of desertification and the relationships between drive factors and desertification with the help of gis tool and some mathematical methods such as probability, statistics, curvilinear estimation, logical analysis and analytic hierarchy process
論文在對研究區土地荒漠化現狀野外調研和不同時相( 1987tm 、 1996tm和2000ccd )遙感圖像土地荒漠化信息提取和演變分析的基礎上,結合研究區已有的多元信息基礎資料及研究成果(包括地質、地理、多時期的水文氣象、經濟、人文以及dem數據等) ,運用gis強大的空間分析功能和概率統計、曲線估計、邏輯分析、主成分分析、層次分析等數學方法綜合研究了土地荒漠化與各驅動因子之間的相關關系,揭示了研究區土地荒漠化的主要驅動因素,探討了荒漠化動態演化規律。Plant endemism is the key problem in floristic study. analysis of endemism in a flora has significant implications in demonstrating floristic richness and diversity, the relationship between plants and their environment, and also in conserving biodiversity of the flora. in view of the situation that most of the past studies on endemism were qualitative, this study is the first tentative approach to the introduction of quantitative indices to the analysis of floristic endemism, with an purpose to push the study of endemism from qualitative to quantitative. four quantitative indices are introduced, i. e. level of endemism ( l ), coefficient of endemism ( c ), degree of endemism ( d ) and general index of endemism ( a ). mathematical formulae have been given to each of the above indices and explanations for them have been presented, and the scope of their use in floristic studies has been delimited and exemplified in this paper. the result shows that they are of good applicability. the proposed indices embody full information of plant systematics and plant geography. with the aid of qualitative analysis, the application of the proposed indices will improve the comparability and precision of endemism study in floristics
過去有關特有現象的研究主要限於定性的分析,可比性和精確性較差.該文嘗試引入特有現象的定量化指標,以推動特有現象的分析研究從定性水平向定量水平邁進.所引入的4種定量化指標分別是:特有水平、特有系數、特有度以及特有綜合指數.對每種量化指標都給出了數學表達式,說明了其區系學意義,例證和界定了這些指標在植物區系分析中的應用,結果表明,它們有良好的適用性.這些指標充分地包含了植物系統學和植物區系學的信息.結合定性分析,這些指標的應用將增強植物區系研究的可比性,使植物區系特有現象的分析達到更精確的水平By the large quantity of indoor and field soil mechanics test, this paper investigated physics and mechanics property of xigeda stratum and xigeda compounding filling, profoundly and systematically studied on shearing strength, cbr ( including indoor cbr and field cbr ) and intensity feature of xigeda compounding filling. the new achievement and cognition as follows : ( 1 ) cbr value is decided by moisture content and mudstone content of xigeda compounding filling. the filling material can satisfy minimum intensity standard of express highway when mudstone content is less than some fixed value, ( 2 ) this paper established field cbr standard value which can synthetically evaluate the filling material nature and field compaction degree. ( 3 ) the optimal compacting mean of xigeda compounding filling is hard oscillation first and weak oscillation later, not traditional way which is weak oscillation first and hard oscillation later. ( 4 ) this paper put forward the conception of optimum moisture content in construction different from optimum moisture content of indoor impaction
本文以昔格達填料強度特徵為研究對象,通過大量的室內及現場試驗,從昔格達地層巖組的物理力學性質、昔格達填料的物理性質入手,對昔格達填料的抗剪強度、室內承載比及現場承載比特徵進行了較系統地研究,獲得了如下認識及進展:昔格達混合填料承載比值受填料含水量及其中泥巖含量的影響,當泥巖含量小於一定值時,昔格達混合填料具有較高的承載比值,能夠滿足高速公路對填料的最低強度要求;建立了綜合評判昔格達填料性能及現場壓實效果的現場承載比( cbr )標準;對于昔格達填料而言,最佳的碾壓方式為先強振后弱振而不是傳統的先弱振后強振;提出了與室內擊實最優含水量相區別的施工最佳含水量的概念。Many planets ( for example, ganymede, mercury, the earth, jupiter and saturn ) and stars ( for example, the sun ) possess intrinsic magnetic fields. the explanation for their existence and variation remains a great challenge to planetary scientists and astrophysicists. this article attempts to review some recent developments and difficulties in the study of magnetohydrodynamics for the electrically conducting fluid interiors of planets and stars. it is the fluid motions, usually driven by thermal convection, that generate and sustain magnetic fields through magnetohydrodynamic processes in planets and stars. in planets, the magnetohydrodynamic processes are strongly affected by the combined and inseparable effects of rotation, magnetic fields and spherical geometry. the key dynamics involves the interaction between the coriolis and lorentz forces. in the sun, it is the solar tachocline, a thin shear flow layer located at the base of the convection envelope, that plays an essential role in the solar magnetohydrodynamic processes which produce the 11 - year sunspot cycle. some results of a new nonlinear three - dimensional solar dynamo model are also presented
許多行星(如木衛三,水星,地球,木星和土星)和恆星(如太陽)具有內部磁場.對這些磁場的存在和變化的解釋對行星科學家和天體物理學家是一個巨大的挑戰.本文試圖總結行星和恆星的導電流體內部磁流體力學研究的新近發展和困難.一般由熱對流驅動的流動通過磁流體力學過程產生並維持在行星和恆星中的磁場.在行星中磁流體力學過程強烈地受到轉動,磁場和球幾何位型的綜合影響.其動力學的關鍵方面涉及科里奧利力和洛倫茲力間的相互作用.在太陽中其流線,即處于對流層的薄的剪切流層在太陽的磁流體力學過程中扮演了一個基本的角色,並由之產生了11年的太陽黑子周期.本文也給出了一個新的非線性三維太陽發電機模型Based on consider hereinbefore, this dissertation discusses several aspects on the problem of the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources as follows : ( 1 ) reviewed entirely the origin and evolvement of the concept " sustainable development ", stated and commented the study status in queue on " sustainable development " around national and international range, thorough discussed the science connotation about the concept " sustainable development " ; ( 2 ) looked back and commented across - the aboard some furthest basic concept and proposition related to groundwater resources, put forward self opinions on a few existent mistake points of view and chaos understandings ; ( 3 ) expatiated entirely on the content and meaning of the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, contrast with the traditional methods of groundwater resources calculation and evaluation, combined example to show the application of this theory ; ( 4 ) thorough analyzed the difficult and complexity to forecast the groundwater resources, fully stated the traditional methods of groundwater resources forecasting, pointed out the characteristic and applying condition of these forecasting method, introduced the main ideas and methods of wavelet analysis developed recently, and the matlab software be known as the fifths era computer language, and its accessory wavelet analysis toolbox, applied these methods and tools to analyze the groundwater dynamic curve, adopted the b - j method and morte - carlo method, combined with the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, discussed the new view on the forecast of groundwater resources ; ( 5 ) synthetically analyzed the characteristics and limitations of the present all kind of groundwater manage model, combined mathematical programming mathematical statistics random process and the theory of variation system of groundwater resources on the unite optimum attempter of surface water and groundwater, emphasized how to make the model more nicety, more simple, more practicality ; ( 6 ) analyzed the inside condition and outside condition to assure the sustainable and optimum exploi tation of groundwater resources, the inside conditions are the follows : correct resources idea, scientific methods of resources calculation and evaluation, credible forecast methods of resources, exercisable measures of resources management, the outside conditions are the follows : the development idea of high layer, the transform of manage system, the matched policy and rule of law, the adjusted of economy lever, the improve of cultural diathesis, the boosting up of water - saving consciousness and detail measures, the control of population rising, the prevention and cure of water pollute, the renew and rebuild of ecology ; ( 7 ) scan the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources from the high level of metagalaxy, earth system science, and philosophy ; lint out the more directions on groundwater resources
基於以上考慮,論文主要從以下幾方面對地下水資源可持續開發問題進行了比較深入的探討:全面回顧了「可持續發展」概念的由來與演變,對國內外「可持續發展」的研究現狀進行了述評,並對「可持續發展」概念的科學內涵進行了深入探討;對涉及地下水資源的一些最基本的概念和命題進行了全面的回顧和評述,對目前仍然存在的一些錯誤觀點和混亂認識提出了自己的見解;全面闡述了地下水資源變值系統理論的內容和意義,並與傳統的地下水資源計算評價方法進行了對比分析,結合實例具體說明了方法的應用;深入分析了地下水資源預測預報工作的極端重要性和復雜性,對傳統的地下水資源動態預測方法進行了全面的評述,指出了各類預測預報方法的特點及適用條件,對最近二十多年剛發展起來的小波分析技術的主要思想和方法及其應用范圍,以及號稱第五代計算機語言的matlab軟體和附帶的小波分析工具箱進行了介紹,並應用於地下水動態過程線的分析,採用時間序列中的b ? j法,蒙特卡羅方法,與地下水資源變值系統理論相結合,探討了地下水動態資料分析和地下水資源預測預報的新思路;綜合分析了現今各類地下水管理模型的特點及缺陷,將數學規劃、數理統計、隨機過程等與地下水變值系統理論相結合進行地表水地下水或多水源的聯合優化調度,使模型更準確、更實用;對保證地下水資源可持續開發的內部條件和外部條件進行了分析,內部河海人學博卜學位論文前言、摘要、目錄條件主要是正確的資源觀,科學的資源計算與評價方法,可靠的資源預測預報技術,可操作的資源管理措施,外部條件主要是高層發展思路、管理體制的變革、配套的政策法規、經濟杠桿的調節、人文素質的提高、節水意識的增強及具體節水措施、人口增長的控制、水體污染的防治、生態的恢復和重建等;從宇宙科學、地球系統科學及哲學的高度審視地下水資源的可持續開發;指出了地下水資源可持續開發的進一步研究方向。Based on the conclusions of the domestic and foreign researches on the utilization of land resources, this dissertation carries out the research on the sustainable utilization of land resources of liaocheng. in the research, the author selects 30 factors as the evaluated elements from the five norms of productivity, stability, protection, economic force and social acceptability to set up the evaluation system, evaluates the comprehensive level of the sustainable utilization of land resources of liaocheng in the time - and - place - based way from the multi - angles of single standard, and diagnoses the obstructions quantitatively by introducing the two definitions of “ the deviation degree from the standard ” and “ obstruction degree ”, then puts forward the concrete measures for the main obstruction factors in order to provide the scientific basis for the management and quantitative evaluation on the sustainable utilization of land resources of liaocheng
本論文在借鑒國內外關于土地資源利用研究取得經驗的基礎上,對聊城市土地資源可持續利用進行針對性的實踐研究,從生產力準則層、穩定性準則層、保護性準則層、經濟活力準則層、社會可接受性準則層五個方面,選取30個因素作為參評因子,建立評價指標體系;運用單指標多角度和基於時點兩種評價方法進行綜合測算,評判出聊城市土地資源可持續利用綜合水平;引進「指標偏離度」 、 「障礙度」概念進行定量障礙診斷,並針對主要障礙因素提出可持續利用具體對策,為聊城市土地資源可持續利用和管理提供定量評價的科學依據。It has been assessed as the chinese statistical resource journal the chinese core journal of science and technology and the chinese academic journal comprehensive evaluation database, enrolled in the guide to the core chinese periodical 2004 edition, and included by medline, abstract journal, and chemical abstracts, as well as several domestic authoritative data bases such as the china biological medicine database and chinese science citation database
本刊始終堅持質量第一,所刊文章代表了國內中西醫結合最新水平,被確定為中國科技論文統計源期刊中國科技核心期刊中國學術期刊綜合評價數據庫統計源期刊,編入中文核心期刊要目總覽2004年版。 1983年被美國medline收錄, 2004年被美國化學文摘及俄羅斯文摘雜志收錄,還被中國科學引文數據庫中國生物醫學文獻數據庫等國內多個權威數據庫收錄,總被引頻次與影響因子均居同類期刊前列表1 。This method introduced in this paper not only solves many problems that can not be solved by fuzzy mathematics and classical mathematics, but also makes the assessment results more objective and accurate. besides, it can express the assessment results with quantitative values ; therefore it can show the level of the product integrated performance indexes more completely, which improves the assessment ' s support effects on the design process
本文根據綠色產品的特點和評價指標體系的構成,創造性地將模糊物元分析方法引入綠色產品評價,不僅解決了模糊數學和經典數學應用在評價過程中難以克服的一些缺點,而且使評價結果更客觀、更精確,並以定量化的數值表示評價結果,能夠較完整地反映產品的綜合性能指標水平。First, the open - ending of chinese offers all - direction gaps ; then the vagueness leaves enough scope for furthering research ; the elements of this subject paves a springboard. the synthesis of chinese constructs a bridge for it. the period of fashion inserts fresh air into the research study. the key point of this essay is the implementation of strategies of teaching and learning into the chinese teaching by the method of research study
語文學科的開放性,為研究性學習提供了多向性介面;語文學科的模糊性,為研究性學習留下了深入鉆研的餘地;語文學科的基礎性,為研究性學習鋪設了跳板;語文學科的綜合性,為研究性學習搭建了橋梁;語文學科的時代性,為研究性學習注入了活水。Culpepper, m. l., et al. " design of integrated eccentric mechanisms and exact constraint fixtures for micron - level repeatability and accuracy. " paper accepted for publication in precision engineering
等,微米水平上重復性和精確性的綜合離心裝置和精確約束裝置. 《精確工程學》同意發表的論文Ln power system full dynandc simulation, the electric - mechanical transient processes of dynamic elements of power system should be simulated in detail, and the detailed dynandc models of mid - term and long - term processes are necessary based on the research and analysis for the ndd - term and long - term models, the dynandc models, such as thermal power plant, hydraulic power plant, nuclear power plant and the automatic generation control ( agc ), which are necessary to power syst
電力系統全過程動態模擬除了需要詳細模擬電力系統動態元件的機電暫態過程外,還要有詳細的中長期過程的模型。本文在綜合調查和分析的基礎上,研究了電力系統全過程動態模擬所需要的火電廠動力系統的數學模型、水電廠動態模型、壓水堆核電站模型以及自動發電控制( agc )模型及其演算法,並在電力系統全過程動態模擬軟體中得到了實現。In chapter 4, based on the analysis of denotation and functions of index system and the elaboration of connotation, goals, basic principles and its factors of asd, we inquire 25 scholars in the fields of asd and construct the index system of easd including population, economic, social, resources, environmental system that add up to 32 indicators considering from the statistic data in hand. then we calculate the weight of each indicator with the analytic hierarchy process ( ahp ) according to the advices given by the scholars. next, a comprehensive evaluation model is built for evaluating the level of asd, the ability of the resources and environmental systems to the population, economic, social development systems, the level of coordination development situation of population, economic, society, resources, environment with the methods of econometrics regress models and fuzzy mathematics
論文第四章,在把握一般指標體系內涵、功能的前提下,結合對農業可持續發展的涵義、目標與影響因素分析的基礎上,通過對25位國內農業可持續發展研究學者的咨詢,構建包含人口、經濟、社會、資源與環境五大系統共32個指標的浙江大學碩上學位論文衣業友展可持續性的評估指標體系及其應用研究農業可持續發展評估指標體系,採用層次分析法( ahp )確定各指標權重,進而從農業可持續發展水平、農業中資源與環境系統對人口、經濟、社會系統的支持能力及各大系統之間的協調發展狀況三個方面運用統計分析方法(計量經濟學和模糊數學)建立綜合評估模型。The major performances of concrete and mortars, which are mixed with different quantities of expansion admixtures under the same mix proportions, are studied systematically and deeply in this work. sulphoaluminate mixed with a type of new expanding component by use of the composite methods are studied in the laboratory, and some achievements have been obtained. the service conditions, the characteristics and the shortcomings of expansion admixture in the concrete engineering are analyzed and summarized based on literatures, and the expanding mechanism of concrete is discussed
本文試圖從膨脹劑不同摻量研究其對混凝土和砂漿主要性能的影響,進行了一系列宏觀力學性能試驗研究;利用差熱分析( dta ) 、掃描電子顯微鏡( sem )等分析手段對鈣礬石等水化產物的結晶和生成量、形貌特徵進行微觀分析;並採用復合方法摻加新型膨脹組分對硫鋁酸鹽類膨脹劑( uea )進行了改性試驗研究,根據多因素模糊綜合評價方法就各類膨脹劑的主要性能進行綜合評價,得出摻加新型膨脹組分pt的膨脹劑性能較優,取得了明顯的效果。This paper, in the light of the special geological environment and actual project situation of the three gorges reservoir area, puts forward a comprehensive analysis and evaluation system suitable for the stability analysis of the bank landslide of the three gorges reservoir area under the premise of thorough consideration of the water influence on the stability of the bank landslide, and obtains the following achievements in several aspects that have the practical application significance and certain scientific research value : ( 1 ) it is discovered that the water activity is the primary factor of the formation of the new landslide and the revival of the ancient landslide. on the one hand, the rising underwater level reduces the actual stress of landslide ; on the other hand, the long time soaking of the underwater reduces the mechanics intensity of the landslide and the slide belt, both of which reduce directly the landslide stability ; ( 2 ) in view of the special condition of the three gorges reservoir area, this paper analyzes systematically the forces acted on the landslide of the three gorges reservoir area and the force varieties acted on the divided landslide when the water level changes between 175 meters and 145 meters. thus it is more scientific and comprehensive for the analysis of the forces acted on the landslide ; ( 3 ) this paper summaries systematically 10 kinds of typical computation projects by organic combinations of different kinds of situations in the dry season ( nature statue ), rainy season ( rainstorm or rains for a long time condition ), with 175m water level in the reservoir, during the earthquake, with the water level of the reservoir adjusted from 175m to 145m and so on, and produces
本文針對長江三峽庫區特殊的地質環境與工程實際情況,在充分考慮水對庫岸滑體穩定性影響的前提下,提出了一個適用於長江三峽庫岸滑坡體穩定性分析的綜合分析評價體系,並取得了如下幾個方面具有工程實際意義和一定科學研究價值的研究成果: ( 1 )研究結果發現,水的活動是新滑坡形成或古滑坡復活的主要因素,一方面是由於地下水位升高降低了滑坡體的有效應力,另一方面是由於地下水的長期浸泡降低滑體及滑帶的力學強度,這兩方面的因素均將直接降低滑坡的穩定性; ( 2 )針對三峽庫區的特殊條件,系統分析了作用於三峽庫區滑坡體上的力系和庫水位在175m與145m間變化時滑體條塊的受力變化,從而使對作用於滑坡體上的力系分析更科學、更全面; ( 3 )通過對滑體處于旱季(天然狀態) 、雨季(暴雨或長期降雨狀態) 、 175m庫水位、地震以及庫水位由175m調節下降至145m等各種不同情況的有機組合,本文系統地歸納總結出了10種典型計算工況,並具體給出了相應的作用荷載的計算方法,使在庫區岸坡滑體穩定性分析評價時對計算工況選擇及其作用荷載的計算更具規范性; ( 4 )具體運用c + + builder開發了關于滑坡體穩定性綜合分析評價系統,使對滑坡體穩定性分析計算更方便、更準確; ( 5 )將上述滑坡體穩定性綜合分析評價系統應用於重慶市豐都縣名山滑坡穩定性分析的具體事例中,分析結果表明,本文所提出滑坡體穩定性綜合分析評價方法對三峽庫區的滑坡穩定性分析是實用可行的。The new research progress in the effect of forest on rainfall, interception annual runoff, was summarized. the main issues show that the most function of forest vegetation aims at protecting water resources and water environment, adjusting water amount, controlling erosion, decreasing run - off silt, decreasing maximum flow as well as increasing discharge of river in dry season and purifying water quality
本文一方面通過介紹森林水文學的概念、研究進展和實際運用,分析了森林與水相互作用的特點,並從降水、截留、徑流等方面綜合研究森林植被在涵養水源、調節水量、減少徑流泥沙、降低洪峰、增加枯水期流量、改善水質等方面具有的重要功能。For this reason, our objective is the research of the mechanism of runoff generation and characteristics of moisture changing process of slope farming purple soil, accordding to the theory of hydrology and the intergrated - means of compined the hydrology with the peodology, because it is the basis of the studies : soil erosion and protection, farming - land water balance, non - point pollute, etc., and the direction gist of runoff arrange implement, solving water hazard and management of irrigation and fertilizer
綜觀國內外有關研究,我們認識到對紫色土土壤產流和水分變化特徵的認識,是認識該區土壤侵蝕與保護、農田水量平衡、非點源污染等的機理和規律的基礎,也是解決該區水患問題、實施徑流調節而提高旱地的雨水利用程度,以及水肥管理等的基本科學依據。因此,以水文學原理為基礎,採取水文學與土壤學、地理學、水土保持學等相結合的途徑,研究紫色土坡耕地的降雨產流機制與產流後土壤水分的變化特徵,是具有新的科學價值和現實意義的。Mountainous small watershed is a natural catchments as well as a complex system out of the sub - system of ecology, economy and society
山區小流域是以分水嶺和出口斷面為界形成的自然集水單元,是具有一定水文學特徵的自然、社會和經濟綜合體。The varied activities of teaching should be carried out to culture the creative thinking, the creative psychology power and the creative skills, popularizing the activity - teaching way, the experiment - observation way etc, to build the students " pluralism thinking way and the thinking net, to structure the distinct scene of physics problem. we should also evaluate the students " development level by praising and developing, stronger the comination science and humanity, to culture the good psychology and thinking habit
中學物理教學中可推廣使用活動教學法、實驗教學法、經驗與合作教學法等靈活多變的教學方法,構建學生多元的思維方法與思維網路,建立清晰的物理圖景,以發展、激勵的目光綜合評定學生的學習水甲、各項能力,同時要加強科學知識與人文知識的結合,培養學生良好的心理與思維習慣。Transportations give convenience and make huge value to people, at the same time they take transportation accident and environment pollution which has been in the catastrophical level. transportation catastrophe brings the losing life, property and the broken environment which are taken by transportation accidents and negative effects of the transportation activity. the essential character of the transportation catastrophe is sociality. the existing researches divide the transportation accident and transportation pollution into two different fields and seldom study the formation mechanism of the transportation catastrophe and forewarning countermeasure on the viewpoint of catastrophe and social management. based on the viewpoint of catastrophe, macromanagement and integrated the road and water transportation catastrophe which its frequency are higher among the transportation, this paper sets up the forewarning management system of carrier in the transportation catastrophe to find a principle and method of the effec tive defending transportation catastrophe and reducing catastrophe losing by using the methods of association theory with demonstration investigation, the theory of system, forewarning management and countermeasure theory. this paper try to offer a new theory and application approach
現有研究把交通事故與交通污染割裂開來研究,鮮有從災害的角度和社會層面來系統研究交通災害的致災機理與防範對策。本論文從災害和宏觀管理的研究層面,針對交通運輸中發生事故與環境污染頻率較高的公路、水運交通運輸活動,綜合災害學、系統理論、預警管理理論以及對策學理論,採用理論與實證相結合的方法,研究交通災害中載運工具的致災機理及其預警管理系統的構建,尋求有效預防交通災害和降低災害損失的原理與方法,試圖在交通災害治理方面提供新的理論和實踐方法。本論文以發生交通災害的致災要素? ?載運工具為研究對象,通過公路、水運交通中車輛、船舶造成交通災害的成因、表現特徵和擴展規律的研究,構建了交通災害中載運工具的致災機理模型。The dramatic rise in china ' s technological sophistication, the astronomical increases in the amount of goods that the nation exports globally and the increasing skills of chinese workers, scientists, and entrepreneurs all argue for a sharp appreciation of the chinese yuan versus the dollar in coming years, and a beginning of real competition with other low - cost manufacturing centers
中國的科技綜合水平迅速上升,在全球市場上產品的出口呈天文數字增長,技術人員,科學家和企業家的技能不斷提高,所有這些都帶來了近年來人民幣對美元的急劇升值,以及引來一場中國與其它低成本製造中心進行真正競爭的開端分享友人