自由基理論 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [zìyóujīlǐlún]
自由基理論
英文
free radical theory-
There has been many papers to discuss the in - medium quark and gluon condensates in nuclear matter which use the models with su ( 2 ) l su ( 2 ) r sym - metry. now, we make use of the chiral model su ( 3 ) l su ( 3 ) n including the baryon octet to discuss the quark condensate < qq > in strange matter, where q is an up or down quark field. on the one hand, from the experimetal data, it is found that < qq > vac = - ( 225 25mev ) 3, on the other hand, with the hellmann - feynman theorem, quark condensate can be evaluated on the hadronic level. in this paper, we will investigate the quark condensate in strange matter with the chiral symmetry su ( 3 ) l x su ( 3 ) rspontaneous breaking lagrangian to obtain the variation of the quark condensate in the strange matter when the baryon number change. it can be applied to understand the neutron stars when the neutron star are considered to be constructed by the strange matter. because nertron stars are homogeneous and at very low temperature, we will use the mean - field approximation and zero temperature throughout this paper
鑒于已有大量文獻討論了核物質中的夸克凝聚，本文將討論在奇異物質中的夸克凝聚。而在介質中的夸克凝聚的基本公式可由hellmann - feynman理論導出，所以運用手征對稱自發破缺拉氏量以及平均場近似，我們就可以討論在奇異物質中的夸克凝聚，由所計算的結果表明： （ 1 ）奇異物質中的夸克凝聚隨奇異物質密度的增大而單調減小。 （ 2 ） -凝聚的出現對衰減率有影響。The point analyses the composition and efficancy of the structure of corporate governance with the modern administration theory. lt systematically sets forth and compares the features and development of the structure of the corporate governance in chinese and western. by analyzing the present situation of our listing companies, it points out : " the internal control " can be considered the inevitable phenomenon, emerged in the period from the socialism planned economy to the market economy in china ' s state - owned enterprises. by the means of gathering a vast amount of data and analying cases and charts, it gives the conclutions : because the enterprise inform is progressed " step by step ", the internal controlling in our country has assumed its own features : the enterprise is in the concussion between the " super - powerful controp ' of external and the " super - weakly control " in internal. those popular phenomenon have been looked as the principle manifestation of " the internal control " which taking the national stock as the ma in part and holding the post of chainman of the board and the chief manager in company to the same man
本文利用現代管理理論和現代企業理論來剖析公司治理結構的組成和效率體現，對中西方公司治理結構的特徵和歷史發展作了較系統的闡述和比較，並且運用大量的數據對我國上市公司治理結構進行了實證分析，指出： 「內部人控制」是在我國社會主義經濟向市場經濟轉軌時期，國有企業公司治理結構中出現的一種必然現象。本文在闡述公司治理結構特徵和功效的基礎上，通過大量數據的收集、案例分析和圖表處理來分析我國企業治理結構的歷史變遷並揭示出：由於我國企業改革是「漸進式」的， 「內部人控制」表現出其自身的特點：企業處于外部「超強控制」和「超弱控制」的兩極震蕩中。作為最具我國現代企業代表特徵的上市公司，因為以國家股為持股主體，董事長和總經理兩職兼任的現象甚為普遍而成為目前企業事實上的「內部人控制」的主要表現形式。Secondly, to consummate the theory of fault to lay a more solid foundation, the article carried a comprehensive and thorough excavation on the coeval historical condition and cultural sources of each theory of fault lack of feelings. third, the article explained that because the theory development and the practice need, taking feelings into the theory of fault is urgency and necessity. at last, the article analyzed the contemporary scholar of criminal law failure in taking feelings into theory of fault, and had pointed out the road bring feelings into theory of fault
本文首先通過三個層次的分析，表明了傳統罪過理論的不足之處，以及情感因素在傳統罪過理論分析中的尷尬處境;並對各個歷史形態的罪過理論的形成及其情感因素缺失的歷史條件和思想文化淵源進行了比較全面和深入的挖掘，以探源把脈，以能為進一步完善罪過理論奠定一個比較堅實的認識基礎;然後，說明了由於理論的發展和實踐的需要，罪過理論中納入情感因素的迫切性和必要性;最後，文章具體分析了當代刑法學者為將情感因素納入罪過理論所做努力之所以失敗的原因，進而提出了筆者自己對這一理論問題的解決方案。This article gets going from reviewing the meaning and development of credit and contrasts traditional thoughts and cultural of credit in the west and in the east to explain the history of credit in the west and in the east, which shows us that there are not only intercommunity and also difference caused by difference in background of cultural and idea of value. this settles a base for the article and is a character of it
本文從考察信用的含義以及信用文明的產生和發展出發，比較了東西方傳統的信用思想和信用文化，分別介紹了東西方個人信用制度發展的歷史，說明信用在東西方不僅具有共同性，也由於文化背景和價值理念的不同而具有各自的特點，為本文的寫作奠定了思想和理論基礎，是本文的特點之一。Based on consider hereinbefore, this dissertation discusses several aspects on the problem of the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources as follows : ( 1 ) reviewed entirely the origin and evolvement of the concept " sustainable development ", stated and commented the study status in queue on " sustainable development " around national and international range, thorough discussed the science connotation about the concept " sustainable development " ; ( 2 ) looked back and commented across - the aboard some furthest basic concept and proposition related to groundwater resources, put forward self opinions on a few existent mistake points of view and chaos understandings ; ( 3 ) expatiated entirely on the content and meaning of the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, contrast with the traditional methods of groundwater resources calculation and evaluation, combined example to show the application of this theory ; ( 4 ) thorough analyzed the difficult and complexity to forecast the groundwater resources, fully stated the traditional methods of groundwater resources forecasting, pointed out the characteristic and applying condition of these forecasting method, introduced the main ideas and methods of wavelet analysis developed recently, and the matlab software be known as the fifths era computer language, and its accessory wavelet analysis toolbox, applied these methods and tools to analyze the groundwater dynamic curve, adopted the b - j method and morte - carlo method, combined with the theory of changeable groundwater resources system, discussed the new view on the forecast of groundwater resources ; ( 5 ) synthetically analyzed the characteristics and limitations of the present all kind of groundwater manage model, combined mathematical programming mathematical statistics random process and the theory of variation system of groundwater resources on the unite optimum attempter of surface water and groundwater, emphasized how to make the model more nicety, more simple, more practicality ; ( 6 ) analyzed the inside condition and outside condition to assure the sustainable and optimum exploi tation of groundwater resources, the inside conditions are the follows : correct resources idea, scientific methods of resources calculation and evaluation, credible forecast methods of resources, exercisable measures of resources management, the outside conditions are the follows : the development idea of high layer, the transform of manage system, the matched policy and rule of law, the adjusted of economy lever, the improve of cultural diathesis, the boosting up of water - saving consciousness and detail measures, the control of population rising, the prevention and cure of water pollute, the renew and rebuild of ecology ; ( 7 ) scan the sustainable and optimum exploitation of groundwater resources from the high level of metagalaxy, earth system science, and philosophy ; lint out the more directions on groundwater resources
基於以上考慮，論文主要從以下幾方面對地下水資源可持續開發問題進行了比較深入的探討：全面回顧了「可持續發展」概念的由來與演變，對國內外「可持續發展」的研究現狀進行了述評，並對「可持續發展」概念的科學內涵進行了深入探討；對涉及地下水資源的一些最基本的概念和命題進行了全面的回顧和評述，對目前仍然存在的一些錯誤觀點和混亂認識提出了自己的見解；全面闡述了地下水資源變值系統理論的內容和意義，並與傳統的地下水資源計算評價方法進行了對比分析，結合實例具體說明了方法的應用；深入分析了地下水資源預測預報工作的極端重要性和復雜性，對傳統的地下水資源動態預測方法進行了全面的評述，指出了各類預測預報方法的特點及適用條件，對最近二十多年剛發展起來的小波分析技術的主要思想和方法及其應用范圍，以及號稱第五代計算機語言的matlab軟體和附帶的小波分析工具箱進行了介紹，並應用於地下水動態過程線的分析，採用時間序列中的b ? j法，蒙特卡羅方法，與地下水資源變值系統理論相結合，探討了地下水動態資料分析和地下水資源預測預報的新思路；綜合分析了現今各類地下水管理模型的特點及缺陷，將數學規劃、數理統計、隨機過程等與地下水變值系統理論相結合進行地表水地下水或多水源的聯合優化調度，使模型更準確、更實用；對保證地下水資源可持續開發的內部條件和外部條件進行了分析，內部河海人學博卜學位論文前言、摘要、目錄條件主要是正確的資源觀，科學的資源計算與評價方法，可靠的資源預測預報技術，可操作的資源管理措施，外部條件主要是高層發展思路、管理體制的變革、配套的政策法規、經濟杠桿的調節、人文素質的提高、節水意識的增強及具體節水措施、人口增長的控制、水體污染的防治、生態的恢復和重建等;從宇宙科學、地球系統科學及哲學的高度審視地下水資源的可持續開發;指出了地下水資源可持續開發的進一步研究方向。At first, both experience theory in modem philosophy and traditional percipient ' s knowledge in china provide philosophic basis for constructing learning method focusing on experience. secondly, it derives from soul in such three schools of course theory as subject - core, children - core and society - core and meets the demand of the new system of course. thirdly, the structuralists regard students as the builders of knowledge
創新性學習有著堅實的理論基礎，首先，不論中國傳統的知覺體認識，還是當代西方哲學中的「體驗論」 ，都為構建以獲得「體驗」為主的學習方式提供了哲學基礎；其次，創新性學習汲取了學科中心論、兒童中心論和社會中心論三大課程流派的理論精華，適應了新課程體系的需求；第三，構建主義教學論以學生為知識的建構者，學習應該是由學生自主發生的、將知識形成和創新為最高目標的創新性學習。The first part : the general description of promoter ' s civil liability this part generally describes some problems including the conception of promoter the features of promoter ' s liability etc. as to some controversial issues such as the conception of promoter, corporation de facto, the author promotes personal viewpoints and makes preparations for the whole passage, on the basis of the introduction of academic attitudes
文章分為四部分。第一部分：發起人民事責任概述該部分主要概述發起人民事責任的概念、特點等。對于發起人概念的界定以及發起人存在載體?設立中公司法律地位等問題，筆者在介紹學界的觀點的基礎上提出自己的意見並闡述了理由，為下文所涉及的概念術語及相關前沿理論問題作了必要的鋪墊。In recent years, it is due to the modification and improvement of the algorithms and especially the development of computer science and technology both in hardware and software that lead to the advent of such practical analytic tools as blast, fasta, clustalw, which can relatively cater for the need of research in both efficiency and accuracy. the fundamental way to improve computation efficiency and accuracy is to better the alignment algorithms in principle so as to minish the computation complexity
雖然近年來由於演算法自身的不斷改進以及計算機科學的發展，其實現程序依靠計算機硬體和軟體開發技術的提高得到了效率和精度上的改善，從而使現在應用廣泛的序列比對或數據庫搜索程序如blast 、 fasta 、 clustalw等才獲得了相對滿意的計算效率，但是從理論基礎和思想原理上改善序列比對演算法以期降低計算復雜度，才是提高計算效率和精度的根本途徑。This paper mainly focuses on the noise limiting by means of the direct sequence spread spectrum ( dsss ) and the analysis of the transmission performance of the plc and some digital modulation technology. the contents of the paper is as follows : 1 ) the technical feasibility is proved after simulating noise limiting principle of dsss by means of systemview, the simulation software ; 2 ) a kind of band pass filter ( bpf ) is realized according to the requirement of filter and the principle of butterworth approximation, which satisfies the index of performance of dsss. 3 ) the low voltage plc system includes the sc1128, the specific modulation / demodulation ic, the bpf filter and other circuit components, furthermore, the control function of system is realized by means of the personal computer and the microcontroller
本課題在對低壓電力線的傳輸特性和數字調制技術進行分析的基礎上，將通信理論中的直接序列擴頻技術（ dsss ）用於解決低壓電力線通信的干擾問題，主要研究內容如下： （ 1 ）用通信模擬軟體systemview對dsss技術的通信和抗干擾原理進行模擬分析，分別對時域和頻域下採用dsss技術前後接收信號的頻譜進行分析，驗證dsss技術在本系統中的可行性； （ 2 ）由dsss技術對濾波系統的要求，根據濾波理論分析了巴特沃思型濾波器的逼近原理並設計了合適的濾波電路； （ 3 ）用調制解調晶元sc1128和自行設計的濾波器加之輔助外圍電路，構造出低壓電力線載波通信系統，並採用atmel公司的單片機設計了接收和發射電路的微控制器； （ 4 ）分別對採取抗干擾措施前後輸入和輸出信號進行對比實驗，並對結果進行分析，驗證了dsss技術對干擾信號的抑制作用。It is the main purpose of this paper to calculate the energy splitting of ground state and excited states induced by thermally assisted quantum tunneling. first, a brief introduction is given for the theoretical and experimental studies on the magnetic macroscopic quantum effects. then, spin tunneling in a uniaxial ferromagnetic particle in transverse magnetic field is converted to a pseudoparticle moving in effective double - well potential with the help of the effective potential description of quantum spin systems developed by ulyanov and zaslavskii. finally using the periodic instanton method we evaluate the transition amplitude, energy shift and prefactor of wkb exponential and the energy splitting of ground state and the tunneling rate for excited states induced by thermally assisted quantum tunneling are obtained
文章首先對磁性宏觀量子效應的理論和實驗方面作了簡單介紹，然後藉助于ulyanov和zaslavskii發展的一種等效勢描述方法，把外磁場沿難磁化軸方向時的自旋隧穿約化成在等效雙勢阱中運動的粒子，利用瞬子方法給出基態能級劈裂，最後利用周期瞬子方法分別計算了隧穿幅、能級移動以及wkb前因子，從而給出由於熱助量子隧穿引起的激發態的隧穿率。For the ten years of late, the cellular automata has made the new progress in hydy nimiee dynamices. by gaining the moment equations from lattice boltzmann equation and using chapman - enskog expansion, the fluid dynamices equation and energy equation of 13 - bit lattice gas automata model with polyvelocity have been deduced. the validity of the model using for non - isothermal fluid dynamics has been proved
近十年來，細胞自動機已在流體力學的研究中取得了進展，應用13 - bit多速格子氣自動機模型，在由格子boltzmann方程求得矩方程的基礎上，根據chapman - enskog展開方法，導出了該模型的宏觀熱流體力學方程，從理論上證明了所建模型對熱流體力學問題描述的正確性。A boson josephson junction ( bjj ) formed in a weakly coupled double - bec has been discussed intensively. based on mean - field theory ( mft ), which gives rise to the gross - pitaevskii equation, interesting phenomena such as macroscopic quantum self - trapping ( mqst ), and n - phase state, where the time - averaged quantum phase difference across the junction equals n have been predicted
目前由弱耦合雙組分bec所構成的玻色約瑟夫森結（ bjj ）成為研究熱點，在平均場理論基礎上預言了許多有趣的現象如宏觀量子自捕獲（ mqst ） ，和-位相態（結間量子位相差的時間平均值為） 。Present methods generally based on the statistics of earthquake damage, expert experiences, theory analysis and experimental researches have obvious advantages, disadvantages and certain scopes of application ; ( 2 ) different prediction methods should be adopted against different building conditions, sites, intensity and experiences etc to predict earthquake damage of buildings for prospective accuracy, dependability and availability ; ( 3 ) earthquake damage matrix, which is the foundation of earthquake damage prediction, of 7 kinds of building in the urban areas of zhangzhou city under intensity 6 to 9 has been set up. the damage conditions of different buildings under different intensity are as followings : all kinds of structures are basically intact under intensity 6 ; the reinforced concrete structures are basically intact under intensity 7, but other kinds of structures are destroyed slightly ; the reinforced concrete structures are still basically intact while other kinds of structures are destroyed intermediately under intensity 8 ; the reinforced concrete structures are destroyed slightly, single - story factories and open houses are destroyed intermediately and other kinds of structures are destroyed seriously under intensity 9 ; ( 4 ) the results of earthquake damage predicting of buildings embody the damage when earthquake happens in the future. thus, further identifications and reinforcements should be considered to buildings that will be destroyed intermediately or more under the earthquake with 10 % exceeding probability in future 50 years ; ( 5 ) the direct economic losses caused by damage of buildings resting with the area, structural type, intensity and damage of all kinds of buildings are the main part of the losses of the city in an earthquake ; ( 6 ) the direct economic losses increased progressively toward high intensity by 2 or 3 times
基於上述研究，得出的主要結論有：建築物震害預測是一個模糊的、系統的、復雜的問題，現有的方法很多一般都是以震害統計規律、專家經驗、理論分析和試驗研究為依據，有其自身的優缺點和一定的適用范圍；應針對不同的建築物條件、場地條件、地震強度和已有經驗等，採用不同的預測方法進行建築物震害預測，以使預測結果達到預期的精確性、可靠性和可操作性；建立了漳州市區7類建築物在6度9度地震作用下的震害矩陣，成為指導抗震防災的重要依據，各類結構的震害情況表現為： 6度地震作用下各類建築物基本完好； 7度地震作用下除鋼筋混凝土結構基本完好外其餘以建築輕微破壞為主； 8度地震作用下鋼筋混凝土結構仍以基本完好為主而其餘建築以中等破壞為主； 9度地震作用下鋼筋混凝土結構以輕微破壞為主，單層工業廠房和空曠房屋以中等破壞為主，其餘建築以嚴重破壞為主；建築物的震害預測結果體現了未來地震來臨時的震害程度，在編制漳州市區抗震防災規劃時，對于遭遇50年超越概率10的地震影響發生中等以上破壞的建築物應考慮進行抗震鑒定和加固；由建築物的破壞所造成的直接經濟損失是城市地震經濟損失的主要部分，重慶大學碩士學位論文中文摘要其主要與建築物總面積、結構類型、地震烈度和各類建築物的震害程度有關;不同烈度造成的直接經濟損失按2一3倍向高烈度方向遞增，漳州市區直接經濟損失由6度至9度的比例關系為1 : 2 . 8 : 8 . 6 : 22 . 8 ;遭遇基本地震設防烈度（ 7度）時，漳州市區直接經濟損失約4 . 5億元，無家可歸人員約40000人，且以磚木結構和多層磚混結構的震害損失最大;地震造成的人員傷亡主要與建築物倒塌及嚴重破壞的程度和總面積以及震時的建築物室內人數密切相關，地震時無家可歸人員主要與住宅倒塌、嚴重破壞及中等破壞的程度和總面積以及城市人均居住面積密切相關。The first part is the general theory on criterion for sentencing. the second part is the special theory of basic criterion for sentencing. in the first part, i ' ll show the concept of the basic criterion for sentencing ; the theoretical evidence of making the basic criterion for sentencing ; the development and present situation of it and author ' s comments on it ; the theory and the assumption of making the basic criterion for sentencing in china ; the official body of making the basic criterion for sentencing ; the courts carry out the criterion by the way of consulting or by the way of accordance ; the main elements of sentencing when judges try cases according to this criterion etc. 1
第一部分從第一章到第四章，為量刑基準總論，主要論述量刑基準的概念；制定量刑基準的理論依據；國外、國內有關量刑基準理論的進展、量刑基準的制定情況、實踐情況和作者的評論；我國制定量刑基準的理論和設想；適用性量刑基準應當由什麼機關制定，制定後人民法院是參照執行還是依照執行；依照適用性量刑基準量刑時應當考慮的主要量刑要素；法定量刑要素、酌定量刑要素具體運用時影響量刑幅度的大小，對幾種常見的量刑要素進行分析，如自首、立功、累犯等，確定其影響量刑的幅度等等。The scaling hypotheses is applied to the relationship of annual maximum rainfall intensity and duration. the rainfall intensity - duration - frequency form is proved based on the temporal scaling property of rainfall
由年最大平均暴雨強度隨歷時變化的標度性質推導出暴雨公式的形式，找到了暴雨公式的理論根基? ?暴雨在時間上分配具有自相似性的結果。The dissertation refers to comparatively full literatures in the field of vsc, and the development history and characteristics of vsc are summarized, and the elementary concepts, elementary definitions, elementary properties, elementary principles and design methods are particularly introduced, and the causes of the chattering phenomenon are systematically analysed, and the study status of the chattering phenomenon and the main methods to eliminate the chattering are elaborated. for the deficiencies of traditionary methods, three improved methods are developed, which are improved exponent reaching law solution, variable boundary layer solution and the solution by adding an auxiliary continuous control term. for uncertain linear systems, an adaptive fuzzy integral variable structure control stategy ( afivsc ) is put forward to eliminate the chattering around the sliding plane, which introduces fuzzy logic to soften the non - linear discontinuous sig nal in the control variable and utilizes adaptive theory to adjust output membership function according to how much the uncertainty of the system is
比較全面地查閱了關于變結構控制理論的文獻，總結了滑模變結構控制的發展歷史和特點，詳細介紹了變結構控制的基本概念、基本定義、基本性質、基本原理以及設計方法；系統分析了變結構控制系統抖振產生的機理，並闡述了國內外目前對抖振問題的研究現狀以及消除抖振的主要方法；針對傳統抑制和消除抖振方法的不足，改進了傳統方法，得到了三種新的消除抖振的方法? ?即改進的指數趨近律法、可變邊界層法和附加連續項法；針對不確定性線性系統，在變結構控制策略中引入模糊邏輯和自適應理論來消除滑動平面上的抖振，提出了一種自適應模糊積分變結構控制方案（ afivsc ） ，利用模糊邏輯來柔化控制量中非線性不連續部分，採用自適應理論，根據系統不確定性大小在線調整模糊輸出量的隸屬函數，另外，鑒于模糊控制本質上是有靜差的，所以本文選擇了帶積分項的切換函數，由於積分項的存在使系統較正為無靜差系統。The paper introduces the history that chinese sci - tech forerunner and sci - tech operator difficult explored, studies the sci - tech policies of china and important sci - tech achievements by stages. in the light of the theory of " self - organization ", the paper analyses our country " s sci - tech configurations of china of a century, and points out that the technological innovation of china of a century went through a systemic course from " non - organization " to " out - of - order him - organization " to " order self - organization ". this paper values the sci - tech competition level, predominance and inferior position, prospects sci - tech competition of china in the future
文章分階段客觀地闡述了中國百年來技術創新所走過的艱難曲折的探索歷程、各個階段中國科技政策、技術創新的重大成就，並以自組織理論為基礎，分析了我國各階段的科技動態，實事求是地論述了中國百年來的技術創新活動是由解放前期的「非組織」形態，到解放后至十一屆三中全會召開前的「無序」的「他組織」形態，再到目前正在逐漸形成「有序」的「自組織」形態，這樣一個從低級到高級發展、變化的系統化歷程。The goal of this subject is to sum up and exploit our technique how to produce low phase noise wideband vcos, through investigating and studying the basic theory and recent research fruits, combining national condition, and produce our low phase noise wideband vcos. using high q components, such as : coaxial resonator, dielectric resonator, makes bandwidth of vco become narrower, so that recently common wideband vcos generally make inductor and capacitor ( lc ) as resonators, combining varactors with wide range tunable capacitance, and achieve the wideband
本課題旨在通過對低相噪寬帶vco的基本原理、國內外在這方面的進展，結合國內的實際情況進行研究，總結和開發出自己的方法，形成自己的理論。並把它運用於實踐，以製造出低相噪的寬帶vco 。由於加入高q元件，如：同軸諧振器、介質諧振器等，會導致振蕩器帶寬比較窄，目前的寬帶vco一般採用電感電容（ lc ）作為諧振元件，輔之以大變容範圍的變容二極體，達到寬帶的目的。Factor analysis shows the self - regulation of employees at work includes 9 dimensions : " work method ", " environment domination ", " supervise ", " behavior domination ", " conscientiousness ", " spirit strategy ", " goal orientation ", " interest ", " self - appreciate ", furthermore, the 9 dimensions can be presented by two dimensions : " exterior action ", " mental process ", which is in accord with the theoretical hypothesis
通過探索性因素分析得到的企業員工工作自主性由9個一階因素構成：工作方法、環境控制、實際監控、行為控制、責任心、情緒策略、目標定位、興趣和自我效能感；從一階因素中可以抽取出兩個二階因素：外顯行為和心理過程。工作自主性的多維度、多層次體系和自己的理論構想基本一致。The book covers only a small portion of the field of english style, but the experience of its writer has been that once past the essentials, students profit most by individual instruction based on the problems of their own work, and that each instructor has his own body of theory, which he prefers to that offered by any textbook
本書僅涵蓋英語寫作風格領域的一小部份，但是由本書作者的經驗得知，只要熟悉基本原則，學生能夠得到最大學習效果的方式，是透過他們自己作品遇到的問題而得接受的個別教學，且每一位講師都有自己的理論體系，是他喜好使用而不能被任何教科書取代的。分享友人