航行成本 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [hánghángchéngběn]
航行成本 英文
maritime operating cost
  • 航 : Ⅰ名詞（船） boat; shipⅡ動詞（航行） navigate （by water or air）; sail
  • 行 : 行Ⅰ名詞1 （行列） line; row 2 （排行） seniority among brothers and sisters:你行幾? 我行三。where...
  • 成 : Ⅰ動詞1 （完成; 成功） accomplish; succeed 2 （成為; 變為） become; turn into 3 （成全） help comp...
  • 本 : i 名詞1 （草木的莖或根）stem or root of plants 2 （事物的根源）foundation; origin; basis 3 （本錢...
  • 航行 : 1 （水中行駛） navigate by water; seaway; sail 2 （空中行駛） navigate by air; fly 3 voyage; 航行...
  1. In this dissertation, through computer simulation, the problems of modeling, control and guidance of auvs are presented. the first part of this dissertation addresses the problem of dynamically modeling of auvs, and derives thrusters " two - dimension nonlinear dynamic model, which has axial flow speed and propeller rotational velocity as two state variables, voltage or current of motor as inputs, and thruster force and torque as output. the second part focuses on the nonlinear adaptive sliding mode control of auvs in diving plane and steering plane

    本論文系統研究了自主式水下航行器的建模、非線性自適應滑模控制、以及深度調整和水平面導引方法等問題，具體成果和創新點如下1 、根據流體力學理論，建立了螺旋槳推進器的動態模型，它以螺旋槳來流速度v _ p和螺旋槳轉速n為狀態變量，以電機施加轉矩為輸入，螺旋槳推力t和轉矩q為輸出。
  2. Considering the precision and cost of sea - route in our country, gps oem board was selected positioning for system in stand - alone model ( not dgps ). there is abundant time to processing and optimizing data for gps receiver because the reactive speed of pharos is on hour level contrast to strict real time

    根據航道定位精度要求與成本承受能力，系統選取低成本的gpsoem板接收機進行單機定位，由於航標燈監控有一定實時性但又非嚴格意義上的實時性，其反應速度可到小時級，這為gps接收機定位提供了寬裕的時間作為數據處理與優化。
  3. So the aviation has installed the ground proximity warning system ( gpws ) on aircrafts since the middle of 1970s, and now is the enhance ground proximity warning system ( egpws ). this paper describes the development, components, principle and the features of the communication navigation surveillance / air traffic management ( cns / atm ), the traffic alert and collision avoidance system ( tcas ), ground proximity warning system ( gpws ), and / or the enhance ground proximity warning system ( egpws ). it particularly discuses the positive effect that ads tcas / tcas2 and gpws / egpws take on cfit and middle _ air collision. integrating with the aircrafts type. the instances and the accidents. this paper analyzes the present problems in the field of air traffic management and the new technologies resolving these problems. so that we can improve the flight safety effectively

    本文論述了新航行系統（ cns atm ） 、空中交通警戒與防撞系統（ tcas tcas2 ）以及近地警告系統（ gpws ）和增強型近地警告系統（ egpws ）的發展、組成原理及其功能特點，著重討論了自動相關監視（ ads ） 、 tcas tcas2和gpws egpws在保證飛行安全、防止空中相撞和可控飛行撞地事故中所起的積極作用，並結合具體機型和事故事例，分析了事故發生的原因和目前存在的問題，對系統提出了進一步改進的可能，以期進一步保證飛行安全。
  4. Air deccan ' s launch is a test of whether india ' s domestic market can sustain a genuine low - cost carrier

    真正低成本的航空公司能否在印度國內市場維持下去，德干航空的運行將成為一次試驗。
  5. In order to attain high accuracy of gps satellite navigation, positioning and low cost in precision agriculture, it is studied a method of gps pseudo - range observation and carrier phase measurement to combine the actual conditions of agriculture. it is presented a method of high accuracy positioning and measure based on gps oem board in this paper, and proved the feasibility of key technology with emulations and field tests

    為了適應精準農業高精度、低成本的gps定位導航應用要求，本文通過對gps偽距和載波相位定位方法的研究，結合精準農業的實際情況，提出了基於gpsoem板的高精度定位與測量方法，並用模擬和田間試驗驗證了各關鍵技術的可行性。
  6. Finally, the related cost and demand data are used to validate the proposed method, and the result indicates that the robust optimization method is usable for the construction of hub and spoke airline network

    最後利用有關的成本和需求數據對該方法進行了驗證；結果表明，魯棒優化設計方法對航空公司構建中樞輻射航線網路具有很好的實用性。
  7. This thesis analyzes the reasons which result in delay and the main factors considered by ghp, such as the limited airports capacity, limited airways capacity, influence of successive flight and the cost of delay

    論文對地面等待產生的原因和實施地面等待所要考慮的主要因素，如：天氣狀況、機場容量限制、航路容量的限制、連續航班的影響、延誤成本等進行了分析。
  8. Ground holding is a frequently used measure in air traffic flow management ( atfm ). the " ground - holding policy " ( ghp ) is to decide which flights should be delayed on the ground before take - off whenever it is foreseen it will not land in time because of congestion and by how much, in order to increase the safety of airplane and minimize the cost of delays

    地面等待是空中交通流量管理中普遍應用的一種方法，地面等待策略（ groundholdingpolicy ）就是如何將原來需進行空中等待的航班改為在原起飛機場進行地面等待，以增進飛行安全並降低延誤成本。
  9. So, in this thesis research, the information fusion is not only a data disposal process from lowers to higher, but also the feedback from higher to lower, that means the higher takes part in the d ata fusion of lower. simulations and trials validate all these methods and the results of these show that it is very effective to improve the control performance of auv by applying data fusion technology to the motion control system

    本文通過水下機器人的模擬試驗和海上智能作業試驗進行驗證，試驗結果表明，將多傳感器信息融合技術應用到水下機器人的運動控制系統中，提高了整個控制系統的可靠性和保障水下機器人的安全航行和完成任務，促進水下機器人智能控制技術的發展。
  10. The second chapter studies the economy of ship ' s power plants, based on the aspects of lowering fuel cost, waste heat recovery, the match of ship, machinery and propeller, increasing propulsion efficiency, increasing the economy of ship ' s power plants, etc. the third chapter discusses in detail the control measures of voyage change cost, analysizes systematically the voyage change cost based on the way of fuel cost, harbor cost, voyage venture cost. the fourth chapter studies the structures and control measures of seafarers cost, maintenance cost, spare parts and stores cost, lubricating oil cost, etc. which are relatively easy to be controlled ; based on the state maintenance decision - making, a mathematical model is put forward, the validity and its solve process are discussed. the control measures of spare parts, fuel cost and lubricating oil cost should be based on scientific budget, through the control means of application, reception, usage, store check, try to acquire the inosculation of theory

    第一章主要討論營運船舶運輸成本，對船舶運輸成本的概念、結構、性質與分攤、成本細分進行了分析，從宏觀上闡明了船舶運輸成本的生存環境和生長趨勢；第二章研究了船舶動力裝置的經濟性，在營運船舶降低油耗、廢熱利用、船機槳匹配、提高推進效率、提高船舶動力裝置經濟性的有效途徑等方面進行了闡述和論證；第三章詳細論述並論證了航次變動成本的控制措施，全面系統地分析和總結了航次變動成本，通過對燃油成本、港口使費、航次風險成本的分析與控制，提出了航次風險成本的概念並論述了若干航次風險成本的控制措施；第四章對船舶營運成本中的船員費用控制、維修保養及其費用控制、船舶備件物料管理及其費用控制等幾個主要可控性較高的成本進行了細致的分析並分別討論了相互的控制措施，提出了基於狀態維修決策的馬爾可夫數學模型並論證了模型的正確性及具體解算步驟，對于備件、燃潤物料的控制堅持以科學的預算為前提，以申領、接收、使用、盤存為控制環節，切實做到理論與實踐的密切結合；第五章，結合營運成本的預核算的案例，對船舶營運成本的預算及核算進行了有益的探討，旨在揭示成本發生的動因，並給出了成本預算、核算的編制方法。
  11. As the cumulate error, inertial navigation system ca n ' t provide perfect position and navigation for the autonomous underwater vehicles ( auv ) in unstructured, complex and instable ocean in a long time. the application of terrain - aided navigation techniques to the updating of an inertia navigation system has been investigated

    慣性導航系統是實現水下導航的一種重要方法，但慣性導航存在累計誤差，為了修正慣性導航的累積誤差，提高導航精度，本文將飛機、導彈等所使用的地形輔助導航系統，應用到水下航行器上，成功地滿足了自主水下航行器的導航需求。
  12. Article 162 when two or more civil aircraft have collided or interfered with each other in flight and damage for which a right to compensation as contemplated in article 157 of this law results, or when two or more civil aircraft have jointly caused such damage, each of the civil aircraft concerned shall be considered to have caused the damage and the operator of each civil aircraft shall be liable

    第一百六十二條兩個以上的民用航空器在飛行中相撞或者相擾，造成本法第一百五十七條規定的應當賠償的損害，或者兩個以上的民用航空器共同造成此種損害的，各有關民用航空器均應當被認為已經造成此種損害，各有關民用航空器的經營人均應當承擔責任。
  13. The underwater glider, a new kind of underwater vehicle, has the advantages of low - noise, long range, long duration and cost - efficiency

    摘要水下滑翔機器人是一種新型水下機器人，具有噪聲低、航行距離遠、續航時間長、成本低等特點。
  14. By analyzing the financial performance, the success of low - cost strategy is shown to give an example of chinese future lcc operation. the paper is focused on the llc operation features which differentiated them from the traditional carriers and lowered down the operation cost

    美國西南航空公司以低成本經營作為其經營戰略和競爭優勢，採用點對點、中短途飛行、高飛機轉場率和高負荷工作量等區別于傳統航空的經營策略來降低成本。
  15. This thesis regard internal property reorganization in the group of pangang as the research object, from chengdu seamless steel pipe limited liability company with chengdu iron and steel works inside exterior environment reorganizing in front and back commences, making use of to exceed the makel - bot with of five factors competition models and the method of factors analysis, after analyzing the reorganization of the business enterprise a profession for facing competes the situation. develop the development the business enterprise with the profession industry from the international local profession rival circumstance after analyzing the reorganization should the market position of the establishment with develop the strategy target. make use of the swot the analysis the method, to after the reorganization the development strategy of the business enterprise, from manage the angle proceeded the fixed position analyzes, for after the reorganization business enterprise development provided four kinds of developments strategy that eligibility choose : the brave development strategy, request the resources advantage, funds advantage, human resource advantage, technique advantage that new company make the most of new business enterprise in empress in reorganization, is an essential condition to increases to manage the level, quickly technique reforms, develop the high and additional worth product with new product production line, as soon as quikly change to strong and large business enterprise, realizes soon steel aircraft carrier dream ; dispersion strategy, the technology market quota with deal with produce high additional worth product, completely promote business enterprise brand image, extend high carry product of the exaltation product, is a necessary means to increases business enterprise performance, realizes business enterprise target ; defense strategy, adjusting the business enterprise organizes construction, reducing the intensive type in labor and the low additional worth product line, lower bad the property saves the deal, alleviating the business enterprise burden, attaining the casual wear go to battle, benefitting to the challenge that make frontal attack the rival ; withdraw strategy, compress the production of the high depletion and high cost product, simplify the production craft, controlling the cost of the end product in the lower level, is a valid path to increases business enterprise competition ability

    本論文以攀鋼集團內部的資產重組為研究對象，從成都無縫鋼管有限責任公司與成都鋼鐵廠重組前後的內外部環境入手，運用邁克爾?波特的五力競爭模型及因素分析法，分析了重組后的企業所面臨的行業競爭態勢。從國際國內行業競爭對手情況和本行業發展動態分析了重組后企業應確立的市場地位和發展戰略目標。運用swot分析法，對重組后企業的發展戰略，從管理角度進行了定位分析，為重組后企業發展提供了可選擇的四種發展戰略：即大膽發展戰略，要求新公司充分運用重組后新企業的資源優勢，資金優勢，人力資源優勢，技術優勢，是提高管理水平，加快技術改造，開發高附加值產品和新產品生產線，盡快立於強勢企業之林，早日實現「鋼鐵航母」夢的必要條件；分散性戰略，提高產品的科技含量和生產高附加值的產品，全面提升企業品牌形象，擴大高端產品的市場份額，是提高企業效益，實現企業目標的必要手段；防禦性戰略，調整企業組織結構，削減勞動密集型和低附加值產品生產線，降低不良資產存量，減輕企業包袱，做到輕裝上陣，有利於迎擊競爭對手的挑戰；退出性戰略，壓縮高消耗、高成本產品的生產，降低低端產品的比例，精簡生產工藝，將最終產品的成本控制在較低水平，是提高企業競爭力的有效途徑。
  16. The positive is that as a substitute of old channel or a part of the new channel shiplock maintains the continuation of channel and makes possible the channel free from navigational obstruction and waterway transportation progress. the negative is that shiplock at the same time brings some problems to waterway transportation, such as the long time passing through shiplock, the piling up of vessels, making less other ' s benefits and making more other ' s costs, making conditions and forms of transportation change, making more complicated the waterway transportation safety management and navigation order keeping, and adding up transportation costs

    在經濟學意義上，船閘具有正負外部性，正的外部性為，船閘作為原航道的替代物或新航道的一部分，保證了航道的連續性，為保證航道暢通、航運發展提供了可能；負的外部性為，船閘同時給航運帶來了一些問題，如船舶過閘時間長、船舶積壓，引起他人效用的減少和成本增加，以及運輸組織條件、方式改變，使水上交通安全管理和船舶航行秩序維護更加復雜，增加運輸成本。
  17. First of all, i summarize the forecast model category and estimate each model in detail, then, i adopt different model to forecast demand, supply, bdi of bulk shipping market. as to demand forecast, i mainly focus on the imitating precision of primitive data, adopt grey forecast model, self - suited filter model separately, and then compose these models as a better one. as to supply forecast, i use econometrics model to describe the complicated relationship of demand, supply, bdi, gnp etc. as to bdi, i try to draw into market integrated factor, describe the relationship of bdi, supply, capacity, speed, rate of oil, navigating capital etc. then finally, i make afterwards evaluation of these models and then analyze future bulk shipping market in detail

    對于需求預測，著重考慮對原始數據的擬合精度，經過模型比較優選論證，分別採用了灰色一階模型，改進的灰色二階、自適應過濾預測的加權組合模型，得到了相當高的擬合精度；對于供給預測，運用計量經濟模型對供給、需求、運價、 gnp 、進出口貿易額等多變量之間復雜的相互關系進行動態模擬，定量的反映出各變量之間的因果關系；對于運價預測，嘗試引入市場綜合因數概念，化繁為簡，通過描述運價與運力供給、載重噸、油耗、航速、燃油價格、航行成本等等諸多因素的關系來進行預測。
  18. By seizing the opportunities of entering the wto and borrowing from the successful experience of developed countries " banking restructures, the state - owned commercial banks in our country should take the time to make advancements by strengthening the reforms of the property rights system and optimize the reorganization of bank assets under the guidance of the market economy system, improving the comprehensive competitive ability, assisting in the improvement in our country ' s economy

    我國國有商業銀行應順時求變，抓住「入世」的有利時機，借鑒發達國家銀行重組和並購的成功經驗，深化產權制度改革，以市場為導向進行銀行資本的優化整合，增強綜合競爭能力，為我國經濟騰飛保駕護航。本文在探討國際國內銀行重組的經驗教訓基礎上進行實證分析，提出了我國國有商業銀行重組的理論和實踐方案。
  19. Meanwhile it help the decision - maker to do a reasonable decision in exploiting the lines, lines arranging and the number and modal of the aircraft planned to buy as well

    同時也為航空公司進行成本決策提供服務，如開辟航線和航線布局的決策、引進飛機數量及型號的決策等。
  20. Travel cost analysis of air transportation

    航空運輸的旅行成本研究
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