In this study, the stem segments of new shoot with axillary buds of well - growth tetraploid black locust trees were used as explants. the effects of different basic mediums, different hormone kinds and their concentrations ratios, different sucrose concentrations on calli induction, buds differentiation and rooting in the process of establishment of high frequency regeneration system of tetraploid black locust were studied. on the base of high frequency regeneration system, the effects of various factors on transformation efficiency of badh mediated by agrobacterium tumefaciens were discussed in the light of gus histochemical assays
本實驗首先以生長良好的四倍體刺槐優株上當年生新梢的帶腋芽
莖段為外植體，研究了在四倍體刺槐高頻再生體系的建立過程中不同基本培養基、不同激素濃度及其配比、不同蔗糖濃度對愈傷組織的誘導、芽的分化及生根的影響；然後在得到高頻再生體系的基礎上，通過農
桿菌介導法轉化甜菜堿醛脫氫酶（ badh ）基因，以gus染色組織分析為依據探討了影響轉化效率的各種因素，建立了高效、可重復的基因轉化體系，為四倍體刺槐目的基因的導入打下了基礎。
Because of the special biological structure of bryology, it was very difficult to transfer foreign gene into the protonema or gametophyte by agrobacterium - mediated transformation. protoplasts as acceptor, using direct dna transfer methods such as microprojectile bombardment and peg - mediated transformation is becoming a good way
由於蘚類植物特殊的生物學結構用農
桿菌侵染其原絲體或者
莖葉體很難實現轉化，以原生質體作受體是蘚類植物轉化的常用途徑。
Both oxyopes sertatus and harpactor fuscipes are important predators of common cutworm ( spodoptera litura ) on tobacco. the effect of several interference factors on the predations of o. sertatus and h. fuscipes on the larvae of s. litura were examined in laboratory. the results indicated that there were significant mutual interferences on their predations with the existence of other individual in the same / different species. as the number of the predator increased, the predation rates decreased significantly. the interference coefficients ( m ) within h. fuscipes and within o. sertatus were 0. 7278 and 0. 6911, respectively, while the interference coefficient ( m ) between o. sertatus and h. fuscipes was 0. 9464. these results showed that the effect of mutual interference on predation in interspecies was more obvious than that in intraspecies. the number of prey captured and the predation rate of predator dropped with increasing the number of tobacco stalks. this result suggested that spatial heterogeneity was also an important factor affecting the predation of predator on prey
斜紋貓蛛和紅彩真獵蝽均是煙草上斜紋夜蛾的重要捕食性天敵.室內測定幾種干擾因素對斜紋貓蛛和紅彩真獵蝽捕食作用的影響，結果表明這些干擾因素對斜紋貓蛛種內、紅彩真獵蝽種內和兩種捕食者種間的捕食作用均有明顯的干擾作用，隨捕食者數量的增加，其對斜紋夜蛾捕食作用率顯著降低.斜紋貓蛛種內的干擾系數和紅彩真獵蝽種內的干擾系數分別為0 . 7278和0 . 6911 ，而兩者種間的干擾系數為0 . 9464 ，說明兩者種間的干擾作用要明顯高於同一種捕食者種內的干擾作用.兩種捕食性天敵對斜紋夜蛾的捕食量和捕食作用率隨煙草
莖桿數的增加而降低，表明空間異質性同樣是影響兩種捕食性天敵捕食作用的一個重要因素
The materials as explant in transformation come from birch leaf, stem segment and leaf stalk, and the spider toxin gene was used as foreign gene for this transformation experiment. it showed that the best explant was the big leaf, on which the transformation frequency was 22 %. by gus detection, there were 43 percent of the plants with kanamycin resistance, and 100 percent of positive result, by pcr amplification, was gotten from random sampling
利用雙元載體的根癌農
桿菌lba4404菌株（ agrobacteriumtumefaciens ） ，含質粒pyhy （目的基因及npt 、 gus基因） ，對白樺試管苗
莖段，葉柄，葉片三種外植體進行侵染，結果表明：大葉片生長勢強，為轉基因的最優外植體，轉化率能夠達到22 。
Other sources are sweet stem sorghum and cassava, and cellulosic material such as grasses, trees and various waste products from crops, wood processing and municipal solid wastes
其他原料包括甜高粱
莖桿和木薯、草、樹和各種作物和木材的加工廢料等纖維物質，以及城市固體廢物。
It was determined that the inhabiting concentration of cef was 500mg / l, and the selection concentration of kan was 50 mg / l. 3. shoot tip transformation system mediated by a. tumefaciens using domesticated shoot tip as receptor, the parameters of a. tumefaciens transformation was optimized
3 、建立了農
桿菌介導的甜櫻桃
莖尖轉化體系棍癌農
桿菌介導的甜櫻狀
莖尖遲傳轉化體系的滅立用馴化培養的甜櫻桃
莖尖作受體，優化了農
桿菌介導轉化體系的多項參數；以od 。
Bionic of architecture out - look pay attention to the enlightenment of beauty of nature bring to mankind ; bionic of architecture structure pass to undergo special composition structure of organism of natural selection - for instance the research of the stem pole of the fiber, plant, skeleton of the animal, etc., and apply them to the structure design of architecture, it is an important way to structure innovates ; bionic of architecture function pay attention to studying the characteristic of organic unity " of the organism, through function imitation of nature such as metabolism and nervous system, etc. we get many useful ideal to urban and architecture development ; the bionic of utilize of energy and material through understanding the organism utilizes energy and material method in depth, combine with physics, chemistry, electron, etc, every achievement of discipline create new energy and material utilizing way
建築造型仿生注重自然形態美帶給人類在建築形態創造方面的啟示；建築結構仿生通過對經過自然選擇的生物體的特殊構成結構? ?如纖維、植物的
莖桿、動物的骨骼等的研究，運用到建築結構設計中，是結構創新的重要途徑；建築功能仿生注重研究生物體的「有機統一性」特點，通過對生物體內部機能如新陳代謝和神經系統等方面的模仿來組織建築功能或指導建築和城市及其環境的發展；建築的能源和材料利用仿生則通過深入了解生物體利用能源和材料的方法和過程，並結合物理、化學、電子等各學科的成果創造出新的能源和材料利用方式。
Penetration of the stems and feeding of larvae are impaired by the structural characteristics of the plant.
植物藉助結構特點來阻礙幼蟲鉆入
莖桿和取食。
Centrifugal type stalk separator
離心式
莖桿分離器
Tangential orientated at a tangent to a circle, the circle being, for example, the surface of a plant stem
切向的：沿圓周的一個切線方向。植物體存在的圓形可以為
莖桿表面。
Therefore, nitrogen efficiency for growth of both straw and grains is depended upon its optimum supply at the different growth stage
所以，
莖桿和籽粒生長的氮效率視其不同生育期適宜供應量而定。
Like any other gramineous crop, hybrid rice keeps 80 % of totally removed k in its shoots after ripening, only about 20 % of k uptake is transported to grain, grain k content was more stable, usually around 0. 5 %
同其它禾本科作物一樣，成熟后雜交水稻保存總移出鉀的80 %在其
莖桿中，只有20 %吸收的鉀轉移到籽粒中，籽粒含鉀量更為穩定，一般約為0 . 5 % （表6 ） 。
By calculating the maximum stress of stalk under the condition of different speed of the unit and the location of the action point of pushing stalk, which is done by the module of ansys, the conclusion can be received : the maximum stress is increased with the increase of the velocity of the unit and the process of the pushing stalk can be trouble - free if the location of the action point is raised under the condition that the speed of the unit and the planting density of stalk are definite value
利用ansys功能模塊對在不同機組作業速度v和推
桿作用點l _ 0情況下，
莖桿最大應力計算得知：
莖稈的最大應力smx隨著機組作業速度v的增加而增大，在機組作業速度v和秸稈密度一定時，提高推稈作用點，可保證推稈過程順利進行。
In comparison with " luyu 2 ", " yedan 12 ” had a more compact plant figure, its leaves above ears were particularly erect and short and their average angle against stem was 14. 1 degrees which was 6. 9 degrees narrower than that of " luyu 2 ”, and their average length was 49. 4 cm which was shorter than that of " luyu 2 ” by 15. 1 cm
與魯玉2號相比，掖單12株型更緊湊，特別是穗位以上葉片短而直立，與
莖桿之間的平均夾角為14 . 1度，比魯玉2號的夾角窄6 . 9度，平均葉長49 . 4厘米，比魯玉2號葉長短15 . 1厘米。
3. potato stems and agrobacterium fumefaciens containing recombinant vector were co - cultured at 28cfor 48 hours and transplanted onto callus - inducing medium at 24c for 7 days. and then, the explants were transplanted onto differentiation medium and cultured at 24c for 21 days. resistant buds rooted and grew into plants in medium with kanamycin for 20 days, and 83 plants were obtained
3將含外源基因的根癌農
桿菌與馬鈴薯
莖段共培養后在愈傷誘導培養基上培養7天，轉接到分化培養基上分化出抗性芽，抗性芽在生根培養基上生根長成完整植株，共獲83株。
Agrobacterium - mediated transformation of dendrobium orchid by targeting protocorms
原球
莖為轉化受體的農
桿菌介導石斛遺傳轉化
The people cried and leaped with joy. on the ground the wheat stalks raised their heads and the sorghum stalks straightened up
人們欣喜若狂，歡呼雀躍。地里的小麥莖升起它們的麥穗和高粱桿向上直起來了。
