輻射度差 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [fúshèdùchā]
輻射度差
英文
radiance contrast-
Hourly values of global solar radiation are measured at king s park by a thermoelectric pyranometer sealed thermo - pile dome solarimeter together with an integrating counter. a bimetallic actinograph is used as a back - up
利用一具熱電總日射表球形罩封密的溫差電堆總日射表連同累積計數器，天文臺可以量度每小時的太陽總輻射數量。Hourly values of global solar radiation are measured at king s park by a thermoelectric pyranometer ( sealed thermo - pile dome solarimeter ) together with an integrating counter. a bimetallic actinograph is used as a back - up
利用一具熱電總日射表（球形罩封密的溫差電堆總日射表）連同累積計數器，天文臺可以量度每小時的太陽總輻射數量。But wmap, with its ability to resolves slight temperature fluctuations down to millionths of a degree, is still able to detect these minute differences and produces the finest full sky thermogram of the cosmic background
但由於wmap的超高靈敏度儀器可測量低至數百萬分之一度的溫差，它才能不負所託，得出至今最精細的全天微波背景輻射溫度圖。Non - destructive testing. industrial neutron radiography. determination of the speed and average contrast of silver based film image reception systems using electrons with an energy less than 200 kev
無損檢驗.工業用中子輻射照相術.用能量低於200kev的電子進行銀鹽底片圖象接收系統的感光度和反差平均值的測定At last, the radiation transmit process in smokescreen is discussed, and the transmitted radiation energy distribution is obtained from extinction characters of particles. the relationship between transmittance and smokescreen concentration is experimental studied, the experiment results agrees with calculated results. we also discuss the application limit and error of lambert - beer law in smokescreen studies
本文最後討論了輻射在隨機分佈微粒形成煙幕中的傳輸過程，根據煙幕微粒的消光特性計算出輻射通過煙幕後的能量分佈情況，討論了在煙幕研究中應用lambert ? beer定律的誤差問題，並對透過率隨煙幕濃度的變化情況進行了實驗研究，結果表明，理論計算結果能夠與實驗數據較好吻合。Backed up by the soplat theory based on particle kinematics, the second chapter of this paper presents with analysis and simulation of several single observer passive measurement models, which uses such relative movement parameters as bearings changing rates and centrifugal acceleration information on the basis of bearings measurements. in the third chapter, the observability of location respectively using bearings and its changing rates information and centrifugal acceleration information is analyzed, and its observable condition is got. the fourth chapter puts forward the modified covariance extended kalman filtering ( mvekf ) against the defect of traditional extended kalman filtering ( ekf ), whose performance is simultaneously compared in the chapter with the performance of ususal tracking algorithm such as ekf, mgekf, iekf by computer simulation
在近年來提出的基於質點運動學原理的單站無源定位理論基礎上，本文第二章提出了幾種在角度測量的基礎上增加角度變化率及相對運動的離心加速度等運動學參數的單站無源測量模型，並對它們進行了分析和模擬；第三章分別對利用角度及其變化率信息定位和利用離心加速度信息定位的可觀測性進行分析並得到了相應的可觀測條件；第四章針對傳統擴展卡爾曼（ ekf ）方法的缺點，提出了一種修正協方差的擴展卡爾曼濾波（ mvefk ）方法，並將其和ekf 、 mgekf 、 iekf等常用的單站無源定位濾波方法進行了性能模擬比較；第五章通過引入雷達機動目標跟蹤方法和模型，提出了利用角度及其變化率對機動輻射源跟蹤的多級噪聲自適應方法和imm方法；第六章主要對角度變化率和離心加速度參數的獲取技術進行了研究，提出了幾種高精度測量脈沖序列多普勒頻率變化率的方法。Based on historic radiosonde data of changchun city, jilin province and xian city. shanxi province and on the typical model of profiles of cloud liquid water content for stratiformis, the coefficients of retrieval equation are obtained as the functions of height for each month from april to july in the two cities. furthermore, we explore the internal physics signification of retrieval coefficients ' distributing according to every month and have comparisons between the two cities. then the numerical simulation tests of the accuracy of retrieval results are given : the statistical relative deviation of retrieved values of l to the simulated " trues " on the ground is 15 - 25 % and that at altitude of 6km is 5 - 10 %, that means the retrieval method and implementation of the method are applicable to processing measurements of an airborne radiometer made in china recently
本文介紹機載對空微波輻射計探測雲中路徑積分液態水含量（ l ）的輻射傳輸原理和反演方法；根據吉林省長春市和陜西省西安市的歷史探空資料和典型的層狀雲液水垂直分佈模式，得到這兩個地區4 - 7月各月的隨高度而變的反演公式及其系數的表達式；探索了和反演系數有關系的大氣的影響，並在各個月份之間進行了比較分析；給出了反演誤差的數值模擬檢驗結果：在地面反演值對『真值』的統計相對偏差是15 - 25 ，在6公里高度處為5 - 10 ，表明該方法已具有實用可接受的精度。Through the theory of light radiation and intensity, we can use the fewest leds to satisfy the luminous intensity demand. through image segmentation theory, we can accurately pick module up from the test stripe when it is put in wrong directions. through image processing theory, we can acquire correct information and avoid the bad effects from the asymmetric chemistry reaction and instability of the devices
用光的輻射和強度理論，我們計算出了獲得足夠圖像強度所需的最少光源;用圖像分割理論，我們在試紙條傾斜放置或有垂直方向上的偏移時，準確地提取出了各模塊的數據;用平滑濾波和均值濾波理論，我們濾除了由於反應不均勻及硬體設備不穩定帶來的噪聲;用交遇區設計線性分類器的方法，我們降低了有限樣本設計線性分類器帶來的誤差，提高了檢驗準確度。For missile, either strategical or tractical, the most important thing is to attack the target accurately. this depends upon the accurate location of the larget by the missile radar. for protecting radar antenna from external environment and for air - dynamical requirement, a radome is used to enclose the antenna. but the radome interferes in the orientation of the antenna, degradaties its perfor - mance, decreases the power reaching the target, and most importantly, it produces so called boresight error ( bse ) that is, makes the antenna shows a slightly different direction of the target from its true direction, the boresight error is define as the angle shifted, and the boresight error slope ( bses ) is defined as the ratio of angle shift to the tracing angle of the radar antenna. to predict the boresight error and boresight error slope is an unavoiding chief task in designing radome and in its operation
在戰略和戰術雷達制導導彈中，一項重要的工作就是對目標的準確跟蹤，這取決于導彈雷達對目標的準確定位。為了保護雷達天線不受外界環境的影響，天線罩被應用進來，但天線罩在保護天線不受外界惡劣環境影響的同時對天線電磁輻射產生某些干擾，使天線的電氣性能降低，影響天線的功率傳輸，更重要的是產生瞄準誤差。它使目標的視在位置與真實位置有一個角度差，這個角度差就是天線罩的瞄準誤差。Secondly, other parameters such as temperature difference and emissivity of target and sky, molecular absorptive transmittance, instantaneous field of view ( ifov ), contrast threshold and radiant wavelength are discussed in detail
然後，對目標天空背景溫差、發射率，氣溶膠衰減系數，瞬時視場、對比度探測閾值以及輻射波長等參數作了詳細討論。With compensation of signal ’ s time delay from different radiating element by phase shifters, phased - array antenna can control array beam easily. because there are no mechanical devices for rotating beam, the phased - array antenna system can scan everywhere in beam covered areas in millisecand by stepping the phase shifters. it improves the tracking velocity of antenna towards the object, and becomes the development trends of weapon system antennas
相控陣天線利用移相器補償信號到達輻射單元時間的差異，從而控制波束方向;天線沒有機械旋轉問題，只需改變移相器的設定值，波束便可以在毫秒級內掃描其覆蓋空域內的任何地方，提高了天線對目標的跟蹤速度，是目前武器系統天線的發展方向。As we all know, occupants " thermal sense is mainly dependent on the six factors : inside air temperature, humidity, air velocity, mean radiant temperature, clothing and metabolism rate. the traditional hvac control system, neglecting other factors concerned with human comfort, only considering the inside air temperature and air humidity and indirectly impacting on occupants by the two parameters control, cannot satisfy the comfort requirement of occupants and is energy wasting as well
傳統的空調控制系統以室內空氣的溫濕度作為控制對象，而實際上影響人體熱舒適的因素不僅包括溫度與濕度，還有風速、平均輻射溫度、人體的衣著熱阻和人體的新陳代謝率，人體對環境的冷熱感受是這些因素綜合作用的結果，因此在很多時候系統並不能滿足人體對熱舒適的需要而且節能性較差。In this dissertation, the numerical computation for the acoustic radiation problem ( arp ) is studied deeply and systematically in the theory, method and the application technique, based on analyzing the situation of the home and abroad on the numerical computation for the acoustic radiation problem. the calculation formulas of the boundary element method ( bem ) for the exterior acoustic radiation problem in the full - space and half - space are deduced, based on the wave propagation theorem ; the arising of the non - unique solutions, which is associated with the application of the boundary integral equation ( bie ) in acoustic radiation problem, is analyzed and proofed ; the improved combined helmholtz integral equation formulation ( ichief ) is presented to overcome the non - uniqueness problem more effectively and reliably ; the determination of the singular integral coefficients on various occasions is analyzed ; the properties and treatments of the singular integrals with different orders axe studied ; the computation program of the cubic spline ichief is developed and its ability to overcome the non - uniqueness problem and feasibility to discrete the surface coarsely with the sufficient calculation precision are examined through examples
第二章在聲波動理論基礎上，詳細地推導出對應于無限域和半無限域的外部振動聲輻射問題的邊界積分方程計算公式；根據fredholm積分理論，對利用邊界積分方程計算振動聲輻射問題過程中解的非唯一性的產生進行了分析和證明；改進了chief法以提高其克服解的非唯一性的有效性和可靠性；對不同條件下奇性系數的計算、強奇性積分的收斂性及其在變量替換時與普通積分的差異性、不同階奇性積分的計算、數值求積分等進行了研究；開發了三次樣條改進chief法計算軟體，並通過算例考核了該方法在特徵波數處克服解的非唯一性的有效性和在保證計算精度的前提下實現剖分粗化以提高計算效率的可行性。The thermal wave nondestructive testing technology based on emissivity of the object, it can find surface and subsurface flaws in the composites of airplane through measuring difference in temperature between flaws and materials by active heating methods and inspection system
摘要紅外熱波無損檢測基於物體的熱輻射特性，利用主動加熱技術，通過相關的檢測系統記錄試件表面缺陷和基體材料由於不同熱特性引起的溫度差異，進而判定飛機復合材料表面及內部的損傷。The conformal microstrip antenna with some unique character has been applied in many fields, especialy on speedy objects. in this paper, an efficient fdtd algorithm is introduced to analyse the microstrip antenna. firstly, the fdtd formula in descartes coordinate system and in cylindrical coordinate system are obtained from the time _ dependent maxwell equations using the yee algorithm in a calculating region where the dielectric parameters are independent of time and space. the choice of the space discretization units and the time discretization interval are discussed which are decided by the accuracy and stability respectively. the shape and setup of the excitation source are discussed too. the excitation source is chosen to be gaussian pulse in shape. secondly, the mur ' s first - order and second - order boundary condition are deduced in cylindrical coordinate system. the methods of transforming radiation fields from near zone to far zone in the frequency domain and in the time domain are presented when fdtd is applied to analyse the characteristics of far zone. finally, three kinds of microstrip antennas are analysed. they are a slot antenna that lies on a plane ground of a microstrip, a slot antenna that lies on a cylindrical ground of a microstrip and a microstrip line _ fed aperture coupled stacked rectangular patch antenna in cylindrical coordinate system
本文從麥克斯韋旋度方程出發，建立了笛卡兒坐標下無源空間中均勻無耗媒質的fdtd基本方程和圓柱坐標下無源空間中均勻無耗媒質的fdtd基本方程，詳細討論了fdtd法計算中時間步長和空間步長的選取原則以及激勵源的類型和設置；推導了mur一階和二階邊界條件在圓柱坐標下的差分格式；給出了在用fdtd法計算天線的遠場輻射特性時必需採用的頻域和時域近場遠場變換技術；最後用fdtd法計算了平面微帶縫隙天線、柱面共形微帶縫隙天線和柱面共形微帶層疊天線的輸入阻抗和遠區輻射場，並分析了天線的一些參數的變化對天線輸入阻抗的影響，得出了一些有用的結論。This paper also analyses the affect of signal leaking using the concept of poynting, and puts forward a formula to describe the connection of antenna interval and test precision from theoretics
利用求解波印亭矢量的方法，推導了由於陣面輻射單元信號泄漏所帶來的試驗誤差公式，進而從理論上分析了輻射單元間距對試驗精度的影響。It is found that the fitting accuracy is higher and the mean relative error between fitted and standard value is less than 0. 3 %
該方法的擬合精度較高，擬合值與輻射模式標準值的平均相對誤差在0 . 3 %以下。Rainfall and vertical profile of hydrometers are retrieved for land and ocean using tmi 1b11 data. the comparison of retrievals of gprof v6. 1 and v6. 2 with ground - based radar and gauge data on land and pr data on ocean show that the gprof - v6 algorithm can retrieve rain intensity much well and indicate vertical distribution of hydrometers mainly. as far as retrieved precipitation area, it is better for convective precipitation type than stratified precipitation type
將陸地的反演結果與地基雷達資料和地面雨量計資料進行比較，海洋的反演結果結合trmmpr的降水產品進行比較，結果表明： gprof - v6演算法反演的降水產品可以較好地反映降水強度並反映降水的主要垂直結構；在落區方面，對流降水反映較好，層雲降水則較差；雲-輻射數據集的擴充與改進可提高反演精度。The experimental results indicate that when the air flow rate is determined, the key problem for energy saving is how to keep the indoor thermal comfort at a suitable level and reduce the difference between the internal and external temperature of the room. a formula is gained for calculating the critical values of air exchange rate. when ventilating rate is greater than the value, radiating heating is the better way for energy saving, or else, convection method in heating is more suitable
實測還指出，當通風量一定時，如何保證人體熱舒適度不變而減少室內外氣溫差將成為大通風量房間節約採暖能耗的關鍵，本文結合圍護結構傳熱機理，在對三種方式的能耗狀況進行理論分析的基礎上，提出了換氣次數的節能臨界值，若換氣次數高於此值，則輻射供暖是較好的選擇，否則，散熱器供暖是較好的方法。Pv modules connected in series should be installed at same orientation and angle. different orientation or angle may cuse loss o output power due to difference of amount of sunlight exposed to the module
串聯的光伏組件應安裝在同一方向和角度，不同方向和角度安裝由於陽光輻射的差異導致能量損失。分享友人