通商關系 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [tōngshāngguānxì]
通商關系
英文
commercial relatio hip-
The ultimate aim is to create a fully electronic environment which offers an alternative to the documents in use for international trade., . as long as our country is concerned, althrough we have set down some laws on e - commerce security, there are a lot of problems for us to solve
三是bolero系統意圖建立一個電子交易社區，通過身份認證，建立社區成員間的信任關系，保證成員間的電子商務能夠得到順利進行，具有較強的安全性和獨立性，我國具備條件的外貿和航運企業可以考慮加入。In reference to the practical changes in the deregulated markets of the advanced countries in the area of europe, america and asia and the countermeasures of the countries, combing with the problems encountered in the marketing and sales practice of the panzhihua brach of sinopec, the paper applies the swot analysis method, rationally analyzes the outside environment and inside conditions. according to the characterizes of gasoline resources, and the market situation after it transformed from the monopolistic style of planning economy to the monopolistic competition style, the paper also analyze the strengths and weakness of the industry brought by the forthcoming event of the permission of the wholesales market of gasoline. based on the above analysis, the paper posits the marketing strategic objectives and measures as follows : ensuring the management of suppliers, adding the retail and direct sales network, improving operating qualities, making the customer relationship management and realizing the multi - benefits of company and customers
本文在營銷理論的基礎上，通過親身經歷，調查了解，深入研究了成品油在國際、國內市場中過去、現在的市場狀況和發展歷程，參考國際上歐美及亞洲發達國家先期放開成品油管制後市場的實際變化和應對措施，以及結合中石化攀枝花公司營銷工作中存在的問題，理性分析營銷外部環境和內部條件，運用swot分析法，根據成品油能源特點，就成品油市場從計劃經濟的壟斷形式轉向目前國際國內市場競爭的壟斷性競爭的形式后，對成品油批發市場即將準入后的優劣、利弊進行了分析和研究，提出了「作好供應商管理，增加零售和直銷網路、提高經營質量，充分做好客戶關系管理，實現公司和客戶共同成長」的營銷戰略目標和戰略措施。This article consists of five parts as following : mortgage of uncompleted building was originated from the common law and the law of hong kong, so the paper probes into its meaning - the transformation of the specific property right ; when the debtor fails to perform his duty, the creditor can obtain the title determinately ; the debtor enjoys the right of redeeming the collateral security through fulfilling his debt, the creditor has the obligation of returning the property at the same time. secondly, the author summaries its essential feature on the practice of the real estate mortgage hi the mainland of china - the target of the mortgage is a kind of expective interest ; the mortgage is a kind of guarantee which is settled through making over the interests in expectancy ; the risk of the mortgaged uncompleted building should be borne by the realty company instead of the mortgagor ; the phase of the mortgage ; mortgage is realized in a particular way. thirdly, on the basis of analyzing the legal nexus that is involved, the paper points out that the legal ne xus of the mortgage is just between the mortgagor and the mortgagee
樓花按揭作為一種擔保方式起源於英美法上的mortgage ，所以本文第一部分首先探討了mortgage在英美法上的含義：特定財產權利的轉移；在債務人不履行債務時，債權人可以確定地取得所有權；債務人享有通過履行債務而贖回擔保物的權利，同時債權人負有交還財產的義務。其次，就我國的樓花按揭實踐總結了其基本特徵：樓花按揭涉及兩個合同三方當事人；樓花按揭的標的是一種期待性利益；樓花按揭是通過轉讓物業權益而設定的一種擔保方式；預售樓花滅失的風險應有開發商承擔；樓花按揭的階段性；樓花按揭實現方式的特殊性。最後，分析了樓花按揭所牽涉的各個法律關系，認為真正的樓花按揭法律關系只是購房人與銀行之間的按揭貸款關系，按揭當事人只有購房人（按揭人）與銀行。In addition, after comparing traditional civil trust, commercial articles of incorporation and shareholders ’ agreements with corporate chengbao contracts, the author finds the position for corporate chengbao contracts to settle down within the traditional private law system ? articles of incorporation and shareholders ’ agreements. thus both the legal status and legal analysis value of corporate chengbao contracts are affirmed
並通過與傳統民事的委託關系、商事的公司章程、股東協議等法律概念的比較分析，為公司承包合同找到了它與傳統私法的契合點? ?公司章程、股東協議，進而肯認了公司承包合同的法律地位和分析價值。Formation institutions of the diocese should design special training courses or activities for officers of parish pastoral council. through lively activities, games, role plays etc., with special focus on team building, inter - personal communication, such courses should enable participants to build up relationships of cooperation, enhance problem solving ability, foster team spirit, and increment techniques of empowerment and negotiation etc. they will be helpful for the planning of the future pastoral direction and concrete manageable projects of the entire parish, as well as guiding the council members to live according to their christian mission and communitarian spirit. parish priests should participate in such courses
教區有關機構應特別為堂區牧民議會堂區議會幹事設計信仰培育的課程或活動，透過多元化的活動游戲個案扮演等，特別針對團隊建設，人際溝通，幫助參加者建立彼此的合作關系，共同解決問題建立團隊精神，學習充權empowerment和協商negotiation的技巧等，制定整個堂區未來的牧民方向和具體可行的計劃，並指導議會幹事如何在堂區會議及工作中，活出基督徒的使命感和團體感，主任司鐸應一起參與這些課程，這樣實在有助於彼此的合作和共融，特別是有助於教友和神職人員之間的合作共融愛和寬恕。And besides that, it also can indirectly influence the cognitive loyalty and affective loyalty through the media variables of customer satisfaction and customer trust. however, it is found that the customer satisfaction and customer trust have no direct effect on conative loyalty and action loyalty. at the same time, the causality among the multi - dimensional loyalty is supported by the findings of the empirical study, which further interprets the complicate causality chain of the variables
研究結論表明，各測量量表具有良好的信度和效度;商店印象不僅直接影響認知忠誠、情感忠誠、意向忠誠和行為忠誠，而且還通過顧客滿意和顧客信任間接影響認知忠誠和情感忠誠，但顧客滿意和顧客信任對意向忠誠和行為忠誠卻沒有直接影響;顧客忠誠四個維度間的因果關系也得到實證支持，進而初步理清變量之間復雜的因果關系鏈。The model is on the basis of the theory of consumers ’ behavior, customer loyalty theory, trust theory and store image theory, and treats the customer satisfaction and customer trust as the media variables. this paper tries to cause a heuristic argument exploring the relation between the store image and customer loyalty within the framework in four dimensions of cognitive loyalty, affective loyalty, conative loyalty and action loyalty. then it develops the local scale which is suitable for use under the background of chinese culture
模型主要以消費者行為理論、顧客忠誠理論、信任理論和商店印象理論為基礎，以顧客滿意和顧客信任為中介變量，從認知忠誠、情感忠誠、意向忠誠和行為忠誠四個維度來探討商店印象與顧客忠誠間的關系，並通過文獻回顧，發展出適合我國文化背景的商店印象量表。Firstly, some basic concepts are not clear, such as what is the status of the company under liquidation, how to define the action of the industrial - commercial authority ' s invalidation of the license of the company, whether or not the share holders can sue to disincorporate the company, is it legal to dissolve a company without liquidation, what is special liquidation, under what situation will a company be obliged to disincorporate, who will be responsible for liquidation after the dis incorporation, etc. secondly, some primary legislative principles about disincorporation and liquidation that are adopted in foreign countries are not established in china, such as a company must be liquidated before disincorporation except for acquisition, the company remains valid during the liquidation until it finishes the invalidation registration, an ordinary liquidation must be replaced by a special liquidation under the instruction of the court when there is an impediment or a fraud, the company should apply to the court for bankruptcy when it is found that its debt is over its asset during the liquidation, the number of people execute liquidation can be several or just one, companies applied for annulment shall be judged by the court and must be liquidated, etc. thirdly, china does n ' t have some of the fundamental rules that are specified in the laws of foreign countries, such as the rule of disincorporation registration, the rule that the company should sue to let the court judge for disincorporation if there is a deadlock between share holders, the rule of credit trade - off in special liquidation, the rule that people who execute the liquidation are jointly responsible for compensating the loss of the third party caused by their activities that are illegal or vicious, the rule of special liquidation, the rule of the representation of the people who execute the liquidation, the rule of the court supervising the liquidation in an inactive way, the rule of how long the accounts and documents should be kept after disincorporation, etc. because of the lack in research and legislation, the system for companies leaving the market is highly disorganized, which harmed the interest of the creditors and relevant people, increased the risk of market exchange, damaged the order of the market economy and the ethic of doing business, wasted the resources of the society, and impaired the authority and seriousness of the law
再次，國外立法上的一些基本制度我國沒有，如解散登記制度，股東出現僵局訴請法院判決解散制度，特別清算中的債權協定製度，清算人因違法或惡意對第三人承擔連帶賠償責任制度，司法特別清算制度，清算人的代表性制度，法院消極監督清算制度，帳薄及文件在公司解散后保存法定期限制度等。由於理論研究和立法的不足，造成了我國公司法人退出市場機制的嚴重混亂，損害了債權人和利害關系人的利益，增加了市場主體交易不安全感，破壞了市場經濟秩序和商業道德，浪費了社會資源，削弱了法律的權威性和嚴肅性。文章認為，完善我國公司解散和清算制度，應借鑒和引進發達國家的法學理論和法律制度，統一我國有關解散和清算立法，在基本概念、基本原則、基本制度、基本程序諸方面進行統一規范，填補立法空白，創設法院解散公司制度，廢除行政特別清算制度代之以司法特別清算制度，健全和嚴格違反清算規定的法律責任制度（包括民事責任，刑事責任，行政責任，改變現行行政處罰范圍偏廣，民事賠償范圍偏窄，刑事追究空白太多的不協調狀況） ，從而構築起科學的公司解散和清算制度，使之符合我國經濟生活的客觀需求，符合市場經濟發展的基本方向，並與國外立法通例趨同。A longtime relationship between business and government fosters collusion.
工商界和政府之間長期以來形成的一種關系助長兩者之間的串通。At the same time a personal union, so to speak, is established between the banks and the biggest industrial and commercial enterprises, the merging of one with another through the acquisition of shares, through the appointment of bank directors to the supervisory boards ( or boards of directors ) of industrial and commercial enterprises, and vice versa
與此同時，在銀行和大型工商企業之間，一種可喻之為「私人」的關系已建立起來了，即通過相互持有股份；通過向對方監事會（或董事會）委派董事而形成相互之間的合併。The article discusses the law system and actual practice of outward bill financing on l / c. by means of combining theory and practice, the author makes clear the legal relationship about outward bill on l / c, putting up some designs of systems creatively, with intention of providing some suggestions for our commercial bank business in taking risk precautions, and promoting our country ’ s legislation in the related field
本文主要就信用證項下出口押匯融資的法律制度與實務作了較為深入地探討，通過理論與實踐的結合，理順了信用證出口押匯的法律關系，創造性地提出了一些制度設計，希望通過對本課題的研究，能對我國商業銀行的這一普遍業務，在風險防範方面提供有效的借鑒意義，並以期促進我國在相關領域的立法。Firstly, by an in - depth study on chinese commercial banking and their foreign counterparts, this paper points out the great differences of intermediate business innovation between chinese and western commercial banks regarding innovation products variety, scale, technology, etc. secondly, comparing the institution regarding intermediate business innovation and microeconomic - body behavior of chinese commercial banking with foreign ones within an analysis framework from the perspective of institutional economics and game theories, this paper shows that a number of reasons account for the emerging of intermediate business innovation, including external economic environments as well as internal factors within the financial system and technology, among which the institutional factors within the financial system being the most important. at the same time, by comparison with western developed countries " counterparts, the innovation of chinese banking institution lags far behind the development of banking business in main aspects of property rights, managerial system, compensation arrangement and organization system. thus, the backward innovation of banking institutions and twisting microeconomic - body behavior seriously strict intermediate business innovation
本文首先通過對中外商業銀行進行較為深入的調查研究指出，與西方發達國家商業銀行相比，我國商業銀行中間業務創新無論是在業務創新品種、規模上還是在技術手段上，都存在著巨大差距；其次，運用制度學分析和博弈分析框架將中外商業銀行中間業務創新制度及微觀主體行為進行比較得出：商業銀行中間業務創新產生的原因有多種，如外部經濟環境因素、金融體系內部因素和技術因素等，其中最根本的是金融體系內部的制度性因素；與西方發達國家商業銀行制度相比，我國銀行制度創新遠遠落後于銀行業務的發展，主要表現在產權制度、經營制度、分配製度和組織制度等方面；銀行制度創新的滯后及其微觀主體行為的扭曲嚴重製約著中間業務創新，尤其是我國銀行產權關系不明晰，在國有獨資產權框架下政府? ?行長及上級行長? ?下級行長兩種委託代理行為帶來了嚴重的問題，導致了我國銀行中間業務創新動力不足。All of these signals resulted from wholesaler ' s reputation built in consumer market may enhance retailers ' distributive cost advantages, and in turn their cooperative intentions
而這些因批發商聲譽所生成的質量訊號、聯盟式合作關系訊號，以及通路權利訊號，皆可能降低合作零售商的通路成本，進而增進其長期合作意願。The main results are as follows : 1. according to the relation between supply and demand, this paper analyzes the relation of the housing price and many quantitative factors by means of econometrics. then an one - equation econometrical model of the housing price is founded and completely verified
主要內容為: 1 .依據供求關系，本文通過用計量經濟學分析諸多可以直接量化的因素對商品房價格的影響，建立了一個商品房價格的單方程計量經濟模型並對其有效性做了全面的檢驗。Is responsible for conducting hong kong s international trade relations, implementing trade policies and agreements, as well as providing general support services for industries and small and medium enterprises
專責本港的國際通商關系、推行貿易政策和協議，以及為工業界和中小型企業提供一般支援服務。But even if one or several countries adopt an anti - soviet attitude, the soviet union will not break off trade relations with them so long as they, like germany before august 23, are willing to maintain diplomatic relations and conclude trade treaties with it, and do not declare war on it
但是即使某一國家或某些國家採取了反蘇態度，只要它們還願維持外交關系，訂立通商條約，而不向蘇聯宣戰，例如八月二十三日以前的德國那樣，蘇聯也不會同它們斷絕通商關系的。The parties intend that an independent contractor - employer relationship will be created by this contract
協議雙方通過本協議，意在建立一種獨立的僱主承包商關系。Stable business relationship can improve the management level of each other and cooperate more perfectly. as a character, the assay is added in pre - alarm and risk minimizing. the managers can acquaint with the situation of the company and suppliers to assure the company is running orderly
企業應形成對承運商管理的意識，通過承運商選擇和考核指標體系等工具的運用，提高管理效率和管理水平，加強與承運商關系的管理，實現外包工作的有效運行。The causes to build partner type relation consist in the cooperative competition awareness of the enterprises in the channel, the increase of the consumer channel power, and the specialization of channel functions. the contents and conclusions of this chapter point out the direction and objective for the sake of using the bsc in the practice of dealers ’ performance management
本文的特色在於把平衡記分卡運用到經銷商績效管理的整個過程，通過對渠道行為、廠商關系以及平衡記分卡理論的研究分析，論證了將平衡記分卡運用於經銷商績效管理的可行性和原則，並設計了經銷商績效管理平衡記分卡構建流程和績效回報體系。First, the actuality of existing supplier management for leton company is studied and some problems are analyzed. also, the necessity for applying jumped - up srm ( supplier relationship management ) is demonstrated
其一，研究了樂通公司現行供應商管理的現狀，分析了其存在的問題與不足之處，論證了實施新興的srm （供應商關系管理）的必要性。分享友人