違約一方 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [wéiyāoyīfāng]
違約一方 英文
defaulting party
  • 違 : 動詞1. （不遵照; 不依從） disobey; defy; violate 2. （離別） part; leave; be separated
  • 約 : 約動詞[口語] （用秤稱） weigh
  • 方 : Ⅰ名詞1 （方形; 方體） square 2 [數學] （乘方） involution; power 3 （方向） direction 4 （方面） ...
  • 違約 : 1 （違反條約、契約） break a contract; violate a treaty 2 （失約） break one s promise; break off...
  1. Based on the frequent occurrence of international aerial crimes, the rampancy and cruelty of criminals and the reality of brutal consequence, the essay analyses the features of the crime of aircraft hijacking, the crime of imperiling international civil aerial security and the crime of obstructing international aerial navigation with the component terms from three important international conventions on punishing aerial crimes in order to help people to appreciate the appearance and the essence of typical international aerial crimes deeply, to regard the motion of the crimes and to overwhelm the offence forcefully. based on the core of the legislative status of international civil aerial security, the jurisdiction of the aerial crimes, one emphasis of the article is to clarify concrete clauses on jurisdiction in the three conventions and analyses the important principle of " aut reddere, aut punire ". based on the problems on the jurisdiction of crimes in international society, it quests the implementation of t he principles of jurisdiction, pleading and extradition in the three conventions deeply

    基於目前國際社會航空犯罪時有發生，犯罪分子猖獗狠毒，危害後果十分殘重的現實，本文從國際社會關于懲治航空犯罪的三個重要國際公約（東京、海牙、蒙特利爾公約）中規定的各種航空犯罪的定義入手，深入展開了對劫持航空器罪、危害航空器飛行安全罪、危害國際民用航空機場安全罪的犯罪特徵及其構成條件的分析，以期幫助人們更深刻認識這些典型的國際航空犯罪的表現及其實質，嚴密注視這些犯罪的動向，對其進行及時有力的打擊；鑒于國際民用航空安全法律地位問題的核心是解決航空犯罪的管轄權問題，本文重點闡釋了三個公約關于管轄的具體規定，並側重分析了「或引渡或起訴」的重要原則；鑒于目前國際社會打擊國際航空犯罪管轄方面存在諸多實際問題，本文對公約規定的管轄、起訴、引渡原則的實現方式作了深入探討；鑒于各國在國內立法上對于空中犯罪的懲治、對違約國的制裁、對這類犯罪的預防措施等方面存在一些漏洞，本文根據目前掌握的一些資料，在獨立思考的基礎上，提出了一些不成熟的看法及建議，以期對國際社會懲治航空犯罪貢獻自己微薄之力。
  2. For the treaty about the responsibility ' s quality, have four kind doctrine, is a deflect to say respectively, and the act of law say, and the direct provision of law say that say with honest repute, and the writer more incline toward the honest repute to say, quanta this is the treaty about negligence responsibility this a special stage solicit of, the parties steer the activity relating to civil law the hour to must have the heart of bona fides the status, other doctrine all some lead long strong, treaty about of occasion, traditional standpoint it is an acknowledge concordat that negligence responsibility establish does not establish, void or reversed occasion

    對于締約責任的性質，有四種學說，分別是侵權行為說，法律行為說，法律直接規定說和誠實信用說，筆者更傾向于誠實信用說，因為這是締約過失責任這一特殊階段要求的，當事人進行民事活動時必須具備誠實善良的內心狀態，其他學說都有些牽強。對于締約過失責任成立的場合，傳統的觀點是只承認合同不成立、無效或被撤銷的場合。筆者認為也應包括合同成立的場合，因為他同時也侵犯了非違約方的固有利益，雖然這部分利益不佔重點，但我們不能否認她們的存在，比如標的物有瑕疵，締約人違反保證等。
  3. There are three stepwise stages of the procedure of the dispute solution, which includes the decision of engineers, the dab and the arbitration. chinese contractors shall take actions to protect their benefits. these actions includes the careful analysis on the claims and the strict managements of contracts, the well understanding of the contracts, especially the terms that exculpatory clause of the employers, then following of the procedure and catching the very chance to bring about claims

    文章指出索賠是國際工程合同中的一種具有補償性的、非常講究時效和書面證據的歸責方式，承包商可分別基於工程變更、僱主違約、風險因素或合同瑕疵等原因對發包商提出索賠請求，工程師決定、 dab爭端裁決和仲裁是解決索賠爭端的三種遞進的基本程序，中國承包商應從採取充分論證索賠權，準確識別索賠機會，熟悉合同文件、嚴格管理合同，充分認知僱主的免責條款、切實遵守索賠程序等多個方面維護自身的利益。
  4. Sue to the court directly : agreement should be in duplicate, that ought to do not have your copartner autograph in your hand, but the another autograph on that agreement of company of illative and oriental meal is hind add ; you can be sued to the court, tell its break a contact, ask its are returned join in administration fee, bear responsibility of breach of contract and your loss

    直接向法院起訴：協議書應是一式兩份，你手中的那份應當沒有你合伙人的簽名，可推定東方餐飲公司的那份協議書上的另一簽名是后添加的；你可起訴至法院，訴其違約，要求其退還加盟治理費，並承擔違約責任和你的損失。
  5. I open a restaurant at signing contract of commodity chummage room to use as with landlord on november 18, 2006 ( at that time is the restaurant that makes over others ), this inn is in sha wan one in postern, my set up shop is less than a month, one in close, the business all the time very poor, but my chummage is handed in to all the time on june 20, 2007, on june 12 i move one part thing come home, because do not have a place to live at that time, live in inn all the time, after landlord sees, get on door lock instantly, cause me to cannot enter store, owe the charge of electricity that has a many month at that time, the water of 4 months is expended, landlord looks for me now must the evidence that i sign a beak a contract, otherwise continues to lease room set up shop, otherwise he i am sued in order to default water and electricity for cost, because water and electricity expends him to already was cleared on june 15, he defaults landlord of water charge of electricity to authority locks up the door in the regulation in the contract, the contract is written closely password code, urgent at that time set up shop, did not look careful, look now evil spirit eye, the penalty due to breach of contract in contract provision and amerce number are incomputable, i want to remove now contract, do not know what to idea there is

    我於2006年11月18日與房東簽訂了商品房租房合同用作開飯館（當時是轉讓別人的飯館） ，此店在沙灣一中后門，我開店不到一個月，一中封閉，生意一直很差，但我的房租一直交至2007年6月20日，在6月12日我將一部分東西搬回家，因為當時沒地方住，一直住在店裡，房東看到后立即將門鎖上，致使我無法進店，當時欠有一個多月的電費，四個月的水費，現在房東找我非要我簽一個違約的證據，要不繼續租房開店，要不他以拖欠水電費為由起訴我，因為水電費他已於6月15日交清，他在合同中規定拖欠水電費房東有權鎖門，合同寫得密密碼碼，當時急著開店，沒看仔細，現在一看煞了眼，合同條款中的違約金和罰款數都數不清，我現在想解除合同，不知有什麼辦法？
  6. In the leading case of hochster v. de la tour, british court created the rule of repudiation in 1853, which allowed the victim to cancel contract and claim damages when the other party breached contract expressly. again in 1894 ' s mrs. single v. mr. single, british court established diminished expectation, allowing the victim to suspend his performance and to demand adequate assurance of the other party ' s performance if the other party breached main contract obligations, or to cancel contract and to claim damages when the other party failed to provide assurance of his performance

    本章第二節對明示預期違約進行了分析，從以下三方面展開：一、明示預期違約規則的確立與發展英美法最早於1853年英國法院在審理霍切斯特訴戴?納?陶爾案中確立了明示預期違約規則，允許預期違約的受害方當事人在對方違反合同主要義務時解除合同，並向違約方請求損害賠償。
  7. We analyze agent cooperation methods now commonly in use, and, on the basis of ecology and experiences, we propose a competitive price auction contract network protocol. while using the same network traffic volume as the simple auction, our strategy of second overbid competitive price auction can achieve the same effect as the traditional auction. further, we improve traditional contract network protocol, introduce constraints into message transmit, and use fell back punishment and credit when an agent cannot complete the intended task, consequently the traffic volume and the complexity of systems are considerably reduced

    本文分析了現在通常採用的agent協同方法，提出基於生態學和經驗的競價拍賣合同網協議，採用的選擇次高價競價拍賣策略能在與簡單拍賣相同的通信量上達到類似於傳統競價拍賣的效果，對傳統的合同網協議進行改進，在消息傳播中加入約束機制和對agent不能完成任務時不採取轉變角色重新招標而採用違約懲罰和信用機制，減少了系統的通信量和系統的復雜度，最後在此基礎上實現一個基於fipa標準的多agent電子商務原型系統。
  8. The party in breach shall have thiry ( 30 ) days from receipt of a notice form the other party specifying the breach to correct such breach if it is remediable

    違約方應在收到另一方指明其違約行為的通知后三十（ 30 ）日內，糾正其違約行為（若該違約行為是可以糾正的） 。
  9. Follow as joining the wto and developing of finance market, china ’ s financial institution will need to upgrade the ability of quantitatively measuring and managing the credit risk urgently. the author hopes that this paper ’ s research on the structural models of credit risk can give some consultation to chinese financial institution to defend and manage the credit risk. so this paper deeply reviews the method of modeling the structural model of credit risk, than does an empirical study in china based on the leland - toft models, it is a

    因此，本文對信用風險結構模型的建模方法進行了深入的考察，並將leland - toft模型應用於我國的實證研究，進行了有益的探索，本文的研究成果和創新工作主要表現在以下三個方面:第一，本文比較全面系統的闡述了merton模型， longstaff - schwartz模型和leland - toft模型三個最具代表性的信用風險結構模型的構建思路，對這三個模型的區別和特點進行了深入的考察，並給出各模型計算預期違約率的數學公式和方法。
  10. Basis " orders of sell of access of land of shenzhen special economic zone " the seventeenth regulation, contract of sell one ' s own things should have the following and main provision : ( one ) the full name of bilateral party or name, address ; ( 2 ) a ground date of access of land of sell one ' s own things, area ; ( 3 ) land is used year period reach case stop time ; ( 4 ) the amount of gold of land access sell one ' s own things, money is planted, pay kind and time ; ( 5 ) the time of consign land ; ( 6 ) point of program, municipal design ; ( 7 ) project complete is referred check and accept time ; ( 8 ) municipal facilities form a complete set builds obligation ; ( 9 ) land of use photograph adjacent and viatic limitation ; ( 10 ) the project that builds accessary, add establishment and obligation ; ( 11 ) responsibility of breach of contract ; ( 12 ) party thinks necessary other item

    根據《深圳經濟特區土地使用權出讓條例》第十七條的規定，出讓合同應具備以下主要條款： （一）雙方當事人的姓名或者名稱、地址； （二）出讓土地使用權的宗地號、面積； （三）土地使用年期及起止時間； （四）土地使用權出讓金的數額、幣種、交付方式及時間； （五）交付土地的時間； （六）規劃、市政設計要點； （七）項目竣工提交驗收時間； （八）市政設施配套建設義務； （九）使用相鄰土地和道路的限制； （十）建設附屬、附加設施的項目及義務； （十一）違約責任； （十二）當事人認為必要的其他條款。
  11. The rule of foreseeability is applied to determine the scope of damages for breach, but not applied in nonperformance, such as void contract, voidable contract and negotiation in bad faith during making contract due to one party ' s fault

    可預見性原則適用於違約損害賠償，並不適用於非合同履行的場合，例如因一方過錯導致合同無效、合同被撤銷，以及合同訂立過程中的惡意磋商等發生損失的情形。
  12. In the event of adjudication of bankruptcy, things are different. as to other than long - term and continual contracts, law does n ' t give the right of discharging the contract to the observant party, but to the receiver of the defaulting party - trustee

    在發生破產宣告場合，情形則有所不同。對於一般非長期性、繼續性合同而言，法律並未將合同解除權賦予守約方，恰恰相反，而是賦予了違約方的接管人? ?破產管理人。
  13. The rule of mitigation doctrine is applied when the following are satisfied. ( 1 ) the damage is resulted from the breach of contract by the party in breach, ( 2 ) the aggrieved party does not take reasonable steps to mitigate the damage, and ( 3 ) thus makes the damage aggravated

    減損規則的適用條件有三，一是損害的發生由違約方所致，二是受害方未採取合理措施防止損害擴大，三是損害因受害方未採取合理措施而擴大。
  14. During the term of operation of the company, neither party a nor party b shall be entitled to announce unilaterally the cancellation or termination of this contract

    不管合資的哪一方未能履行其合同項下的義務，違約一方應向另一方賠償由此產生的全部經濟損失. 。
  15. Should either of the parties fail to fulfill its obligations under this contract, the defaulting party shall compensate the other party for all its economic losses resulting therefrom

    不管合資的哪一方未能履行其合同項下的義務，違約一方應向另一方賠償由此產生的全部經濟損失. 。
  16. If either party hereto continues defaulting of any obligation imposed on it herein after written notice by the other party has been dispatched requesting the party under default to remedy such default, the other party may terminate by registered mail to the party under default and this agreement shall be terminated on the date of dispatch of such notice

    如果任何一方在另一方發出書面通知要求違約一方修正違約錯誤之後，仍繼續違背本協議中所加於它的任何責任，則另一方可以通過向違約方發出掛號郵件來終止協議，並且本協議將在發出上述通知之日終止。
  17. But in the theory field, the systematical and deeply research is not given, so the application of the rule of foreseeability appears the hazy and confused in the judicial practice. according to many questions about the rule in theory, the thesis expounds the theoretical development and legal values of this rule at first. then the thesis discusses about the theoretical composition of the rule, and holds the delinquent party should foresee that the range of compensation of damages is the damages caused by his breaking contract when he negotiates a contract. finally separately discusses on the relationship between the rule of foreseeability and the principle of complete compensation, between the rule and the doctrine of liability fixation for breach of contract, between the rule and the theory of causal relationship

    然而，理論界對可預見性規則尚缺乏系統、深入的研究，導致在司法實踐中對該制度運用時的迷茫和混亂。針對可預見性規則的諸多理論問題，本文首先對可預見性的理論發展、法理價值進行了闡述;其後就可預見性規則的理論構成進行了探討，認為違約一方在合同締結之時預見或應當預見到的因違約造成的損害為其損害賠償的范圍;最後對可預見性規則與完全賠償原則、違約歸責原則和因果關系理論的關系作了探討，認為可預見性規則存在的積極意義在於合理限制違約損害賠償范圍。
  18. And when the reason for legal rescission is either act of god or default, the party who has the right to discharge a contract is the observant party

    約定解除自不待言，在法定解除情形，合同解除原因或為不可抗力或為其中任何一方違約，如此，享有解除權者實為守約一方。
  19. The author points out that its constitutive requirements include the act of one party who breaches the pre - contract obligations, subjective fault of the party who breaches the pre - contract obligations, damages suffered by the aggrieved party, and the causation relation between the act in violation of the pre - contract obligations and the harmful consequence. the article further expounds the scope of application of the contracting fault liability, which includes the non - formation of the contract, invalidity of the contract, cancellation of the contract, the contract being formed but not coming into effect, the scope of compensation for the contracting fault liability should be confined to trust interest losses

    同時分析了締約過失責任的法理基礎? ?誠實信用原則，並指出其構成要件應為：締約一方有違反先合同義務的行為，違反先合同義務方主觀上有過錯，對方受到損害，違反先合同義務行為與損害結果有因果關系；接著進一步詳細論述了締約過失責任適用的范圍：合同不成立、合同無效、合同被撤銷、合同已成立但未生效；然後明確了締約過失賠償范圍是信賴利益損失。
  20. Only of one party of the treaty goes against the pre - contract duties and cause damages to the other party, the former should under take contract have come into effect or not. e

    只要締約過程中締約一方有違背先合同義務的行為並給對方造成損失時，就應承擔締約過失責任，而不論合同是否成立、生效； e
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