鏡尺法 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [jìngchǐfǎ]
鏡尺法
英文
mirror and scale method-
The gravity analysis is carried out especially for the synthetic fused silica and calcium fluoride used in 193nm lithographic objective as well as the optical elements with structural sizes of ( 200mm ~ ( 300mm. large numbers of analysis data for surface shape error are obtained by using algor finite element analysis software. then these data are plotted into curves and comparison analysis will be carried out, finally the measures and schemes for reducing gravity deformation are proposed
因此，本論文重點對大口徑光學系統在高精度光學鏡頭裝校中，因重力變形進行了詳細的分析研究，特別針對193nm光刻物鏡系統所使用的材料sytheticfusedsilica和caleiumfluoride以及用到的結構尺寸200mm ~ 300mm光學零件進行了重力變形分析，使用algor有限元分析軟體獲得了大量的面形誤差分析數據，然後將這些數據繪成曲線進行對比分析，最後提出了減小重力變形的措施與方案，並進行了實驗，驗證了分析結果是正確的，減小重力變形的方法是有效的。By all means, keep using the scale, the tape measure and even photographs and the mirror - the more feedback the better - but body fat is where it * s at
盡一切辦法，繼續使用體秤，捲尺，甚至相片及鏡子，越多反饋越好，但身體脂肪呆在它該在的地方。Through the studies on the anatomical configuration of eight different interstocks apple ( red fuji ) branches using microscope and vernier caliper, we can show that the pith proportion was positive correlative with the growth potential of apple tree if they have close kin
摘要採用番紅固綠染色法並結合使用顯微鏡和游標卡尺，分別對8種不同中間砧的紅富士蘋果枝條解剖結構進行了研究，結果表明：親緣關系較近的品系，髓部面積與樹體的生長勢呈正相關。According to the guidline, two nd : yag lasers have been designed and set up, one is end - pumped by lower output power ld using a selfoc micro lens, and the other is end - pumped by high output power ld using a pair of lenses are designed, and the characteristics such as output power and power stabilization of both solid - state lasers are investigated. thirdly, when an empty liquid crystal cell is inserted in the cavity of the nd : yag laser pumped by high power ld, the laser can operates in single axial mode. finally, according to the relationship between the laser output power and the longnitudinal a ld - end - pumped nd : yag laser sensor for displacement measurement has been investigated theoretically and demonstrated experimently, the results indicate that when the mean radius of pumping inside the laser cavity is far less than that of the oscilating laser mode, the exponential of the output power is a gauss function of the longitudinal positon of focused spot of ld pumping beam, both the measurement range and the sensitivity are dependent on the incident pumping power, as the incident pumping power is increased, the measurement range is enlarged and the sensitivity is improve d
本文首先介紹了ld泵浦nd ： yag激光器的發展狀況、主要特性及其應用，從四能級速率方程出發，推導了ld泵浦nd ： yag激光器的閾值、輸出功率和斜效率的表達式，並簡述了激光器的工作原理、結構型式和倍頻方法；其次，以空間相關的速率方程為基礎，提出了ld端面泵浦nd ： yag激光器的設計方法，給出了一定泵浦耦合方式下，振蕩光模尺寸、最佳輸出耦合率、泵浦光模尺寸、泵浦光焦斑位置等參數的選取依據，以此為依據，設計了自聚焦透鏡耦合小功率ld泵浦nd ： yag激光器和透鏡組耦合高功率ld泵浦nd ： yag激光器，對激光器的輸出功率和功率穩定性等特性進行了實驗研究；再次，在帶尾纖輸出的高功率ld泵浦nd ： yag激光腔內插入一隻空液晶盒，觀察到了激光器以單縱模運轉；最後，根據泵浦光焦斑端面位置對激光輸出功率的影響規律，提出了ld端面泵浦nd ： yag激光位移傳感新方法，並進行了理論和實驗研究，研究結果表明：當激光晶體內泵浦光平均光斑半徑遠小於振西安理工大學碩士學位論文蕩光束腰半徑時，激光輸出功率的自然指數與泵浦光焦斑的縱向位置成高斯變化規律，測量范圍和靈敏度依賴于泵浦功率，隨著泵浦功率的增加，測量范圍擴大，靈敏度提高，當端面泵浦功率為7 . 24w （最大輸出功率為1 . 926w ）時，激光位移傳感器的測量范圍和靈敏度分別是13 . 045mm和0 . 148mw / pm 。Standard test method for size - differentiated counting of particles and fibers released from clean room wipers using optical and scanning electron microscopy
利用光電子顯微鏡和掃描電子顯微鏡對清潔室擦刷工具釋放粒子和纖維的尺寸差異計數的標準試驗方法The selections of electron microscope magnifying multiple and measuring size in fatigue fracture fractal measure are studied in this paper, and the improved treatment of secondary electron lines scanning fractal dimension, is applied successfully to the measuring of ti alloy welded joint fracture fractal dimension and the valuable selective range of fractal dimension measuring parameter is got, which is very important to further research
本文應用數據處理技術研究了疲勞斷口分維數測量中電鏡放大倍數及測量碼尺的選擇問題，改進了二次電子線掃描分維數處理方法，並成功地應用於鈦合金焊接接頭斷口分維數的測量，得到了有價值的分維數測量參數的選擇范圍，對進一步的研究具有重要意義。By contrasting the dimension and appearance of fe of different precursors, verified it is true that the dimension and appearance of precursor affect these facets of fe. modern measures, for instance xrd, tem, sem, laser and infrared technique etc. are used to research the technique indexes of sfp of fe, such as crystalline, dimensions and its distribution, shape and appearance, assemble status and its oxygen content
對所制備的超微fe粉，採用x射線衍射法（ xrd ） 、透射電鏡法（ tem ） 、掃描電鏡法（ sem ） 、激光衍射粒度分佈測定法以及紅外測氧法等現代分析測試手段，詳細考察了超微fe粉的晶態、尺寸、粒度分佈、形貌與團聚狀態、氧含量等多項技術指標。This text completely and systematically studies the status and the development of the pyrolysis and the fluidization of biomass, which distill the bio - oil in the domestic and international area, as well as the existing problems. this thesis primarily include following aspects : ( l ), by experimenting and measuring the energy ( heat value ) and the content of c, h, n chemical element of right 20 kinds of common biomass, on the base of the experimental result, and respectively established the biomass energy predict experiment formula with the element of h and c is from change, and passed the ro. os examination, which provides the basis and convenience for flash pyrolysis fluidization device energy to convert the rate to compute with biomass energy utilization calculation ; ( 2 ), proceeded the tg and dtg experimentation equal velocity ( 10 ? / min, 20 ? / min, 40 ? / min, 60 ? / min ) heating and constant temperature heating by studying on eight kinds of biomass samples, according to the experimental data and arrhenius formula, we established the dynamics model of pyrolysis of, then, using the goast - redfern and p function, we also solved the dynamics parameters and analyze out every kind of biomass ' s frequency factor and parameters of activation energy, and established the every kind of dynamics model of pyrolysis of biomass, all of these provide the theories and basis to make sure the reactor ' s flash pyrolysis work temperature scope design and the describing of pyrolysis reactor dynamics ; ( 3 ), in order to study and ascertain the process of heat completely getting to pyrolysis time of varied size biomass particles, we observed and measured the ratio of length and diameter ( l / d ) with the varied biomass through electron microscope, we concluded the l / d ratios usually is from 5. 0 to 6. 0, the average is 5. 3 ; ( 4 ), we studied the process of biomass transiting and the theory of complete pyrolysis time with the theory of complicated heat field, we got the time ( t ) of the varied size biomass particles arriving to complete pyrolysis, and we knew that the complete pyrolysis time and the time which get to the biggest production ratio are identical, all of these studies provide the theory base for design and forecasting the flash pyrolysis reactor solid state resort time ; ( 5 ), according to the above experiment result, synthesize to make use of the engineering the mechanics, engineering the material, machine the design to learn the principle, deduce, establish the theory of rotation cone flash pyrolysis reactor material resort time ( t ) and reasonable rotation velocity ( or frequency ) relation theory ; and ( 6 ), we gave the reactor ' s smallest cone angle certain, reactor cone wall strength design theory, the reactor production ability theory, the power design method and the critical rotation velocity theory
本文較全面、系統地綜述了國內外生物質熱解液化制取生物燃油技術研究發展現狀及存在的問題，主要研究內容有： （ 1 ）實驗、測定了20種常見生物質的能量（發熱量）和c 、 h 、 n元素含量，根據實驗結果分別建立了以h和c為自變量的生物質能量預測經驗公式，並通過r _ （ 0 . 05 ）檢驗；為閃速熱解液化裝置能量轉化率計算和生物質能量利用率計算提供了依據和方便； （ 2 ）選擇了8種生物質試樣作了等加熱速率（ 10 min 、 20 min 、 40 min 、 60 min ）和恆溫加熱的tg和dtg實驗，根據實驗數據和阿倫尼烏斯公式建立了生物質熱解反應動力學微分方程，並採用goast - redfem積分法和p函數對其動力學參數進行了求解，解析出各種生物質的頻率因子和活化能參數，進而建立了各種生物質的熱解動力學模型，為科學確定反應器的閃速熱解工作溫度范圍及熱解反應動力學描述，提供了理論和依據； （ 3 ）為研究和確定不同尺度的生物質顆粒中心達到全熱解的時間，在體視顯微鏡下對不同粒度的生物質顆粒的長徑比進行了實驗觀察和測定，得出生物質的長徑比（ l d ）一般在5 . 0 6 . 0之間，平均為5 . 3的結果； （ 4 ）採用復雜溫度場傳熱學理論對生物質傳熱過程及充分熱解時間理論進行了研究，解析推導出了不同尺寸生物質顆粒中心溫度達到充分熱解溫度的時間（ t ） ，得出了理論推導的充分熱解時間與最大產油率的熱解時間相一致的結果，為閃速熱解反應器固相滯留時間設計和預測提供了理論依據； （ 5 ）根據上述實驗結果，綜合運用工程力學、工程材料、機械設計學原理，推導、建立了轉錐式閃速熱解反應器物料滯留時間（ ）與轉速（或頻率）合理匹配理論； （ 6 ）提出了轉錐式閃速熱解反應器的最小錐角設計、錐壁強度設計、生產能力設計理論和功率計算方法及臨界轉速理論等。And considerable work has been done hi the growth behaviour in the tetrachloride solution concluding studies of crystal growth and growth kinetics. a crystal of dimensions 20mm x 20mm x 1mm was produced hi the tetrachloride solution by lowing temperature. and bcf spiral growth mechanism for the surface diffusion model was analyzed using the kinetic data
本文以苯為溶劑溶液降溫法培養出了60mm 40mm 3mm大尺寸hhm單晶；另外探討了hhm在四氯化碳溶液中的生長行為，溶液降溫法培養出了20mm 20mm 1mm的較大尺寸單晶，並用動態循環體視顯微鏡觀察法測定了其在不同的過飽和下主要顯露晶面的法向生長速率，在較大過飽和度范圍內考察了其bcf表面擴散螺位錯生長機制。It was showed that dlc gradient film material had a good stability of hemocompatibility, for its surface almost had no changes. in comparison, the hemocompatibility of t16a14v became worse since its surface had been heavily scratched and dense oxide films on its surface had been destroyed. fratal theory and image processing method had been applied to calculate the fratal dimension of tribological surfaces furthermore to elavuate the surface morphology and roughness
摩擦表面具有多尺度相似性和隨機性的特點，採用分形幾何理論描述表面的粗糙程度及形貌特徵，三維表面的分形維數可以作為一種尺度無關的粗糙度評定參數，利用圖象處理方法，通過材料表面的掃描電鏡sem圖象灰度數據來計算三維表面的分形維數。Because the feature size of subwavelength diffractive microlens is smaller than the incident wavelength, scalar diffractive theory cannot be used to the analysis. it also precludes rigorous vector coupled - wave theory for its finite and aperiod structure
由於亞波長衍射微透鏡的特徵尺寸小於入射波長，因此不能採用標量衍射理論來分析，又由於它是有限非周期的結構，嚴格的耦合波方法對它也不適用。Based on the researches at home and abroad, aiming at the application of dynamic consolidation in compacting loess embankment, this paper makes assessments and analyses of the concerned factors and provides the laws of dynamic consolidation dealing with loess embankment according to the large - scale model test indoor ; combined with tonghuang highway construction, field tests of dynamic consolidation dealing with loess embankment is carried out in the representative loess - embankment experimental sites and some regularities of loess before and after handled by dynamic consolidation is put forward by physico - dynamic property experiments and electron - analysis ; at last, the author makes a systematic analysis of information related and presents the applicable condition, compacting technique and checking method which applies to dynamic consolidation dealing with loess embankment on the basis of field tests and model experiments indoor
本文在國內外資料調研基礎上，針對強夯法在黃土路堤壓實施工中的應用，對強夯處理黃土路堤的有關因素進行了評價分析，並通過室內大比尺模型試驗得出強夯壓實黃土路堤的規律；結合銅黃公路建設，選擇典型黃土路堤試驗段，進行了強夯壓實黃土路堤的各項現場試驗，通過物理力學性質試驗和電鏡分析得出強夯前後黃土料壓實體的有關規律；最後，在室內外各項試驗基礎上，對有關資料進行了匯總分析評價，提出了強夯處理黃土路堤的適用條件、施工工藝及檢測方法。In this thesis, the basic operation in the optical computation was studied by analyzing the course of laser beams transmitting through a vmm, which is composed of an array of vertical cavity surface - emitting lasers, spherical and cylindrical lens, an array of multiple quantum well spatial light modulators and an array of the detectors
本文研究的光學矢量-矩陣乘法器主要是由垂直腔面發射激光器（ vcsel ）陣列、球面透鏡和柱面透鏡組、多量子阱空間光調制器（ mqwslm ）及ccd陣列構成。作為小尺寸的集成光學器件，必須要考慮衍射的作用。Construction of flat tunnel of large span at extra - shallow depth must be conducted on the principle that advance grouting should be strictly performed before excavation and length of pull at one time should be short, together with reinforced support, immediate closing and constant monitoring and surveying. that preceding pilot tunnels, large - volume excavation divided into small ones, excavation of flank before that of center, upper before lower, arch before wall etc is a good method which could effectively reduce surface subsidence and its adverse effect on adjacent buildings, in addition, some other measures are also taken to lessen blast - induced vibration in the ground and surrounding structures. in a word, all means and steps mentioned above have already proved effective and practicable in practice
軟弱大跨超淺埋扁平隧道必須按「管超前，嚴注漿，多分部、短開挖、強支護、快封閉，勤量測」的施工原則進行施工，採用「眼鏡超前，化大為小，先側后中，先上後下，先拱后墻」的施工方法控制地表沉降和對周邊建築物的影響；採用「多分部，化大為小，短進尺，密布眼，弱裝藥，設減振槽」 ，控制爆破振動，經過實踐證明，這些方法都是行之有效的。The sem and the pl observation showed that the surface of porous silicon prepared by pulsed etching was more uniform and the si particles were smaller. the intensity of pl formed by pulsed etching method was enhanced and the peak had blue shift comparing that formed by dc electrochemical etching method. at the same time, it was observed that the smaller the dimension of the porous silicon, the broader energy gap of the porous silicon
採用脈沖和直流電化學腐蝕兩種方法制備多孔硅，對這兩種方法制備的多孔硅樣品進行掃描電鏡和熒光光譜的測量，發現脈沖腐蝕制備的多孔硅樣品比直流腐蝕制備的多孔硅樣品表面均勻、顆粒尺寸小、發光強度大，而且發光峰位有明顯的藍移現象。Results show that this method can measure reflectivity of mirrors of different sizes and media, at any reflection angles, possibly, under working circumstances
實驗結果表明這一方法可以精確地測定各種反射角度、鏡片基底和尺寸的高反鏡的反射率，而且還可以檢測實際工作氣氛下高反鏡的反射率。With the aids of the high resolution of afm, self - assembly which use molecular scale material as unit to fabricate nanometer scale structure could realize this goal
藉助原子力顯微鏡的高解析度，分子自組裝這種採用分子尺度材料作為組元去構建納米尺度的結構的方法可以實現這一目的。The planck length is far too small to be within the direct reach of either conventional microscopes or less conventional ones such as high - energy particle colliders ( which probe “ merely ” down to about 10 - 19 meter )
普朗克長度太小了，無法以傳統顯微鏡或是較先進的高能粒子對撞機（僅能探測到10 - 19公尺）直接觀測。The morphology examination by sem and tem showed that the carbon nanotubes were arranged in the array uniformly and paralleled, with smooth walls, the outside diameter of 120 nm and the inside diameter of 110 nm. from the cyclic voltammetry, the array electrodes in an acidic electrolytic solution had greater capacitance than the case in a neutral electrolytic solution. the specific capacitance of 365 f / g was achieved with the discharge current density of 210 ma / g in the solution of 1 mol / l h2so4
掃描電子顯微鏡和透射電子顯微鏡對碳納米管陣列電極的形貌表徵表明碳納米管形狀規整，排列有序，尺寸均勻，管壁光滑，外徑約為120nm ，內徑約為110nm ；循環伏安實驗表明mwnts陣列電極在酸性溶液中比在中性溶液中具有更好的電容性能；根據恆電流充放電法得出mwnts陣列電極在1mol / lh _ 2so _ 4水溶液中，在210ma / g的放電電流密度下的比電容可達353f / g ，比目前報道的無序碳納米管和活性炭電極的比容量都高得多；其它電化學實驗顯示該電極具有很低的內阻和良好的充放電循環穩定性。The experimental results show that this new method has the ability to implement recognition with translation, rotation, scale and mirror invariance. moreover, new method has the color invariance of object recognition since we recognizes the object in cie 1976 luv uniform color space
實驗結果表明，新演算法實現了平移不變、旋轉不變、尺度不變、鏡像不變的識別，由於利用了目標的彩色信息，演算法還具有彩色恆定性。分享友人