非變動成本 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [fēibiàndòngchéngběn]
非變動成本
英文
non-variable cost-
In this dissertation, through computer simulation, the problems of modeling, control and guidance of auvs are presented. the first part of this dissertation addresses the problem of dynamically modeling of auvs, and derives thrusters " two - dimension nonlinear dynamic model, which has axial flow speed and propeller rotational velocity as two state variables, voltage or current of motor as inputs, and thruster force and torque as output. the second part focuses on the nonlinear adaptive sliding mode control of auvs in diving plane and steering plane
本論文系統研究了自主式水下航行器的建模、非線性自適應滑模控制、以及深度調整和水平面導引方法等問題，具體成果和創新點如下1 、根據流體力學理論，建立了螺旋槳推進器的動態模型，它以螺旋槳來流速度v _ p和螺旋槳轉速n為狀態變量，以電機施加轉矩為輸入，螺旋槳推力t和轉矩q為輸出。By comparing the dry plate pressures drop and distributions of velocities simulated on single valve with those of double valves, it was found that there was intense turbulence in the flow fields around fixed - valve, there were eddy areas between valve side orifices and tray wall, there were eddies above the valves too, these led to the complex behaviors of gas perforating valve, these had a great effect on the gas - liquid mass transfer process. at the same time, in order to prevent the disadvantageous effect of gas between one valve with another on the gas - liquid mass transfer, it was very effective to change the fields of gas perforating valve by folding the edges of valve
通過對數值模擬得出的單閥和雙閥塔板的干板壓降及流場速度分佈分析對比后發現，固定閥周圍流場存在較強的湍動，閥側孔與塔板壁面區域以及閥體的上方空間存在明顯的渦流區，使氣體穿閥后的行為變得復雜，並對氣液傳質過程產生重大影響；模擬結果表明，為防止和削弱固定閥間的對沖造成的「死區」對傳質帶來的不利影響，通過折邊來改變氣體的氣路是非常有效的，模擬值與實驗值基本得到吻合。Having analyzed preliminarily formation mechanism of these common characteristics of anomaly, it concludes that : these are results, controlled by basically united tectonic stress field of large - range, caused by stress - strain accumulation and certain phase strong earthquakes, according to deformation difference brought about in tectonic position along the boundary zone and within second - order faults of active blocks resulted from unstable and inharmonious features for movement of block system at different levels and deformation of boundary
分析這些異常共性特徵的形成機制，初步認為：是在基本統一的大區域構造應力場控制下，不同層次塊體系統運動及其邊界帶變形的非平穩、非協調性，在活動地塊邊界地帶和地塊內部次級斷裂構造部位產生變形差異而導致應力-應變積累、孕育強震到一定階段的結果。This modification includes : ( 1 ) selecting two important molecules as candidates, ( 2 ) choosing a promiscuous t - cell epitope, and two b - cell epitopes or conserved amino acid sequences from the two important molecules, ( 3 ) connecting them adequately through analysis by the molecule designing software. therefore, the synthetic new antigen may interfere with the process of fertilization by multiple ways and its contraceptive effects may be enhancing. based on the molecule designing methods, the b - lymphocyte cell epitope of sperm / testis specific protein sp17 and cyritestin which interfere with fertilization in mouse, as well as the promiscuous th cell epitope of the ribonuclease ( rnase ) in bovine were selected
本研究以蛋白質分子設計的理論和方法研究避孕疫苗，將sp17和cyritestin關鍵表位和牛核糖核酸酶非選擇性th細胞表位合理組合，獲得新抗原- 35肽序列；並在合成、純化後分別與弗氏佐劑、免疫刺激復合物（ iscoms ）混合后免疫不同遺傳背景的雌性小鼠，觀察血清和生殖道內的特異性抗體滴度的動態變化、生育力的改變以及免疫后小鼠重要臟器的組織病理學改變：以及在ivf下，新抗原的特異性抗血清對精卵相互作用的影響及抗原在精子表面的特異性定位。In the year under review, the group adopted the new hkfrs below, which are relevant to its operations. hkfrs 3 business combinations hkfrs 5 non - current assets held for sale and discontinued operations hkas 1 presentation of financial statements hkas 2 inventories hkas 7 cash flow statements hkas 8 accounting policies, changes in accounting estimates and errors hkas 10 events after the balance sheet date hkas 12 income taxes hkas 14 segment reporting hkas 16 property, plant and equipment hkas 17 leases hkas 18 revenue hkas 19 employee benefits hkas 21 the effects of changes in foreign exchange rates hkas 23 borrowing costs hkas 24 related party disclosures hkas 27 consolidated and separate financial statements hkas 28 investments in associates hkas 32 financial instruments : disclosures and presentation hkas 33 earnings per share hkas 36 impairment of assets hkas 37 provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets hkas 39 financial instruments : recognition and measurement the adoption of the above new hkfrs has the following impact on the group s accounting policies : hkfrs 3 does not have any impact as the new standard does not affect the group
香港財務報告準則第3號業務合併香港財務報告準則第5號持作出售非流動資產及終止經營業務香港會計準則第1號財務報表之呈列香港會計準則第2號存貨香港會計準則第7號現金流量表香港會計準則第8號會計政策會計估計變動及誤差香港會計準則第10號結算日後事項香港會計準則第12號所得稅香港會計準則第14號分類報告香港會計準則第16號物業廠房及設備香港會計準則第17號租賃香港會計準則第18號收入香港會計準則第19號雇員福利香港會計準則第21號匯率變動之影響香港會計準則第23號借貸成本香港會計準則第24號有關連人士披露香港會計準則第27號綜合及獨立財務報表香港會計準則第28號聯營公司投資香港會計準則第32號金融工具：披露及呈列香港會計準則第33號每股盈利香港會計準則第36號資產減值香港會計準則第37號撥備或然負債及或然資產香港會計準則第39號金融工具：確認及計量采納以上新香港財務報告準則對本集團之會計政策造成下列影響： i香港財務報告準則第3號並無造成任何影響，皆因新準則並不影響本集團。Aiming at such problems in combustion system of homemade middle and miniature boiler, as a complex system with the character of dead zone, time variation, serious non - linearity, large time delay, coupling and a lot of disturbance, this paper presents a new set of optimal control resources. by using well - matched control method on system, stable automatic running is realized. having the serious divulgence coals difference a lot from each other in character, instability of chemistry, value of lowest emission of heat, home - made boiler controller is not at all ideal. instead of traditional model that controls the ratio based on proportional control or with the correct signal of the amount of oxygen, this paper, combined with intellect control theory - - fuzzy control and self - optimizing concept, propounded a kind of fuzzy self - optimizing controller to be used in air supplying system of the boiler, and expatiates on the idea of dividing the control process into two parts, dynamic and static to realize, thus meets the demand of homemade boiler economic running
本設計針對國產中、小型電站鍋爐燃燒系統參數時變、嚴重非線性、干擾因素復雜、耦合嚴重、模型不易確定的特點，提出多變量協調控制方案，解決了系統可控性差，難以實現穩定自動運行的問題；在此基礎上，改變以往以煙氣含氧量控制送風的傳統模式，針對國產電站鍋爐設備主體及一、二次送風迴路泄露嚴重，煤種混雜、成分不穩定、燃燒發熱值低、燃燒效率不高等問題，應用智能控制理論中的模糊控制技術，結合自尋最優控制的思想，設計了一種模糊自尋優控制器，應用在電站鍋爐送風控制系統上，並闡述了動靜態兩種實現途徑，通過在線優化風煤配比，實現最佳經濟燃燒，切實保障了鍋爐的經濟運行。Study achievement appears as following aspects : ( 1 ) yellow river estuary gate river flow and tide flow mixed area is not keep standing deposition status, on special income water and sediment conditions, boundary conditions and oceanic power conditions, this area may on the scour status ; ( 2 ) observed from estuary sediment deposition distributing process : delta and sea offing area sediment deposition vary trend is similar, each part sediment deposition scale varies as wave shape ; ( 3 ) on estuary gate, affect the sediment deposition factors, primary factors are tide prop, the gate widens gradually, estuary gate have branches, brine induced flocculation. this paper study the estuary gate widen, estuary gate have branches to affect the river channel deposition in quantity ; ( 4 ) based on field measured data, for the first time, deduce the estuary sediment deposition and distributing regress formula which can estimate estuary different areas sediment deposition volume ; ( 5 ) this subject demonstrate the estuary delta coastline dynamic balance conception, build the relationship between the estuary income sediment with deposition land area, draw the following important conclusion : when estuary years - averaged income sediment keeps at 345 million tons, the delta coastline may on the dynamic balance status. ( 6 ) this subject firstly brings up estuary sediment optimized control conception, and has the primary study on the macroscopically optimized control conception method
研究認為： （ 1 ）黃河河口口門逕流潮汐區域並非持續保持淤積狀態，在特定的來水來沙、邊界條件和海洋動力條件下，該區域可以處于沖刷狀態； （ 2 ）從河口泥沙沉積分配的過程來看：三角洲與濱海區泥沙的沉積變化趨勢是基本一致的，各部位的泥沙沉積比例變化基本呈波動狀態，且三角洲與濱海區泥沙的沉積比例與來沙量密切相關，基本成正比關系； （ 3 ）在口門處，影響泥沙沉淤的因素主要集中在潮汐頂托、口門逐漸加寬、河口門分汊、鹽水造成絮凝等，本報告主要對口門加寬，口門西妥理工大學工程碩士專業學位論文分漢對河道淤積的影響進行了定量分析: （一扣根據實測資料首次建立了河贖流路泥沙沉積分配的回歸計算式，據此可以預估計算河口不同區域泥沙的沉淤量; 、 5 ）本項研究首次論證了河口三角洲岸線動態平衡的概念，並建立了黃河河口來沙量與造陸面積的相關關系，得出了當河口多年平均來沙量維持在3 . 45億t時其河口三角洲岸線則可能處于動態平衡狀態的重要結論; 『 6 ）本項研究首次提出了河口泥沙優化調控的概念，並對其宏觀優化調控模式進行了初步探討。The results indicate : the rural households " agri - productive investment behavior are generally affected by such factors : the rural households " basic family status, the rural households " owning resource, market terms, the different geographical environment and the external economy environment if other factors remain unchangeable, the rural households would increased their agri - productive investment scale in the next year by such terms : the rural households " family size get bigger, the rural households improve the educational level, the rural households decrease the opportunity in working in the second or the third field, the family agricultural opening revenue got increased last year, the rural households " productive capital assets got increased last year
假定其他因素不變：農戶家庭規模越大，勞動力文化水平越高，農戶非農業就業機會減少，農戶上一年農業家庭經營收入提高，以及農戶上一年生產性固定資產增加，都會使農戶在下一年增加農業生產性投資；同時由於農戶處于不同的地理環境、位置，也對農戶進行農業生產性投資產生影響。同時本文對北京市政府制定相關農業政策提出以下建議參考： 1 、進一步穩固農戶投資主體地位，同時，積極引導財政支農資金、銀行貸款等其他投資形式向農業轉移，形成資金互補機制。Firstly, this part analyzes location, natural conditions and natural resources, population and labors, socio - economic elements, and the impacts of global political and economic environment change on unbalanced development of japanese regional economy. secondly, through analysis on regional development before the meiji reformation, industrialization, formation of dual structure and regional development after war, this part puts forward that unbalanced development is an objective law and regional development policies of government ca n ' t change structure of unbalanced development essentially. finally, this part sums up motive mechanism of unbalanced development of japanese regional economy, including location directional feature, scale economy, congregation and diffusion economy, putting forward that the overall effects of the three types of mechanisms stated above can be summarized as industrial group effects, which is also the important mechanism of unbalanced development of japanese regional economy
首先，分析了區位條件、自然條件與自然資源、人口與勞動力條件、社會經濟條件、國際政治經濟環境的變化對日本區域經濟非均衡發展的影響；其次，通過對日本明治維新前的地域開發、工業化及其二元結構的形成以及戰后的地區開發等過程進行了剖析，認為區域經濟非均衡發展是一個客觀規律，政府的地區開發政策並不能從根本上改變非均衡發展的格局；第三，總結了日本區域經濟非均衡發展的動力機制，主要包括區位指向性、規模經濟、集聚與擴散效應，指出上述三種機制的綜合作用可以概括為產業集群效應，即產業集群也是日本區域經濟非均衡發展的重要機制。How to take up the mathematics education well while training the students and how to make the students treat the study and revision correctly are also deeply discussed in the article. it can help the students to know that revision is a process not only to prepare for the college entrance examination but also to form an initial concept of mathematics culture. there is also something that helps the students arouse the active factors, overcome the passive factors and makes the students spend the days in grade three smoothly
本文分析了影響高三學生數學學習的認知心理與非認知心理諸方面的因素，運用數學教育心理學、普通心理學和教育學原理，探討了在高三數學教學中自覺地把握學生的學習心理，改變傳統的數學模式，因勢利導地順應學生的心理發展過程，從育人的角度做好數學教學工作，使學生正確地對待高三的學習與復習，使復習不僅是應付高考的過程，同時也是形成初步數學文化觀念的過程，達到調動積極因素，克服消極因素，正確度過高三人生，使教師真正起到數學文化傳播者的作用。Upon above advantage, we can realise that the airboat is very suitalbe for every advertising company and enterprises, low cost, high efficiency, it brings the commercial advertising from the groung to the sky, from the static to moving, from silence to soundable, the shape of streamline is adopted to have very good ability of anti winding, stable flying and agility, it can take off vertically, forwarding or backwarding, presenting a fully new carrier to advertising circles, becoming a focus of people in the world
綜合以上的優點不難看出，遙控飛艇非常的適用於各廣告公司，各種企業購買使用，成本低，見效快，它將商業廣告從地面發展到空中，由靜態變為動態，由無聲變有聲，遙控飛艇採用流線外型，氣動性能好，抗風能力強，飛行平穩，機動靈活，可垂直起落，俯沖爬升，前進後退，空中懸停，拋撒資料，施放彩色煙霧，空中攝影攝像等，向廣告界展示了一個新穎的廣告載體。With the trend of openness and integration of globlal economy, exchange rate is playing more and more important role in influencing the allocation of global resources. the sensitivity of the price of tradale goods to exchange rate fluctuation becomes the focus of international economics because it is a critical vector and transmitter when an economy is confronted of exogenous impact. traditional international economics theory assume that nominal exchange rate fluctuation has complete pass - through effect, namely it ’ s change will introduce proportional change of tradable goods, then it will influence such macroeconomic vector as term of trade, import and export, inflation, employment, productivity, income allocation, and so on. from a microeconomic angle, including pricing to market, innovative behavior, menu cost and sunk cost, the paper probe into the pricing model of international enterprices under floating exchange rate and testify the incomplete pass - through of exchange rate and it ’ s detailed reason, then discuss the inspiration it has on china. it ’ s believable this kind of research will play a big part in china ’ s exchange rate scheme and some macroeconomic problems such as exchange rate tranmitting channel and effects, exchange rate fluctuating behavior
傳統的國際經濟學理論認為，名義匯率的波動具有完全的傳遞性（ completepass - through ） ，即它的變化會引起同比例的進出口貿易品相對價格以及貿易品和非貿易品相對價格的變化，然後通過需求變動的支出轉移效應（ expenditureswitching ）來影響國內經濟的諸多宏觀變量，如貿易條件、進出口貿易額、通脹水平、就業量、勞動生產率以及收入分配等，本文從依市定價（ pricingtomarket ） 、創新行為、菜單成本以及沉澱成本等四個不同的微觀角度，通過對浮動匯率下國際壟斷競爭性生產廠商的定價模型具體而透徹的探討，論證了匯率的不完全傳遞性並深入分析了決定匯率傳遞彈性的重要影響因素，闡述了該理論對人民幣匯率的啟示，這樣的研究會對我國今後的匯率政策以及匯率的傳導機制、傳導效應、波動行為等宏觀經濟問題起到重要的作用。In this paper, we brought forward an innovative idea : according to the characteristics of easy deformation of ultra - thin mirror, we employ a sphere mirror, which is easier to fabricate and test, to replace the aspherical mirror, then the sphere mirror is deformed into an aspherical one by active optics technology. on this purpose, we need to study the mechanism and method of shaping a spherical mirror into an aspherical one
由於非球面鏡的加工和檢測都比較困難，因此本文提出了一個大膽的設想:利用超薄鏡易於變形的特點，以加工和檢測難度遠低於非球面的球面來代替非球面，運用鏡面的主動控制技術將球面反射鏡變形成所需精度的非球面反射鏡。Drilling track is key factor which decide trenchless success or failure, but controlling drilling track stay around rectifyed phase at the present. guided the theory of force is the key affectting the drilling track, the paper discuss primary factors on contralling drilling track, and advance the formulary ahout reckoning deviation force and azimuth force, expect to achieve the aim that drilling track were controled real time and be anticipated, and have the initiative on drilling track contaolling
巖層鉆進軌跡是決定非開挖成敗的關鍵因素，目前對鉆孔軌跡的控制僅僅停留在被打糾偏層面上，本文在力是影響鉆進軌跡本質因素理論指導下，對影響巖層鉆進軌跡控制的因素進行了理論探討，並針對造斜力和變方位力提出了計算模式，希望最終能實現鉆孔軌跡的實時監控與調整，變被打糾偏為主動鉆進。It depends on the environmental change to decide the cooperative patterns, and they are not fixed or expelling. different cooperative patterns can co exit and be explained intersectly, and responding to missions, environment, issues and members " characteristics adaptation is going on anytime. surely the cooperative pattern is the kind of dynamic description, it may also change naturally due to the factors mentioned above switching
本文以協力關系大膽假設未來政府的治理模式，就是認為各種公私部門的互動模式，基本上雖具有時間發展上之順序，不過要以何種模式來進行合作，則應視環境變化來決定，且模式並非固定不動、互相排斥的，一個時空界域可能同時存在著不同合作模式且可以交叉解釋，因應任務，環境，議題以及因互動成員的物質進行調整，當然合作模式及是一種動態性的描述，其也可能因為上述各因素的改變而自然產生變化。The simulation findings uncover that : either a higher inefficiency level of e - marketplace, or a higher opportunity cost that a seller in the traditional marketplace takes, or a low upper limit of active sellers in e - marketplace, or a higher probability of taking stochastic actions, or less information to form expectation, can be propitious for spurring the shift from the traditional marketplace to the e - marketplace. as for the popular “ thorough shift ” presumption, this paper puts forward that, an aggressive shift from traditional marketplace to e - marketplace is probably built on an effort by the buyer to constrain his own bargaining power or to share benefits with the supplier. by developing economic models and leveraging the general game theory, this paper also finds out that cost is the critical factor that governs the evolution of monopolistic market, monopolistic competitive market and oligarchic market
保持其它因素不變，以上因素對市場演化的影響作用分別為:市場演化對電子市場競爭無效率度高度敏感，當電子市場競爭無效率度小幅度下降時，市場顯著地偏向傳統市場，當電子市場競爭無效率度小幅度上升時，市場顯著地偏向電子市場;傳統交易中賣方所承擔的隱性成本是市場演化的另一個決定性因素，當傳統交易中的賣方所承擔的隱性成本取值較大時，電子市場將佔主導地位，當傳統交易中的賣方所承擔的隱性成本取值較小時，傳統市場將佔主導地位， ;當為電子市場中實際參與每筆交易的賣方設置一個低的上限時，傳統市場將迅速演化為電子市場;市場參與者的非理性行動概率越大，市場越容易向電子市場The payments for capital and labor are totally set by market power and capital ( labor ) suppliers of any firm have no power to alter the transaction terms with its labor ( capital ) suppliers to their advantage and thus every firm generate zero economic profit. every firm ' s value is equal to the sum of the market prices of the human assets and physical assets that it use and thus the formation and disbandment of a firm have no influence on the interest of any of its members. through an efficient comparison of production within the firm and the scattered individual production coordinated through markets, the dissertation reveals that the origin of the power relationship phenomenon within the firm is that the suppliers of the resources to the firm in real world are unable to enter into legally binding complete contracts as walras assumed
在一般均衡範式中，企業是一個追求利潤最大化的原子；企業的生產過程被描述為一個「黑箱」 ，它自動地、無摩擦地把任何一組投入轉化為既定的技術約束下所能生產的最高產出；資本和勞動僅僅是生產過程中不同類別的投入，它們之間的關系是對稱的，它們各自的報酬都是完全由市場整體的力量決定的，任何一個企業的資本（勞動）提供者都不可能為了增進其自身的利益而改變與勞動（資本）提供者的交易條件，從而任何一個企業產生的經濟利潤都為零；任何一個企業的價值都等於該企業使用的人力資產和非人力資產的市場價格之和，組成一個企業不會增進任何參與人的收益，解散一個企業也不會降低任何參與人的收益。The crucial phenomena of software product are high fixed cost, low varied cost and the inclined - to - zero marginal cost. furthermore, in the market there does not present a certain price function of supply, only exist an area of price - decision
從軟體產品的供給方面講，其特點是固定成本高，而變動成本非常低，暨邊際成本幾乎為零，另外，軟體產品也不存在特定的價格?供給函數，只存在定價區間。Steel frame with welding joint easily occur brittle collapse because of having a low ductility at joints then ， a semi - rigid connected steel frame has large the energy absorption capacity which can resist dynamic loads and the using steel qualities of bracing system and joints are small so adopting a semi - rigid jointed steel frame is economical and stable but for semi - rigid connections are complex and variable ， in conventional analysis and design of steel structures ， it is usually assumed that the connections between columns and beams are either rigid or pinned the analysis of steel frames adopting the assumption can simplify the procedure of analysis and design ， but cannot precisely reflect structural practical circumstance and the errors of calculating results are large ， even ， get incorrect conclusions semi - rigid connection was referred to in chinese code for design of steel structures ( 2001 ， 10 ) ， however ， it isn ’ t specified how to apply semi - rigid joints in design in fact it cannot be carry out the purpose of the paper give a calculating method that accords practical engineering and easily put into effect worthwhile it is going to promote the development of semi - rigid jointed steel frame in design and heighten structural stability in the paper ， at first some commonly employed methods for the modeling of connection behavior are introduced richard abbott function modeling of connection is adopted for extended end plate bolted connection by the 34 test data comparing to regression analysis indicate richard - abbott function modeling of connection represents an excellent fit to test data then after a semi - rigid joint behavior can be modeled as a finite stiffness rotation spring ， base on rotation and displacement equation derive the element stiffness matrixes with semi - rigid connections where the effects ofj ointed flexibility geometric non - linearity and shear forces in the connection deformations have been considered in and fixed - end forces are modified finally, a program for calculating semi - rigid with incremental - iterative method has been
本文的目的就是為半剛性連接鋼框架的設計提供一種既符合工程實際又簡便易行的計算方法，供規范使用過程的補充、延伸或參考；同時，也將促進半剛性連接鋼框架設計技術的發展，為提高結構安全性能、節省工程成本發揮應有的作用。本文首先介紹了常見的幾種應用較為廣泛的樑柱連接彎矩轉角關系模型，在分析比較的基礎上，選用richard ? abbott函數模型作為外伸端板連接彎矩轉角關系模型，通過對34個外伸端板連接的實驗數據與回歸分析得到的參數比較可知，經回歸分析得到的此模型參數與實驗數據符合較好。然後用彈簧表徵連接點的轉動剛度，根據梁的轉角位移方程推導出半剛性連接的剛度矩陣，在單元剛度矩陣中考慮了節點柔性、幾何非線性和剪切變形的影響，並對固端力進行了修正，最後用增量迭代法編制有限元程序進行計算和分析。Because the questions of partial differential equations make green function method studied difficultly for student, the variation of parameters formula and ordinary differential equation are put forward. initial value of ordinary differential equation and the boundary value of ordinary differential equation are discussed. green function with time and green function without time are introduced and theirs equations and conditions are calculated
基於偏微分方程問題造成學生學習green函數方法的困難，我們以常微分方程為切入點，從學生熟悉的參數變動法解非齊次方程出發，討論了非齊次常微分方程的初值問題和邊值問題，引入含時green函數和與時間無關的green函數，得出它們應滿足的方程與條件，分析這些green函數最一般的性質及物理含義，從而驗證了通常green函數方法在數學上的合理性，在此基礎上總結並規范了green函數方法解決問題的基本思想和步驟。分享友人