預算制約 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [yùsuànzhìyāo]
預算制約 英文
budget constrains
  • 預 : Ⅰ副詞（預先; 事先） in advance; beforehand Ⅱ動詞（參與） take part in
  • 算 : Ⅰ動詞1 （計算數目） calculate; reckon; compute; figure 2 （計算進去） include; count 3 （謀劃;計...
  • 制 : Ⅰ動詞1 （製造） make; manufacture 2 （擬訂; 規定） draw up; establish 3 （用強力約束; 限定; 管束...
  • 約 : 約動詞[口語] （用秤稱） weigh
  • 預算 : budget1991
  1. Many emerging economies, often at the imf ' s behest, have limited their fiscal flexibility by introducing clear budget rules

    許多新興經濟體已經依照imf的要求，採用了透明的預算標準，其財政靈活性受到制約。
  2. As a kind of endogenic phenomenon of progressive reform, the reasons of financial dilemma lie in financial preference of nationalization and soft budget restriction of state - owned enterprises, asymmetric information and the rate which is not decided by market transaction, and the actual ownership - discrimination of stock market and bond market

    作為漸進改革的一種內生現象，民營經濟的金融困境源於「國有化」金融偏好與國有企業預算軟約束，信息不對稱與利率非市場化，以及股票市場與債券市場事實上的「所有制」歧視。
  3. What ' s more, low - budget, pay - for - access agreements with pharmaceutical giants can seem like legalized biopiracy

    尤有甚者，與制藥界巨人簽下低預算、付費使用的合約，簡直就是把海盜行為合法化。
  4. Drawing on the internationally adopted budgeting method, the pla reformed its budgeting form, method and content extensively, with emphasis placed on implementation of the zero - base budget method, so as to give full play to the budget ' s macro - control role and gradually establish a new budgeting pattern featuring the concentration of financial power and resources, scientific distribution of military expenditures, concrete and transparent itemization, and tight supervision and control

    借鑒國際上通行的預算方法，全面改革軍隊預算編制形式、方法和內容，重點推行零基預算等方法，以充分發揮預算的宏觀調控作用，逐步建立起財權財力集中、軍費分配科學、項目具體透明、監督制約嚴密的預算新模式。
  5. They are : reinforce government budget restriction ; consummate the system of public finance of education ; add the sources of income of public finance of education ; reform the means of education grants ; improve the administration of education expenditure

    主要包括：強化政府預算約束；完善教育財政體制；拓寬教育財政的收入來源；改進教育撥款方式；提高教育財政管理效率。
  6. How to ensure the project implement safely and effectively, esp in the complicated condition of geology, the terrain and its features, is the key to restrict the project finishing successfully ; in this paper, the theoretic analyse and pratical study based on the extension of 309 country road ( from wuan to shexian in hebei province ), adopt the method of theoretical analyse, caculater and experiment, improve the controlling blasting skill and construction crafr of roadbed stonework, control the blasting harm effectively, accomplish the construction quickly and safely in normal conditions. the paper puts forward to the relative parameter applying to roadbed extension in beforecrack blasting, and raises the combination of beforecrack demolition and buffer demolition, which is the main way to conctrol the side - slope stable and taking shape. putting to use the achievement produces great social benifet and economic benefitjt has widely practical future

    特別是在復雜的地質，地形及地物條件下，如何保證工程的安全快速有效實施成為制約工程順利完成的關鍵。本文的理論分析和實踐研究以國道309河北武安至涉縣段改建工程為依託，採用理論分析計算與現場試驗相結合的方法，研究並優化了路基石方控制爆破技術與施工工藝，有效控制了爆破危害，實現了保證現有公路正常運營條件下的快速安全施工，本文提出了在預裂爆破中適合於路基擴塹工程的有關參數。同時提出了預裂爆破與緩沖爆破相結合是控制邊坡穩定和成形的主要途徑。
  7. Production quotas, budget constraints, etc. might restrict the variation of the variables.

    生產定額，預算約束等等可以限制變量的變化范圍。
  8. In view of the general prevalence of the obscure financial orientation, backward management mode and ambiguous property right and disorderly capital management of the conglomerates, this article, for the purpose of effectively ironing out the series of existing problems, puts forward the augment that corporate groups ’ financial management mode must be persistently based on capital operation as its core, thus demonstrating the principle of the organic combination of the centralized power and decentralized power, establishing a financial management mode characterized by the integration of centralized power and decentralized power, which will be conducive to bringing into full play the financial control function of the parent company and the subsidiaries, stimulating the initiative and creativity of the subsidiaries and effectively controlling the risks of the operators and the subsidiaries

    以建築施工、房地產開發為主營業務的大型集團型國有企業為例，他們在財務管理方面普遍存在著分權過度的問題，對子公司的財務行為難以統一協調，無法合理配置有效資源，致使企業集團的凝聚力、控制力難以實現。因此，構建有效的財務管理體制，強化企業集團的財務管理職能，灌輸財務管理的戰略思想已迫在眉梢。因此，本人希望充分利用本人在吉林大學的三年碩士班學習掌握的財務管理知識，結合導師指導和自身工作體會來了解分析當前企業集團存在制約企業集團良性發展的普遍問題入手，基於集團的組織模式、制度建設，預算管理等方面進行深刻剖析，結合現實案例系統並有針對性的提出了一套具體的集團企業財務管理戰略模式，以期能對企業集團的生存與發展具有較好的現實意義。
  9. In line with the establishment of the national innovation system and the management of the pilot projects of the knowledge innovation progeam in cas, it is proposed in this article that the establishment of an improved budget appropriation system is an effective approach to shift the organizational management from micro - management fo macromanagement. this system, as is pointed out in this article, is a priority to enhance the ability of self - regulation and self - development in cas institutions and also a key to the reform of current scientific research management system and operational mechanism

    本文結合國家創新體系建立和中國科學院知識創新試點工程工作的管理，提出了建立完善預算撥款制度是實現機關管理從微觀管理向宏觀管理轉變的有效方式，也是提高中國科學院院屬單位自我約束、自我發展的必要條件；是目前科研管理體制及運行機制改革的重點。
  10. Management of budgeting is a mechanism of contract, which has several functions, such as, planning, control, coordination, motivation and evaluation. the true nature of the budget management is bargaining among subjects of interest

    企業預算管理具有計劃、控制、協調、激勵、評價等多個功能的契約機制，在這個機制里，預算的目標的確立、預算程序的選擇、預算結果的考評其實質是各利益主體之間的討價還價。
  11. During the transforming period of economic system, the outer supervision and the binding facilities lag behind, and the management of fund is in chaos, and the accounting information is often false

    它是在我國經濟體制轉軌期間，外部監督與約束手段嚴重滯后，預算外資金管理混亂，會計信息失真現象比較普遍的情況下產生的。
  12. Nevertheless, in the past, our financial management always focused on the income management, and on the other hand, in the aspect of the expenditure management, problems coursed by the old system such as disorder of budgets, weak restrictions and low efficiencies of the expenditure had not been submitted to the agenda of reform

    然而，過去我國財政管理的重心一直是收入管理，而在支出管理方面，舊體制所造成的預算不規范，預算軟約束、財政支出效率不高等問題卻一直沒能提上改革議程。
  13. To prepare project estimates, undertake contract procurement and administration, settle accounts and contractual disputes for government building projects, including building maintenance projects

    為政府建築工程項目（包括屋宇維修保養工程）制訂預算、負責合約采購和管理事宜、結算帳目和調解合約糾紛。
  14. The soft budge constraint and bad loan mechanism among state - owned commercial banks

    預算軟約束與國有商業銀行不良貸款形成的機制
  15. In addition, the author analyzes the reverse coercion system of the soft budget restriction and points out that the collective action taken by state - owned enterprises once coerce banks into providing them the credit

    此外，筆者還分析了預算軟約束的倒逼機制，指出國有企業的集體行動曾迫使銀行提供信貸。
  16. In the mature markets such as america, the corporation is an independent financing subject, which has hard budget control. however in china, the corporation is not an independent subject, which is affected by the special economic environment

    企業在相當程度上還不是一個獨立的融資主體，企業產權關系不清，企業的運行在不同程度上面臨著預算軟約束和信貸軟約束，缺乏有效的破產機制的約束。
  17. 2. adopting measure of china ' s stated - owned enterprise institution innovation is : ( 1 ) it must be establishing a fairly and competing economic institution, in which different ownership enterprises can compete on an equal footing, in order to improve its macro - efficiency

    因此，創造多種所有制企業公平競爭的經濟體制環境是國有企業提高效率、消除預算軟約束的關鍵。 （ 2 ）國有企業效率低下的中觀因素在於產業區位錯位。
  18. After 1989, the increase of demand slowed down and facing the complexion of low degree of industrial concentration of product market and financial strain of medi um and small - sized enterprises caused by the circulating trap of " credit squeeze - - - bad loan ", the advantageous enterprises " " wallow in money ", specifically, those listed companies that could finance from the stock market, began to take predatory pricing strategy in succession and tried to enlarge market share and obtain high return by squeezing medium and small - sized enterprises out of the market after 1998, the vicious circle of deflation and " credit grudging " of banks in product and credit markets, overcapacity, the difficulty of retreating of loss - incurring enterprises in some industries from the market for institutional reasons and over - competition in some industries, led to the incessant decrease of enterprises " global income, persistent increase of rate of debts and constant rise of ratio of bad assets of banks, which further intensified the vicious circle of deflation and " credit grudging " of banks

    如在改革開放初期，在產品市場需求旺盛和信貸市場預算軟約束的情況下，各類企業的最優決策就是採用高負債、高擴張的「負債的有限責任效應」策略來搶占市場並獲得高回報； 1989年以後，需求增速開始放緩，面臨產品市場產業集中度較低和信貸市場「信貸緊縮-不良貸款」循環陷阱導致的中小企業資金緊張的局面， 「錢袋鼓鼓」的優勢企業（尤其是那些可以通過股票市場融通資金的上市公司）紛紛採用掠奪性定價策略，試圖通過把中小企業擠出市場來擴大市場份額並獲得高收益； 1998年以後，產品市場和信貸市場形成了通貨緊縮和銀行「惜貸」惡性循環的狀況。產品市場上部分行業生產能力嚴重過剩，且由於體制等原因導致虧損企業無法退出，因此這些行業中出現了過度競爭的現象，企業總體收益的不斷下滑、負債率不斷提高以及銀行不良資產率的持續上升，又進一步加強了通貨緊縮和銀行「惜貸」的惡性循環。
  19. It casts back the generating and significance of the modern government budget, expatiates that the modern government budget is the systematic foundation to set up the nomocracy public financial frame, and at last dissertates that only the government with the nomocracy qualities could in deed accelerate the development of the public benefits

    本章追溯了現代政府預算的產生和意義，闡述了現代政府預算制度的實質和功能在於:市場能夠以政府預算為手段貫徹自身的意志，對政府及其活動進行規范和約束，使得政府活動既服務於市場，又不違背和侵犯市場的根本利益。
  20. Those characters showing as follows : ( 1 ) the thought orientation is immutability, which the rural matters settled by peasantry, ( 2 ) the restricted functions of the budget system soft up, ( 3 ) the types of the treasury of villages and towns take on hysteresis quality, ( 4 ) items of agricultural taxation are unreasonable, ( 5 ) the self - financing income content and the lecying of mode in villages and towns are variable

    這些特徵分別為： （ 1 ）農村事情由農民辦的思維定位固定性； （ 2 ）預算制度約束功能的軟化性； （ 3 ）鄉鎮國庫建設滯后性； （ 4 ）農業稅稅種的不合理性； （ 5 ）鄉鎮自籌收入內容和徵收方式的變化性。
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