civil defendant 中文意思是什麼

Generally, a civil case is initially heard by a local court of the municipality or province in which the defendant resides

同一級法院及上一級法院作出的二審判決或裁定屬終局裁決。

If a defendant, private prosecutor, or a plaintiff or defendant in an incidental civil action files an appeal directly to the people ' s court of second instance, the people ' s court shall within three days transfer the petition of appeal to the people ' s court which originally tried the case for delivery to the people ' s procuratorate at the same level and to the other party

被告人、自訴人、附帶民事訴訟的原告人和被告人直接向第二審人民法院提出上訴的，第二審人民法院應當在三日以內將上訴狀交原審人民法院送交同級人民檢察院和對方當事人。

Article 184 if a defendant, private prosecutor, or a plaintiff or defendant in an incidental civil action files an appeal through the people ' s court which originally tried the case, the people ' s court shall within three days transfer the petition of appeal together with the case file and the evidence to the people ' s court at the next higher level ; at the same time it shall deliver duplicates of the petition of appeal to the people ' s procuratorate at the same level and to the other party

第一百八十四條被告人、自訴人、附帶民事訴訟的原告人和被告人通過原審人民法院提出上訴的，原審人民法院應當在三日以內將上訴狀連同案卷、證據移送上一級人民法院，同時將上訴狀副本送交同級人民檢察院和對方當事人。

The judge added that further reduction was given since the defendant had agreed to pay lasko us $ 3 million in restitution as an out - of - court settlement of lasko s civil claim against the defendant in the same matter

法官並表示，由於lasko較早時曾就此事向被告民事索償，雙方其後庭外協議，被告同意向lasko賠償三百萬美元，故法庭再將刑期遞減至一年。

It meant that, if a national of any country enjoying the privilege of consular jurisdiction in china became a defendant in a lawsuit, civil or criminal, he was not to be tried by a chinese court but by the consul of his own country

凡是享有這種特權的國家在中國的僑民，如果成為民刑訴訟的被告時，中國法庭無權裁判，只能由各該國的領事或者法庭裁判。

Punitive compensation refers to that when the defendant goes anainst civil law regulations, the court judges that the plaintiff pays certain compensation which is higher than the practical loss. it has punitive, accessory * legal and other natures

懲罰性賠償是指被告違反民事法律規定，通過法院判處被告向原告支付超過實際損失金額的賠償，具有懲罰性、附加性、法定性等法律特徵。

It is not many scholars to clearly prove the opinion of shifting the burden of proof, on the contrary the contradictory scholars are more prominent, for example the vice professor of southwest politics and law university, chengang, wuyue who translates and introduces the burden of proof of germany, because them there are more and more people support the opposite opinion, while in the draft of " civil evidence code ", the traditional idea win, in this draft the legislator abides by the present justice and our country ' s native circumstance, they made an scientific choice, of course, the burden of proof will directly influence the party " s possibility of losing the lawsuit, while the regulation of shifting the burden of proof increases the plaintiff ' s opportunity to win a lawsuit. to explain what is the shifting of burden of proof, the paper use the civil law as the example to point out the " reverse " is not entirly relieve the plaintiff s obligation of producing evidence, but in certain extent and in certain range make the defendant bear the burden of producing those proofs from the reverse way, which are originally beard by the plaintiff. in the three proceeding law, shifting the burden of proof have some differences, but the interior spirits are coincident - for the values of social justice and the legal reason

論證舉證責任倒置的學者觀點明確並且論證十分充分的不多，相反卻是對此著書立說予以反駁的學者較為突出，如西南政法大學的副教授陳則博士，翻譯並介紹德國證明責任學說的吳越先生均是目前國內對舉證責任倒置持否定態度的代表人物，由於他們的推動使得國內持此說的人越來越多，但在《民事證據法（草案） 》的擬定過程中，並未采責任倒置的地位，這樣的立法選擇是建立在對我國法律實現的本土環境客觀認識的基礎上的科學選擇，誠然，舉證責任的分配直接影響到當事人在訴訟中的敗訴風險，而「倒置」規則的設計，則在此問題上增加了原告勝訴的籌碼，在理解何為舉證責任倒置時，本文著重以民事法為主線，指出這種「倒置」並非全部免除原告的證明責任，而是在一定范圍與一定程度上將通常應由原告負擔的舉證責任轉由被告從反方面承擔，舉證責任倒置在三大訴訟法中所體現的具體情形有所差異，但它們的內在精神是一致的?法律的理性與社會公平價值，在民事訴訟中舉證責任倒置的情形，一般總是將其局限於特殊侵權情形，而忽略了民事合同違約責任的訴訟中的原告也無須對被告應承擔違約責任的所有要件，對被告主觀上的過錯實行推定，若被告予以否定則應對其無過錯的證據舉證，在設置舉證責任倒置的規則時，從各國的立法經驗與法的內在價值要求可以總結出以下幾個原則:程序法與實體法結合原則，公平原則，訴訟經濟原則，保護弱者原則等，基於此完善舉證責任倒置的規則時首先應肯定舉證責任倒置的概念，其次立法應避免求大求全，再次要配合實體法的發展，最後還可以在司法領域嘗試判例的指導意義。

The victim, the plaintiff and defender in an incidental civil action and the agents ad litem may, with the permission of the presiding judge, put questions to the defendant

被害人、附帶民事訴訟的原告人和辯護人、訴訟代理人，經審判長許可，可以向被告人發問。

Lawyers, consciously or unconsciously, resort to the use of intertextuality in the effective presentation of three kinds of information in writing civil complaints, namely : the basic information of the plaintiff and the defendant, the claims of the civil litigation and the facts and reasons of the case

律師在寫民事訴狀的時候總是自覺或不自覺地運用互文性來呈現三類信息，即：原告和被告的基本信息，訴訟請求，案件的事實和理由。

If insider can testify that his damage is caused for defendant ' s infringement act and the defendant cannot prove his ignorance, the fact that the defendant has fault and bears civil liability is inferred in law

如果投資者能夠證明其所受損害是由被告所致，而被告又不能證明自己沒有過錯，法律就推定被告有過錯並確認其應負責任。

In administrative litigation, it is the defendant that undertakes the burden of proof for his concrete prosecuted administration behavior, embodying the distribution principles of civil action, which says, " someone advocates, someone puts to the proof "

實現三大價值和程序法與實體法內在精神的契合。行政訴訟由被告對被訴具體行政行為承擔舉證責任，體現了民事訴訟「誰主張，準舉證」的分配規則。