d scope 中文意思是什麼

Plant endemism is the key problem in floristic study. analysis of endemism in a flora has significant implications in demonstrating floristic richness and diversity, the relationship between plants and their environment, and also in conserving biodiversity of the flora. in view of the situation that most of the past studies on endemism were qualitative, this study is the first tentative approach to the introduction of quantitative indices to the analysis of floristic endemism, with an purpose to push the study of endemism from qualitative to quantitative. four quantitative indices are introduced, i. e. level of endemism ( l ), coefficient of endemism ( c ), degree of endemism ( d ) and general index of endemism ( a ). mathematical formulae have been given to each of the above indices and explanations for them have been presented, and the scope of their use in floristic studies has been delimited and exemplified in this paper. the result shows that they are of good applicability. the proposed indices embody full information of plant systematics and plant geography. with the aid of qualitative analysis, the application of the proposed indices will improve the comparability and precision of endemism study in floristics

過去有關特有現象的研究主要限於定性的分析，可比性和精確性較差.該文嘗試引入特有現象的定量化指標，以推動特有現象的分析研究從定性水平向定量水平邁進.所引入的4種定量化指標分別是：特有水平、特有系數、特有度以及特有綜合指數.對每種量化指標都給出了數學表達式，說明了其區系學意義，例證和界定了這些指標在植物區系分析中的應用，結果表明，它們有良好的適用性.這些指標充分地包含了植物系統學和植物區系學的信息.結合定性分析，這些指標的應用將增強植物區系研究的可比性，使植物區系特有現象的分析達到更精確的水平

Following the research route of mend with study and development with creation, give the definition of risk and the methods of risk identifying, divide the risk attitude into risk loving, risk neutralism and risk avoiding, point out the importance of enhancing the risk consciousness for lightning hazard, and summarize the mechanisms of lightning hazard the theories and methods of risk assessment for lightning hazard. provide a set of risk assessment parameters for lightning hazard, which includes lightning times n, hazard probability p, hazard loss d, hazard risk r and protection efficiency e, and give the definition, decisive factor, value method and value scope of each parameter. establish a risk assessment model for lightning hazard which includes lightning hazard base module, lightning hazard probability module, lightning hazard loss module, lightning hazard accepted risk module, lightning protection cost module, correcting coefficient module, lightning hazard risk module, and lightning protection class and efficiency module

遵循借鑒改造和發展創新的研究思路，給出了風險的定義和風險識別的方法，將風險態度分為風險喜好型、風險中庸型和風險逃避型，指出了提高雷電災害風險意識的重要性，總結了雷電災害的作用機制和雷電災害風險評估的理論與方法；提供了包括雷擊次數n 、雷災概率p 、雷災損失d 、雷災風險r和雷電防護級別與防護效率e等5類基本參數的雷電災害風險評估參數體系，並給出了各個參數的定義、參數的決定因素和取值方法以及取值范圍；設計了包括雷電災害基礎模塊、雷電災害概率評估模塊、雷電災害損失評估模塊、雷電災害允許風險評估模塊、雷電防護成本評估模塊、校正系數模塊、雷電災害風險評估模塊、雷電防護級別與效率分析模塊等8個模塊的雷電災害風險評估模型，評估模型以iec61662的評估模型為基本參考，以雷災損失d為中心，把雷災風險劃分為經濟雷災風險r _ e和人身雷災風險r _ l ，並對r _ e和r _ l分開單獨處理。

Commenting on the report, commission chairman c. richard d amato said, " in the rapidly changing big and broad economic relationship with china, it is crucial to have a full, comprehensive understanding of the facts and scope of the relationship

說： 「美國對華經濟關系意義重大，涉及面廣並不斷迅速變化，全面深入地考察雙方關系的有關事實與影響至關重要。

The aviation industry for civil use, while strengthening technological research, expanding sub - contracting scope for production, and improving existing plane models, has made important headway in manufacturing general - purpose aircraft and the " xinzhou 60 " aircraft, and has begun the r & d of new feederliners

民用飛機工業在加強技術研究、擴大轉包生產、改進現有機型的同時，在通用飛機、 「新舟60 」飛機生產上取得重要進展，並開始研製新型支線飛機。

Chapter six introduces half - model test study of different parameters with ao effects utilizing the shack - hartman technology. chapter seven investigates the simulation technology for ao, mainly in 2 - d flow - field. this paper has a wide scope, ranging from theoretical foundation of ao to its engineering physics methods, from low temperature to high temperature that influence the index - of - refraction, from 2 - d to 3 - d ( density field ), from high speed to hyper - speed ( interceptor ' s speed ), from model test to numerical simulation ( optical phase measurement )

並進行了實驗驗證；第四章主要探討二維流場折射率的全息測量技術；第五章介紹了導引頭三維流場干涉測量的試驗方法和數據重構；第六章利用哈特曼傳感器技術對氣動光學效應各種參數進行了半模試驗測試研究；第七章是氣動光學的模擬技術，主要研究二維流場數值模擬技術。

H. d. lasswell, “ the policy orientation, ” in lerner and lasswell, ed., policy science : recent developments in scope and method, stanford university press, 1951

見張金馬主編， 《政策科學導論》 ，中國人民大學出版社， 1992年版，第1 2頁。

A 2 - d hydrodynamic - numerical model was applied to typical rocky rapids called jiyutan by comparing different computational models. based on the comparison of different schemes, the change of the discharge and the flow current in a branch were analyzed, and the relationship between the flow condition and excavation area, scope as well as mode was discussed, the conclusions show : ( 1 ) in a branching rocky rapids, the velocity may be reduced and flow condition can be improved by excavating one channel partly

本文在對各種數學模型比較的基礎上，應用二維水動力數學模型研究典型石質汊流灘? ?廣西潯江鯽魚灘航道整治工程方案，通過各方案計算結果比較，分析了不同汊道的開挖及汊道內不同開挖面積、開挖范圍以及開挖方式所引起的分流比及工程區域航道水力條件的變化規律，研究結果表明： （ 1 ）對于石質汊流灘來說，在某一汊道通過局部開挖河槽，擴大過水斷面面積，可以達到降低工程段流速、改善局部水流條件的目的。

Rights of things have 5 features : ( a ) physical things define the scope of property rights ; ( b ) its primary method is to protect the possession of right - holder. ; ( c ) the thing itself play an important role in deciding the value of the right ; ( d ) the objects of it are mainly unique things ; ( e ) once lose the possessory security of thing itself, " right of thing " divert from its paradigm

通過對物權客體的考察，發現物權所採取的機制具有以下幾個特徵： （ 1 ）物質意義上的物確定著權利的物理邊界； （ 2 ）其主要的保護的手段是保護物本身的佔有； （ 3 ）物本身在權利價值的形成中有著重要的意義； （ 4 ）物權在不可以替代的物上體現得更為充分。

This text completely and systematically studies the status and the development of the pyrolysis and the fluidization of biomass, which distill the bio - oil in the domestic and international area, as well as the existing problems. this thesis primarily include following aspects : ( l ), by experimenting and measuring the energy ( heat value ) and the content of c, h, n chemical element of right 20 kinds of common biomass, on the base of the experimental result, and respectively established the biomass energy predict experiment formula with the element of h and c is from change, and passed the ro. os examination, which provides the basis and convenience for flash pyrolysis fluidization device energy to convert the rate to compute with biomass energy utilization calculation ; ( 2 ), proceeded the tg and dtg experimentation equal velocity ( 10 ? / min, 20 ? / min, 40 ? / min, 60 ? / min ) heating and constant temperature heating by studying on eight kinds of biomass samples, according to the experimental data and arrhenius formula, we established the dynamics model of pyrolysis of, then, using the goast - redfern and p function, we also solved the dynamics parameters and analyze out every kind of biomass ' s frequency factor and parameters of activation energy, and established the every kind of dynamics model of pyrolysis of biomass, all of these provide the theories and basis to make sure the reactor ' s flash pyrolysis work temperature scope design and the describing of pyrolysis reactor dynamics ; ( 3 ), in order to study and ascertain the process of heat completely getting to pyrolysis time of varied size biomass particles, we observed and measured the ratio of length and diameter ( l / d ) with the varied biomass through electron microscope, we concluded the l / d ratios usually is from 5. 0 to 6. 0, the average is 5. 3 ; ( 4 ), we studied the process of biomass transiting and the theory of complete pyrolysis time with the theory of complicated heat field, we got the time ( t ) of the varied size biomass particles arriving to complete pyrolysis, and we knew that the complete pyrolysis time and the time which get to the biggest production ratio are identical, all of these studies provide the theory base for design and forecasting the flash pyrolysis reactor solid state resort time ; ( 5 ), according to the above experiment result, synthesize to make use of the engineering the mechanics, engineering the material, machine the design to learn the principle, deduce, establish the theory of rotation cone flash pyrolysis reactor material resort time ( t ) and reasonable rotation velocity ( or frequency ) relation theory ; and ( 6 ), we gave the reactor ' s smallest cone angle certain, reactor cone wall strength design theory, the reactor production ability theory, the power design method and the critical rotation velocity theory

本文較全面、系統地綜述了國內外生物質熱解液化制取生物燃油技術研究發展現狀及存在的問題，主要研究內容有： （ 1 ）實驗、測定了20種常見生物質的能量（發熱量）和c 、 h 、 n元素含量，根據實驗結果分別建立了以h和c為自變量的生物質能量預測經驗公式，並通過r _ （ 0 . 05 ）檢驗；為閃速熱解液化裝置能量轉化率計算和生物質能量利用率計算提供了依據和方便； （ 2 ）選擇了8種生物質試樣作了等加熱速率（ 10 min 、 20 min 、 40 min 、 60 min ）和恆溫加熱的tg和dtg實驗，根據實驗數據和阿倫尼烏斯公式建立了生物質熱解反應動力學微分方程，並採用goast - redfem積分法和p函數對其動力學參數進行了求解，解析出各種生物質的頻率因子和活化能參數，進而建立了各種生物質的熱解動力學模型，為科學確定反應器的閃速熱解工作溫度范圍及熱解反應動力學描述，提供了理論和依據； （ 3 ）為研究和確定不同尺度的生物質顆粒中心達到全熱解的時間，在體視顯微鏡下對不同粒度的生物質顆粒的長徑比進行了實驗觀察和測定，得出生物質的長徑比（ l d ）一般在5 . 0 6 . 0之間，平均為5 . 3的結果； （ 4 ）採用復雜溫度場傳熱學理論對生物質傳熱過程及充分熱解時間理論進行了研究，解析推導出了不同尺寸生物質顆粒中心溫度達到充分熱解溫度的時間（ t ） ，得出了理論推導的充分熱解時間與最大產油率的熱解時間相一致的結果，為閃速熱解反應器固相滯留時間設計和預測提供了理論依據； （ 5 ）根據上述實驗結果，綜合運用工程力學、工程材料、機械設計學原理，推導、建立了轉錐式閃速熱解反應器物料滯留時間（ ）與轉速（或頻率）合理匹配理論； （ 6 ）提出了轉錐式閃速熱解反應器的最小錐角設計、錐壁強度設計、生產能力設計理論和功率計算方法及臨界轉速理論等。

With the prolong of contact time, the increment scope of ttms and halogen acetic acid will decrease. d ) comparing to chlorination, chloroamine disinfection is a better way in reducing the mutations of the objects in drinking water

D ）氯胺消毒方式在減小飲用水的致突變性即降低飲用水的毒副方面明顯優于氯消毒，對總aoc的生成具有較好的抑制作用，水體生物穩定性優于氯消毒方式。

From this paper ' s study, it had been identified that the pushover analysis method was reliable in scope below : ( a ) low - middle rise, regular, the first model deformable structures, ( b ) short - period structures, ( c ) middle - rise non - symmetric frame structures, ( d ) middle - rise vertical - irregular frame structures, ( e ) middle - rise base - isolated structures, etc. it had also been identified that the time history analysis method could be replaced by the pushover analysis method when the pushover analysis method was reliable

通過本文的研究，證明了pushover法在如下結構中的應用具有足夠的準確性：中低層、規則、以第一振型為主要變形特徵的結構，短周期結構，多層不對稱框架結構，多層豎向不規則框架結構，多層基礎隔震結構。同時證明了在pushover法的適用范圍內，可以應用簡單的pushover法代替復雜的非線性動力時程分析法對結構進行抗震性能評估。

Petroleum chemical companies, and r d labs in various industries. our main business scope including : design and construction for new lab, alteration and upgrade of outmoded lab, update and development for lab in existence, production and installation for lab furniture system, design and construction for lab high - purity gas pipeline, design and construction for lab aeration system, laboratory exhaust gas waste residue treatment, laboratory wear material, chemic reagents, laboratory analytic apparatus, and lims laboratory information management system etc.

上海傲仕實業發展有限公司是一家專業從事實驗室系統工程的公司，多年來，我們一直致力於國內外科研單位大專院校醫藥石油化工電子等行業的實驗室建設公司涉及的主要業務范圍包括：新建實驗室的設計與施工陳舊實驗室的改造與升級現有實驗室的更新與拓展實驗室傢具系統的生產與安裝實驗室高純氣體管路的設計與施工實驗室通風系統的設計與施工實驗室廢氣廢液的處理實驗室耗材化學試劑實驗室儀器及實驗室信息管理系統lims等，公司擁有中高級工程師專家技術顧問設計師28名及專業的施工隊伍，從咨詢設計到施工為客戶提供一套完善的售前售後一站式服務體系，解決實驗室設計和施工當中因不同專業的而涉及到的各種問題

With good experience r d engineers and high quality employees taiwan filler start the business. we treat all customers the v. i. p, no matter the scope of project, we do our best to all details. the team in taiwan filler with strictly control from offering, management producing, q. c and shipping. what we are focus in provide best product and reliable performance

喬泓實業股份有限公司專精食品飲料罐頭包裝等一系列從規劃設計製造服務，經營團隊均有數十年之實戰經驗，秉持豐富的技術研發設計製造永續經營及周全之服務，為業界提供最佳的平臺。

Describe in high level terms the proposed system and define the scope of the subsequent sa & d study

以高階語言描述擬議系統，及為其後進行的系統分析及設計研究界定范圍。

Normalize scope management of product r & d project

規范產品研發項目范圍管理。

D expand the scope of self - education expense deduction ; and

擴大個人進修開支扣除的范圍及

There are four requirements for liability for conclusion of a contract : a ) one party violates the previous contract obligation ; b ) the party violated obligation is at fault ; c ) the aggrieved party suffers losses ; d ) there is causality between the behavior which violates obligation and the losses. the form to bear liability for conclusion of a contract is to compensate for losses, and the scope of compensation will be different according to the applying scope. the liability for conclusion of a contract ca n ' t be exempted because of force majeure, bu t when the force majeure occurs, abiding by the principle of fairness seems to be more accordant with fairness, good faith and original intention of legislation of liability for conclusion of a contract

需具備四個構成要件，即締約人一方違反先合同義務，違反先合同義務的一方有過錯，受害人受有損失，違反先合同義務的行為與受害人之損失有因果關系。承擔締約責任的方式是損害賠償，並因適用范圍的不同，賠償的范圍也有差異。但是，不可抗力不可以構成締約責任的免責事由，當發生不可抗力時，適用公平責任似乎更符合公平、誠實信用及締約責任的立法原意。

The types of institution and company that may apply for r d service quotas are as follows : government agencies, research institutes, universities and colleges, research foundations and private - sector companies engaged in r d activity whose operations have been confirmed as either confor min g to the needs of the government s technology policy or industrial policy, or falling within the scope of the one of the key manpower cultivation areas designated by the government

研發替代役實施范圍為：政府機關研究機構大學院校法人研究機構及民間產業，經認定符合科技或產業政策及重點人才培育從事研發工作之單位，並不限於特定國防科技產業用人單位若符合政策需求及資格，且提具需求員額時，均得參加甄選，以全面性提升我國產業研發能量。

After analyzing the corpus and object of the legal relationship of the d & o insurance, insured liability scope, the obligation to disclose of the cost burden, the inform liability of the policy - holder, the notice liability of the assured etc, and combining the lawmaking actuality of the d & o insurance system in our country, the writer put some lawmaking ideas about building and perfecting the d & o insurance system in our country

因此，筆者在簡要介紹董事責任保險之後，從董事責任保險產生的法理基礎即董事的義務與責任入手，以此為邏輯原點研究這一制度的內在動力。然後具體分析了董事責任保險法律關系涉及的五個方面，包括當事人與關系人、保險標的、保險責任范圍、保險費的負擔以及投保人的告知義務與被保險人的通知義務等。

The paper analyzes the present status of product r & d project management at zsgcl ( zhuzhou smelter group co. ltd ) and find out its existing problems such as : ambiguous project scope, unreasonable project decision - making, poor communication between different departments, ineffective project time management, inequity of responsibility, power and benefit of project manager, diseased project team system and ineffective control of project adventure and fault

文章對株冶產品研發項目管理現狀進行了詳細分析，找出了株冶產品研發項目管理中存在的項目范圍不明確、立項決策不科學、部門溝通不暢通、未進行有效的時間管理、項目負責人責、權、利不對等、項目團隊建設體系不健全、未進行有效的項目風險和失誤控制等問題。