externalities 中文意思是什麼
externalities
解釋
外部的影響；外在因素-
The third involves the undesirable externalities that may accompany productivity increases.
第三是伴隨生產率提高而產生的不良的外部影響問題。 -
Internalization may also come about spontaneously by the merger of two units inflicting large externalities upon one another.
當兩個有著巨大的相互沖突的外差因素的單位合併時，內部化也可能自發地產生。 -
Reflections on externalities of green agriculture
綠色農業的外部性分析與思考 -
On ways and effects of internalization of positive externalities - a comparison between pigou ' s and coase ' s internalization theory of positive externalities
庇古和科斯的正外部性內在化理論比較 -
( 3 ) it probes into the definition and meaning of the externality, analyzing the implication of externalities under different system of land use and a. c. pigou ' s revenue and property management for reducing and eliminating the impact of externalities, and pointing out the advantage and disadvantage of that
分析了在不同制度下的土地利用對其外部效果影響，以及消除或減少外部效果負面影響的庇古稅及產權管理方法。 （ 4 ）從深層次上分析探討了城市土地使用中外部效果的必然性，及其外部效果的分類。 -
( 1 ) it sums up the three ideas of economics used to study urban planning, clearly expressing the theoretical point of view of this study, the co - existence of the theories of interlizing of externalities by a. c. pigou ' s and transaction cost and property right by ronald harry coase, which emphasizes that when market is developing on the basis of a perspicuity of property right and a economized of transaction cost, government intervention and revenue modulation should not be neglected
其具體內容如下： （ 1 ）系統研究和總結了城市規劃理論相關的經濟學發展上的三種思路。從而確定了本課題研究的理論支撐點：即庇古提出的外部效果內部化理論與科斯的交易費用與產權理論有可共存之處。在強調產權明晰與節省交易費用並以市場化發展為主導的同時，需要政府的干預和稅收調節。 -
There are many mechanics can be used, such as the preference share, the redeemable preference share, convertible preference share, the income bond, the anti - dilution clause, the protection against dilution, mandatory dividend, convertible preference bond, participating preference share, etc. however, in the contract freedom, some stakeholders, such as creditors, minority shareholders, suffer from significant information imperfections and negative externalities
原因在於，當公司向股東分配股票，包括股票股利、資本公積金轉增股本時，不會導致財產流出公司，不會減少對優先股股東和債權人的擔保財產，通常不會損害優先股股東和債權人利益，不會對優先股股東和債權人產生負的外部性。克服負外部性的機制之一是，通過程序強制，為第三方參加締約創造機會。 -
Polluters don ' t pay the real cost of externalities such as toxic waste and air and water pollution
造成污染的企業並沒有對產生有毒廢物以及空氣、水的污染等方面付出真正的代價。 -
Typically, the geographical localization of industry and the formation of agglomeration economy are explained as consequences of externalities such as labor force pooling, middle product putting and technology spillover according to alfred marshall
在一定的條件下，自然稟賦的地理差異確實在影響著產業聚集的形成，本文對緣于自然稟賦差異的產業聚集作了三種不同的分類。 -
2. switching cost, network externalities, additional function, branding image, safety & stabilization, require of computer configuration & bandwidth, these are six causal variables that need to be mainly considered in the influence factors of the imcl. they not only directly restrict customer lock - in, customer value and customer satisfaction, but also influence the imcl indirectly by the three direct influence factors
2 、轉移成本、網路外部性、附加功能、品牌形象、安全穩定、配置網路是即時通訊產品顧客忠誠的六個主要原因變量，它們不僅直接制約顧客鎖定、顧客價值和顧客滿意，而且通過這三個直接影響因素間接的影響即時通訊產品的顧客忠誠。 -
We will begin with a discussion of relevant topics from industrial organization including monopoly pricing, price discrimination, product differentiation, barriers to entry, network externalities, search and first - mover advantages
我們一開始將討論相關的主題，包括了壟斷定價、價格歧視、商品差異化、進入障礙、網路外部性、搜尋及先佔優勢。 -
The level of a subsidy can be obtained from three layers : the narrow level being financial budget, the broad level being non - internalization of externalities, and the integrated layer being the difference between private cost or price and market cost or price. several models and indicators of government assistance for agriculture have been developed, such as nrp, nra, erp, era, pse and ams
農業補貼的測度，可從狹義（財政預算） 、廣義（外部性）和綜合層次（衡量農業資源的轉入與轉出凈額）上進行；在現有各種測度農業補貼水平的方法中， pse模型能更好地反映補貼的內涵。 -
The paper points out explicitly that the " hard core " of property systems is the owner ship systems and the first prerequisite of distinct property systems is clear ownership systems ; the second, internalization of externalities. only with the two perquisites together can distinct property systems be established
本文明確指出，產權制度的「硬核」是所有權制度，所有權制度的明確是產權制度清晰的必要條件之一，外部性內在化是產權制度清晰的必要條件之二，只有這兩個條件同時具備，才可能有清晰的產權制度。 -
The second is that monopoly produces some positive effects : as static efficiency to say, there are four mechanisms, namely economies of scale, economies of scope, internalization of externalities and learning effect, which optimize the allocation of resources. monopoly advantages decrease of transaction cost. some extent monopoly has benefits to technology innovation and human capital accumulation
其次，壟斷具有正的效應：從靜態效率來看，壟斷存在四種優化資源配置的機制（規模經濟機制、范圍經濟機制、外部性內化機制和學習效應機制） ；壟斷有利於機會成本的降低，從而可以提高社會經濟活動的效率；從動態效率來看，一定程度的壟斷有利於技術進步和人力資本的積累，因而是動態有效的。 -
Urban planning control and the externalities of urban land use, a very classical problem just to be tackled by this paper is going to follow the very new progress of current economics and take cases of " village within the city ", a problem appeared in the urbanization in china, massive demolishing of illegal buildings in urban area, and the property dispute about the right of sunlight and green land as examples to conduct the study step by step on the externality of land use, transaction cost, property right, government regulation and the rule by law with the help of the author ' s experience gained from years of management in the grass - root office work
本文正是抓住「城市土地使用的外部效果與規劃控制」這一涉及我國土地資源利用和經濟發展的重大問題，利用主流經濟學的最新進展，以中國城市化中的「城中村」問題、大規模拆除違章建築行動、小區居民捍衛「陽光權」 、 「綠地權」等房產糾紛為背景，結合筆者在廣州市十多年的管理經驗，圍繞外部效果、交易費用、產權、政府規制等深層上的問題展開研究。 -
In this paper we study incumbent firms ' compatibility decisions when market entry of competitive firm may occur by using a three - stage game theory model with network externalities
本文構建了一個三階段動態博弈模型，研究了面對潛在競爭企業的市場進入威脅時，在位企業之間的兼容性決策問題。 -
This course focuses on the following topics : basic theory of consumer behavior ; production and costs ; partial equilibrium analysis of pricing in competitive and monopolistic markets ; general equilibrium ; welfare ; and externalities
本課程的重點放在以下的主題上：消費者行為的基本理論；生產與成本；競爭與獨占市場中定價的部分均衡分析；一般均衡；福利；以及外部性。 -
Need to invest to reduce recurrent and maintenance costs and take into account the externalities in developing our economy
在發展經濟時，需投資去減低經常及維修開支和將增加界外效應列入考慮研究。 -
The discuss starts from the " positive externalities " of tech - research and development, pointing out that the products of tech - research and development somewhat has the property of " public good ". without < wp = 8 > government ' s interfere, the intensity of tech - research and development by private section ca n ' t meet the need of " pareto optism " because of the " positive externalities ", as a result, the items of venture capital are insufficient and the development of venture captal will be pull back. rational policies of government expediture can internalize the " positive externalities " - transforming them to more revenue or less cost of the tech - research and development private suppliers. be feared of the high risk at the beginning of venture capital, the private section ca n ' t provide enough capital, the " capital gap " should be fetched up by government with equity capital, creditor ' s right capital, subcidy, at the same time, some other means, such as government purchase, credit guarantee, capital insurance, tax expenditure can promte private capital, is also important. in this part, the function of the above means, the establishment and enforcment of them are breafly discussed. because tax policies play a critical role in fiscal policy, r - y chart is used to analyse the relation between tax and venture capital, at last, a conclution is drawn : tax expenditure can promote venture capital
這部分論述從科技研發成果的「外溢性」入手，指出科技研發成果在不同程度上具有「公共品」性質，這種外溢性使得在純市場條件下，私人部門研發活動強度達不到社會資源配置最優的要求，也使風險投資項目來源不足， < wp = 6 >阻礙風險投資的發展。合理的政府財政支出政策可以使「外溢性」內部化。之後，論述了風險投資資本來源與政府財政支出政策的關系，由於風險投資尤其是其初期的高風險性，民間風險資本不足，應由政府以股權及債權投資、補助等財政直接支出方式彌補資本缺口，運用政府采購、財政擔保、保險、貼息、稅收優惠等間接支出方式，鼓勵民間資本進入風險投資領域也同樣重要。 -
Issues of externalities, which refer to the effect of a decision on parties who are not part of the decision, also make it difficult for nonintegrated vendors to sell their products online
來自決策雙方當事人以外的外部因素也會增加非整合經銷商開展網上銷售的難度。
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