first difference method 中文意思是什麼

first difference method 解釋
一階差分法
  • first : adj 1 最初的，最早的。2 最上等的，第一流的。3 基本的，概要的。4 高音（調）的。n 1 最初，第一；第...
  • difference : n. 1. 差異，差別。2. 不和，爭論。3. 【數學】差，差額。4. 【邏輯學】特殊性。vt. 〈罕用語〉區別，使有差別。
  • method : n 1 方法，方式；順序。2 （思想、言談上的）條理，規律，秩序。3 【生物學】分類法。4 〈M 〉【戲劇】...
  1. With the rapid development of the security stock market especially the stock market in chian ， issuing stock and circulating on market became the first choice of financing for more and more enterprise at the same time ， more and more investors are attracted by the relately high initial return of stock however ， the problem of ipos underpricing always exists in the stock market according to the data of more than one thousand chinese stocks ， most new issues had great raise in the first trade day ， and investors could acquire higher initial return than the average return of the stock market or the same industry we find that initial returns on a - share ipos average reached 132. 24 percent the main body of this paper is made up of six sections ： in the first part ， we introduced the method of the estimate of pricing decision ； in the second part ， we analyzed the method of the pricing decision and issuing system in china ， discussed the advantage and weakness of the various issuing methods ， and compared the economic efficiency between the examine and approve system and authorization system ； in the third part ， we analyzed the reason of ipo ' s underpricing in detail from information economics and other factors and combined with the environment of the chinese stock markets ， we analyzed the special characteristics in china and how they effect the ipo ' s underpricing in the fourth part ， we analyzed the data of chinese stock market with spss ， made a analysis of the administrative pricing decision and market pricing decision ， studied the underpricing phenomena of chinese stock market ， and analyzed it ' s causes ； in the fifth part ， we made a analysis of the examine approve system and authorization system ； and in the last part ， we drew some conclusions and put forth some policy advices the follow are the conclusions and policy advices in this dissertation ： （ 1 ） from the results of this empirical study ， we found that the issuing price - earning ratio and the market situation before ipos are strongly and positively associated with the underpricing of shares ， the issuing scale of ipo and the hit rate are strongly and negatively associated with the underpricing ； （ 2 ） we found that after the abolishing of ipo ' s p / e ratio and the using of authorization system ， there is no significant difference among the underpricing of shares ， but considered with the market entironment ， we think that the ipo ' s underpricing has been correspondingly reduced （ 3 ） to reduce difference between the primary market and the second market ， we suggested that we shall bring the " over - allotment option ( oao ) " to bear and resume the state - owned share and corporate - owned share to circulate on market as soon possible

    本文的主體由六個部分組成：第一部分介紹新股發行定價的估值方法；第二部分對我國的發行定價方式和發行制度進行分析，探討不同發行定價方式的優缺點，以及審批制和核準制經濟效率分析；第三部分從信息經濟學角度和其他因素的角度詳細分析造成新股發行抑價的原因，並結合我國股票市場實際情況，分析了我國市場的特有因素是否及如何影響一級市場的發行抑價程度的；第四部分利用統計分析軟體spss對我國新股行政化和市場化定價進行實證分析，主要包括新股發行行政化和市場化定價方式的實施情況和效果分析、新股發行行政化定價方式的實證分析，以及新股發行行政化和市場化定價方式的比較實證分析；第五部分利用統計分析軟體spss對我國新股發行審批制和核準制進行實證分析；第六部分是本論文的主要結論。本文的主要結論和建議有： （ 1 ）從實證分析結果看，我國新股發行抑價與市場環境、發行市盈率呈顯著正向關系，與發行規模、申購中簽率等呈顯著反向關系。 （ 2 ）取消發行市盈率限制和實施核準制等市場化改革措施並沒有降低發行抑價的絕對水平，只是由於市場環境的因素，發行抑價的相對水平才有所降低。
  2. In the first part of the paper, the explicit form of difference equation and periodic boundary condition is derived in cartesian coordinate system. secondly, the dispersive characteristic is analyzed in cylinder coordinate system for many high power microwave devices use cylinder sws. and then the method is extended to calculate the band structure of 2 - d photonic crystal, a modified yee ’ s grid is introduced to calculate the dispersive characteristic in the case of triangular lattice, so that both square lattice and triangular lattice cases can be solved in cartesian coordinate system

    周期電磁結構的一個重要應用就是用作高功率微波器件中的慢波系統，考慮到目前大部分高功率微波器件的慢波系統多採用圓柱周期結構，在論文第四章中，在圓柱坐標系下，給出了差分方程和周期性邊界條件的具體形式，同時編寫程序，分析了milosws ，盤荷慢波結構的色散特性。
  3. After analysising three existed methods for phase difference correction on discrete spectrum, it is recommended to correct the spectrum containing small noise in engineer practice by the first phase difference correcting method ( performing fft analysis on two continuous original sequence ) with harming window

    綜合分析現有三種離散頻譜相位差校正方法，推薦在小噪聲工程實際中加hanning窗的第一種相位差法（采連續兩段信號作相同點數fft的相位差校正法）進行校正。
  4. Article to college entrance examination chinese current situation of test, combination of thoery and practice, pass with western chinese graduation examination way, contrast of the method, middle school of developed country, the first part put forward college entrance examination chinese have an examination three principle that should follow, namely content and form of test should respect and meet hereditary quality and individual character difference of quality of student ; should work in concert with latest scientific research results ; should regard measuring students " innovation ability as the main purpose

    文章針對高考語文考試的現狀，理論聯系實際，通過與西方發達國家中學語文畢業考試方式、方法的對比，第一部分提出高考語文考試應遵循的三個原則，即考試的內容和形式應尊重和適應學生的遺傳素質和個性品質的差異；應與最新的科學研究成果相呼應，內容應新穎、獨特，能激發人的潛能；應以檢測學生的創新能力為主要目的。
  5. Here we managed to make cultured mice peritoneal macrophages be directly influenced by oligochitosan, and be stimulated by ifn - r before oligochitosan added, then measured the changes of gene transcription and translation level of both il - 1 and imf - a, respectively by methods of relatively quantitive rt - pcr and elisa. first, rt - pcr results showed that 18 hours was the most effective time and 40ug / ml was the most effective concentration of oligochitosan, then by the same method, confirm that 4hours is the most effective time and loou / ml is the most effective concentration of ifn - r stimulating. because ifn - r can enhance il - 1 and tnf - a gene expression of macrophages alone, so add ifn - r to microphages alone for 22 hours, then examined by rt - pcr, the results showed that il - 1 and tnf - a gene expression have no remarkable difference compared with the blank contrast group

    此外，由於ifn y單獨作用也可促進兩種細胞因子基因表達，故在巨噬細胞中加入ifn y單獨作用22h ，再經阿一pcr檢測，發現加ifn y的實驗組細胞的幾一lp和tnf a基因轉錄水平與空白對照組相比較無顯著性差異，可見，殼寡糖和ifn v對巨噬細胞il lp和tnf一口基因轉錄水平的影響在作用時間上無一致性，在殼寡糖作用最適時間時，僅受ifn y刺激的巨噬細胞il lp和tnf q基因轉錄己下降至刺激前水平，因此可以認為， ifn y的加入僅起到對巨噬細胞預刺激使之處于敏感狀態的作用，有利於增強殼寡糖對巨噬細胞的作用。
  6. First, we reviewed the finite - difference time - domain yee ' s method. the difference equations, the stability condition, numerical dispersion characteristics, absorbing boundary conditions, incident wave source conditions and the calculation of the frequency - dependent scattering parameters are discussed

    首先本文回顧了時域有限差分yee演算法，包括時域有限差分的差分方程、穩定性條件、數值色散特性、吸收邊界條件，激勵源的設置以及散射參數的計算等。
  7. In this paper, the property difference of sio2 sols used for preparing thin films by esam method or sol - gel process has been discussed. three kinds of sio2 sols were prepared, catalyzed by hcl or nh3 h2o only, or hcl first and then nh3 h2o respectively ( please note : in following text, the sio2 sol catalyzed by hc1 first and then nh3 h2o and its correspondent films will be named sio2 sol 1 # and film 1 ; the sio2 sol catalyzed by nh3 h2o only and its correspondent films will be named sio2 sol 2 # and film 2 # ). through investigating the assembling properties of the sols, observing thin films " microscopic structure with tem and testing their transmissivity with 721 spectrophotometer, we find that the first kind of sol is not suitable for preparing esam films, but the last two, i. e. sol 1 # and sol 2 #, are good

    本文討論了esam法制備薄膜所用的溶膠與sol - gel法所用的溶膠在性能上的區別，在hc1或nh _ ? h _ 2o分別單獨催化和hc1 nh _ 3 ? h _ 2o分步催化三種催化條件下制備了sio _ 2溶膠（以下規定hc1 nh _ 3 ? h _ 2o分步催化的sio _ 2溶膠為1 ~ #溶膠，相應的薄膜為1 ~ #薄膜， nh _ 3 ? h _ 2o催化的sio _ 2溶膠為2 ~ #溶膠、相應的薄膜為2 ~ #薄膜） ，在通過組裝薄膜並用透射電鏡（ tem ）觀察薄膜微觀結構以及用721分光光度計測試樣品的光透射率，得出了后兩種催化方法所制備的溶膠適合於esam法鍍膜，而第一種溶膠不適于用此法鍍膜的結論，用傅立葉紅外光譜（ ft - ir ）研究了溶膠組成；用差熱失重分析儀（ dta - tg ）對膠體進行了熱分析。
  8. The numerical method based on the coupling of the finite difference method in time domain with the discrete fast fourier transform is applied to calculate the first four eigenfrequencies and eigenfunctions of the six - cavity with open boundary. the absorbing boundary condition for tem wave is tested numerically, and it is applied to writing the code. the cold testing of the cavity is done and the results are good agreement with the numerical results

    計算x波段六腔開放腔前四個模式的場分佈;根據第二章公式分別計算x波段六腔開放腔前四個模式的電子負載電導並總結了這四種工作模式渡越效應的規律，基於這種小信號理論分析了x波段渡越輻射振蕩器，得到了工作模式及可能產生的模式競爭。
  9. The authors first infered the boundary condition for line source, then realised the forward calculation with finite - difference method

    針對垂直有限線源，首先推導了線電流源的邊界條件，利用有限差分實現了三維地電場的正演。
  10. At the meantime, during the procedure of pre - processing, according to the character that the illumination conditions on the scene of the expressway toll collection frequently change a lot, the algorithm of first difference combining the method of fixing the threshold of binarization via accumulating the points was used to complete the job of extracting the outline of the image

    在圖像預處理過程中，根據高速公路收費站點光照條件不斷變化的特點，採用一階差分演算法並結合累積像素點確定二值化閾值的方法，完成圖像邊緣輪廓的提取工作。
  11. According to different water phenomena, we use two different method to produce waves source : the first method is by specifying the boundary conditions and initialization conditions, this method simulate the dam breaking, reflection and diffraction of water waves ; the second method is by specifying disturbance model, this method simulate water droplets, waterfall, waves of ship ; in the first part of this thesis, we discuss the prevalent methods of the simulation of water scenes, in the second part of this thesis, we describe the numerical methods of solving the shallow water equations using the finite difference method and the finite volume method respectively, in the third part of this thesis, we simulate some realistically liquid phenomena such as rain droplets, the waves of ship, dam breaking etc

    產生水波首先要有波源，設置不同的波源便可以得到不同的水流情形，我們用兩種方法來產生波源：一種是通過設置邊界條件和初始條件產生，這種方法用於模擬潰壩波的反射、折射等現象；另一種是通過擾動控制產生，這種方法用於模擬雨滴、瀑布、船波等自然現象。本論文的第一部分我們討論了目前水動畫模擬常用的幾種方法；在第二部分討論了我們所使用的兩類數值方法：有限差分方法和有限體積方法；在第三部分我們模擬了雨滴、船波、潰壩波等一些水流現象。
  12. In the procedure, the column is first divided into a finite number of small segments in equal length. the deflection - curvature relation of each segment is determined using the finite - difference method. the final nonlinear algebraic equations are then obtained by means of the equilibrium condition for each segment

    運用這種方法，先將長柱離散成若干等長的柱段，利用差分方法求得各柱段截面上的撓度與曲率的關系，再根據各截面上外力與抵抗力的平衡條件，得到一組關于荷載與變形關系的非線性代數方程組；本文對該方程組採用載荷增量法進行迭代求解。
  13. 2. firstly this paper introduce the whole machine balancing principle and method for dual - rotor systems with little rotating speed difference firstly, then discuss key points such as picking up base signal, picking up " pai " signal, measuring rotor speed, capturing the value of wave crest and through, calculating the phase values of unbalanced weight, processing odd phases and finding each rotor ' s amplitude. on the foundation of above theories, using signal process technique and chip microprocessors technique, we developed a portable intellectual instrument, the first domestic device. which can balance dual - rotor system with little rotating speed difference quickly and accurately

    本文從不解拍整機動平衡原理出發，在詳細討論基準信號、拍振信號的提取；轉速的測量；拍峰、拍谷的捕捉：不平衡相位的求法、特殊相位角的處理；內、外轉子幅值的確定等關鍵問題的基礎上，應用信號處理技術和單片機技術研製成功國內第一臺性能穩定、操作簡單、成本低廉且平衡速度快，平衡精度高的便攜式微速差雙轉子現場整機智能動平衡儀。
  14. First in section 1 we obtain the estimate of holder norm in time direction about the system of elliptic equation and elliptic equations by difference method and the result will be used in chapter 2

    首先，在第一節中我們對橢圓型方程問題和橢圓型方程組問題運用差分方法得到時間方向上的h （ ? ） lder模估計，其結果將用在第二章。
  15. In this paper, we design the imc controller using zero - pole cancellation method, and tune the controller filter parameter a according to the error e and its first difference a e and acquire the best combination between robust performance and the response speed. the error e is the difference between the reference model output and system output

    本文採用相消法設計內模控制器，用參考模型理想輸出和實際對象輸出之差e及其變化率e在線模糊調節控制器中濾波參數，使系統的性能達到快速性和魯棒性的最佳結合。
  16. First, we make the basic need of magnetic circuit clearly, present the theory formulation for permanent magnetic circuit of radial polarization using the method of analyzing the theory of magnetic circuit of axis polarization, and program the calculational programme to simulate the magnetic field of magnetic circuit applying finite difference method. then we continue to study using the adult soft of femm of calculation magnetic circuit magnetic field, consider many factors affecting it, get a great lot of data and curves, give some better magnetic circuit structures for reference at our laboratory. in the end, with the condition of our lab, we measure the permanent magnetic circuit completed, then the experimental and calculational simulation results have been discussed and analyzed

    本文首先闡述了磁路計算及設計的基本要求，利用分析軸向永磁體磁路理論的方法，推導出了求解徑向磁化磁路的理論方程，應用有限差分法，編制了計算程序，對磁路的磁場進行了模擬；然後利用比較成熟的計算磁路磁場軟體femm作深入研究，考慮了影響磁路磁場的多種因素，得出了大量數據和曲線，給出了幾組比較合理的磁路結構，可供實驗的參考；最後，結合本實驗室條件，對現有永磁體磁路進行了冷測，將測試結果和計算模擬結果作了比較，並進行了討論和分析。
  17. In this paper, the foundamental principles of fd _ bpm ( finite - difference beam propagation method ) used to simulate and calculate the process of beam propagation is first introduced. then ， the theory of boundary condition is carefully presented. based on those theories mentioned above, a new kind of fd _ bpm arithmetic is brought forward. compared with the traditional arithmetic, this one has much more advantages. in virtue of the new arithmetic, author accomplished the whole simulating designs with two kinds of optical splitter ( stright y - junction optical splitter and sine - type optical splitter ), including propagation field simulating, vital parameter calculating, acquired some optimized waveguide parameters ， and finished the template by those results at last

    本文主要藉助這種改進的fd _ bpm演算法，對兩種結構的光分路器（直y型光分路器，上升正弦型光分路器）進行了器件設計的軟體模擬，包括對兩種結構光分路器傳輸場進行模擬，並對兩種結構光分路器的重要參數，如波導寬度，分叉角，縱橫比，損耗進行了模擬計算；得到了一些有價值的優化波導結構參數值，根據這些優化值設計製作了光刻模板。
  18. A hybrid migration method, named " fourier finite - difference migration ", is a post - stack depth migration scheme. the downward extrapolation operator is split into three operators : one operator is a phase - shift operator for a chosen constant background velocity, another operator is the well - known first - order correction term, and the third operator is a finite - difference operator for the varying of the velocity function. phase - shift downward extrapolation and finite - difference downward extrapolation preserves the advantage of phase - shift method and finite - difference method

    傅立葉有限差分（簡稱ffd ）偏移演算法是一種疊后深度偏移演算法，其向下延拓運算元是一種混合運算元，包括三項：一項是處理常速的相移運算元，一項是一階相移修正運算元，最後一項是類似45度方程的有限差分運算元，用來處理劇烈橫向變速。
  19. In this thesis, author briefly introduces basic theory of fdtd method at first, and research the method for analysing fss : the finite difference time domain combined with periodic boundary condition ( pbc ) and absorber boundary condition ( abc ) becomes the accurate and efficient tools for analysing frequency selective surfaces

    其中時域有限差分法（ fdtd ）是求解麥克斯韋微分方程的直接時域方法。本文從fdtd的基本演算法原理出發，研究了頻率選擇表面的特性分析。其中包括了fdtd方法與周期性邊界條件、吸收邊界條件相結合，形成分析各種周期性結構準確、有效的通用工具。
  20. This thesis aims to discuss the clustering techniques with the background of large - scale nuclear physics science data mining. first, we introduce the key techniques and the main task in data mining, then we analyze the data preprocessing techniques and clustering techniques combine data mining techniques with science data. from data preprocessing aspect, we propose some methods of segmenting, denoising, integrating and transforming, and we use “ truncation method ” and “ successive difference method ” in data reduction, at last we extract information from the science data

    論文基於大規模核物理科學數據挖掘的背景，全面介紹了數據挖掘的關鍵技術和主要任務，從理論、演算法和應用三個層次，結合科學數據的特點來分析預處理技術和聚類方法，提出了很多實用的預處理方法:對hdf5科學數據進行分塊、除噪、集成、變換等，同時對它使用「截斷法」和「逐層求差法」進行規約，並對數據進行信息提取。
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