frontier official 中文意思是什麼
frontier official
解釋
疆吏-
By end of 1998, the nominal value of derivatives transactions had happened in the official exchange within 5 years increased from 7. 7 trillion u. s. dollars to 13. 5 trillion u. s. dollars, meanwhile, the nominal value of derivative securities ( otc ) increased from 8. 7 trillion u. s. dollars to 51 trillion u. s. dollars, then, the nominal value of unliquidated derivatives was total about 64 trillion u. s. dollars, and the academic field also emerged frontier science borrowing for the financial science, physics financial science, financial engineering, etc. 1973, black and scholes put forward the differential equation that any derivative securities prices based on any non - dividend paying stock must be satisfied, that is black - scholes differential equation
Jamshidian . f在其1989年的文章中推導出零息債券的期權價格。奧托同樣在其1998年的論文中用統計物理學中的路徑積分方法推導出了基於零息債券為基礎的期權定價模型。本文在這些學者研究成果的基礎上，進行了更深層次的研究，在vasicek隨機模型的基礎上，打破上述學者及著名的black - scholes期權定價模型只能求解證券及其衍生產品價格平均值的限制，對零息債券和基於零息債券的期權的價格求解，並推導證券瞬時價格的分佈函數。 -
During this period the national trades in this regions were mainly divided into 2 parts, the official trades with tea for horse and the exchange of markets in su prefecture, and the folk trades. the reason of the development of the folk trades included the following 3 : first, the necessity of reassure the northwest frontier in the earlier stage of qing dynasty ; second, the peculiar environmental and economic conditions ; third, the qing government softened the policies of trades
清前期甘寧青地區的民族貿易主要區分為官方的茶馬互市貿易、肅州互市貿易和民間貿易兩大部分，民族貿易得以開展的原因，其一是清前期西北安邊之需要，其二是甘寧青特殊的自然與經濟環境所促使，其三是清政府逐漸放寬的貿易政策作條件。
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