hyperosmotic 中文意思是什麼

Methods : hyperosmotic pressure animal model was established by administering 3 % sodium chloride as drinking water to rats or increasing osmotic pressure of the culture medium. osmoregulation positions in the brain, reciprocal projection pathways between the medullary visceral zone ( mvz ) and supraoptic nucleus ( son ) or hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus ( pvn ), oscillation of intracellular calcium in cultured neurons and astrocytes were studied by means of anti - fos, glial fibrillary acidic protein ( gfap ), tyrosine hydroxylase ( th ) or vasopressin ( vp ) multiple imrnunohistochemical staining, immuno - electronic microscope, wga - hrp retrogradely tracing and cell culture methods. results : ( 1 ) fos positive neurons within the mvz, parabrachial nuclei, locus ceruleus, pvn, son, subfomical organ increased markedly

方法：通過給予大鼠飲用3氯化鈉或提高培養基滲透壓濃度的方法復制高滲刺激模型，主要採用抗fos 、膠質原纖維酸性蛋白（ gfap ）和酪氨酸羥化酶（ th ） （或加壓素? vp ）免疫組織化學多重染色、免疫電鏡、 wga - hrp束路追蹤結合免疫組織化學多重染色、細胞培養等實驗方法，系統觀察了中樞參與滲透壓反射的調控部位、下丘腦視上核（ son ）神經元? ast超微結構的變化、延髓內臟帶（ mvz ）和son及下丘腦室旁核（ pvn ）之間往返投射通路和神經元的性質及其與ast的關系、培養神經元和ast內鈣波的變化。

Fos + / th + / gfap + and fos + / vp + / gfap + triple labeled n - asc could be found in the mvz, pvn and son respectively ; ( 2 ) under electronic microscope, the astrocytic processes connected closely with the dendrites or axons of the neurons, where the bilateral membranes became thick. we call transiently it electron - dense areas ( edas ). the number of edas increased remarkably following hyperosmotic stimulation ; ( 3 ) when trace retrogradely, wga - hrp was microinjected into the unilateral son, pvn or nucleus of solitary tract ( nts ) respectively using the stereotaxic method, the n - ascs formed by the neurons triple - labeled with hrp / fos / th ( or vp ) and astrocytes labeled with gfap could be found in the mvz, son and pvn respectively ; ( 4 ) after being treated with heperosmotic nacl solution, intracellular calcium concentration in cultured hypothamic neurons and astrocytes increased and then decreased

腦內gfap陽性結構也明顯增多，其分佈與fos陽性細胞分佈基本一致，表現為胞體肥大、突起粗長； ast緊密包繞在神經元周圍形成神經元- ast復合體（ n - asc ） ；在mvz 、 pvn和son三重免疫組化染色切片上可見到fos + th + gfap +第四軍醫大學博士學位論文和fos vp gfap三重標記asc ； （ 2 ）免疫電鏡下son內星型膠質細胞突起與神經元樹突或軸突之間接觸部位出現增厚的膜結構一電于緻密區（ edas ） ，高滲刺激后數量明顯增多： （ 3 ）將們個mp注入大鼠一側n卜、卜卜或孤束核（ ws ） ，分別在延髓內臟帶（ mvz ） 、 so和pvn內出現fos hrp th 、 fos hrp八p三重標記神經元和gfap陽性標記ast形成的n asc ； （ 4 ）高滲刺激使培養神經元和ast內鈣水平先升高后降低，最後維持在比高滲刺激前稍高的靜息鈣水平上。

Objective : in this study we try to simultaneously investigate the response of neurons and astrocytes of rats following hyperosmotic stimulation and focus attention on the role of neuronal - astrocytic complex in the osmotic reglution

目的：本研究試圖從整體水平共同觀察神經元和ast對高滲透壓刺激的反應，探討神經膠質細胞?神經元復合體在滲透壓調控過程中的作用。

3, vp content in plasma increased significantly 45min after hyperosmotic stimulation. when pre - injected carbennoxolone, a gap junction blocker, into the lateral ventricle, followed by hyperosmotic stimulation, vp content remained the base line. the expression of gfap - li astrocytes showed no difference, while that of fos - li neurons decreased significantly

門）高滲刺激后扔dn ，血漿中p含量明顯升高，若事先經側腦室注入cbx后再給高滲刺激，血漿中vp含量不升高，視上核內星形膠質細胞gfap陽性反應與單純高滲組無差別，而fos陽性神經元明顯減少。

Immunohistochemistry method was used to observe the temporal and spatial expression of nmdar2, signal molecules, skeleton proteins and connexins in son neurons and glias ( astrocytes and microglias ). radioimmunoassay was used to detect vasopressin ( vp ) content in plasma before and after hyperosmotic stimulation. ultrastructure between activated son astrocytes and neurons was observed by double immune - electron - microscopic staining method

應用免疫組織化學方法光鏡下觀察高滲刺激后，大鼠視上核膠質細胞（星形膠質細胞和小膠質細胞）受體（ nmdar2 ） 、信號分子、骨架蛋白及縫隙連接蛋白的表達的時空變化；應用放免測定檢測高滲刺激前後血漿中vp含量。

An acellular dermal matrix was prepared from allogenic skin by removing epidermis with a hyperosmotic salt solution and cross - linking with glutaralaldehyde, then clear away acellular components in dermis with naoh - maceration. the light and sme observation of the acellular dermal matrix revealed that the epidermis and cellular component in dermis were eliminated

本研究共分四部分：第一部分無細胞真皮基質的制備用高滲鹽除去異體皮膚的表皮細胞，經戊二醛交聯后以低濃度naoh消蝕以除去真皮中的所有細胞成分，得到無細胞真皮基質。

Conclusions : the present results indicated that the brain areas involving in the heperosmotic regulation mainly located in mvz son and pvn. the neurons and astrocytes might be very active following hyperosmotic pressure and n - asc as a functional unit might serve to modulate osmotic pressure. there was reciprocal osmoregulation pathways between the mvz and son or pvn in the brain

結論：參與大鼠高滲性滲透壓調節的中樞主要位於mvz 、 son和pvn等核團，神經元和ast以n asc的形式共同參與滲透壓調節反應，體內存在mvz和son或pvn之間往返的滲透壓調節通路。

Treat primary cultured neurons and astrocytes with hyperosmotic stimulation. immunofluorescence was used to study the expression of cx43 and cx32 in son neurons and astrocytes

應用westernblot技術檢測高滲刺激后視上核縫隙連接蛋白（ connexin ， cx ） 32和43含量。

Based on the previous researches, the present study investigated the response of son neurons and glias ( astrocytes and microglias ) to hyperosmotic stimulation and their relationship to find out the roles of glias in regulating hyperosmotic stimulation

因此在以往研究的基礎上，本課題通過觀察視上核神經元和膠質細胞（星形膠質細胞和小膠質細胞）對高滲刺激的反應及其相互關系，探討視上核膠質細胞在高滲刺激后調節過程中的作用。

We injected carbennoxolone, a gap junction blocker, into the lateral ventricle, which was followed by hyperosmotic stimulation, the immunohistochemical staining of neurons and astrocytes and vp content in plasm were studied. western blot was performed to detect the content of cx43 and cx32 in son following hyperosmotic stimulation

側腦室注射縫隙連接阻斷劑甘珀酸（ carbenoxolone ， cbx ）后，再給予高第四軍醫大學博士學位論文滲刺激，觀察視上核膠質細胞和神經元免疫組化反應的改變，並檢測血漿vp含量的變化。

This structure increased obviously following hyperosmotic stimulation

高滲刺激后， edas的數量明顯增多。

While it is not clear that whether son astrocytes respond to hyperosmotic stimuli and what ' s the relationship between them and neurons

但是，關于膠質細胞在高滲刺激狀況下，是否參與滲透壓的調節及其與神經元的關系的研究尚未見報道。

After hyperosmotic treatment, cx43 - li granules increased quickly on the plasm of the cultured astrocytes and cx32 - li increased apparently in the cultured neurons

而對培養的神經元和星形膠質細胞施予高滲刺激，星形膠質細胞膜上cx43樣陽性顆粒迅速增多，神經元cx32表達明顯增強。

5, after being treated with hyperosmotic stimulation, the cultured astrocytes and microglias showed a fast increase of intracellular calcium concentration followed by a decrease. the [ ca2 + ] j of astrocytes decreased slower than that of microglias. according to the r

根據實驗結果，得出以下結論： l 、高滲刺激可以引起大鼠son內的星形膠質細胞和小膠質細胞快速的反應，星形膠質細胞的反應要早於神經元。