law of causation 中文意思是什麼
law of causation
解釋
因果律-
In a long time, the controversy between the inevitability of criminal law causality and chanciness of criminal law causality have monopolized the words right of china ' s criminal law theory of causation. but the dispute is not beneficial to the criminal causation problems. therefore, it is urgent to find a new starting point and establish a new judging - mode
因果關系的必然性與偶然性之爭，在相當長的時間內壟斷了我國刑法因果關系理論的話語權，但卻無益於刑法因果關系問題的有效解決，並同刑事訴訟中因果關系的認定過程脫節，缺乏實際的指導作用，因此亟需尋找新的切入點並建立新的判斷標準。 -
In this part, the writer introduces the inevitability causality theory, chanciness causality theory and some new views of current scholars. in the writer ’ s view, the controversy between the inevitability of criminal law causality and chanciness of criminal law causality will not beneficial to the criminal causation problems
該部分介紹了我國的必然因果關系說、必然偶然因果關系說以及當前學者們的一些新觀點，認為因果關系的必然性與偶然性之爭無益於刑法因果關系的認定，亟待尋找新的視角。 -
In addition to, the fatigue crack between web and upper flange of welded steel crane beam on heavy duty service was discussed, and based on long - term observation and research, the author classified fatigue crack into bearing type and middle type crack along the horizontal direction. the causation, distributive law and mechanism of the crack were analyzed, and the precautions to take and the measures to remedy crack were presented. the main defacts including damage, crack, erosion and aging in structures, especially in concrete structure were introduced ; the defact mechanism was analyzed and the precautions to take were also given
另外，作者對重級工作制焊接鋼吊車梁腹板與上翼緣連接焊縫的縱向水平疲勞裂縫進行了長期的觀察和研究，根據疲勞裂縫產生的不同機理，將其分為支點裂縫和肋間裂縫，並討論了兩類裂縫產生的原因、分佈規律、機理以及防治的措施；對工程中經常遇到的結構構件，尤其混凝土構件的幾種主要病害（損傷、裂縫、腐蝕與老化）進行了機理分析並提出了防治措施。 -
As to the law basic, the thesis analyses it from two main aspects : the foundation of contract law and the foundation of tort law. the foundation of cl is supported by theories of contract - breaking responsibility and misfeasance responsibility in contracting ; the foundation of tl is the civil tort liability and it gives the analysis to the causation and the principle of imputation when the civil tort liability is tenable
對證券交易民事責任的法律根據，本文主要從合同法基礎和侵權法基礎兩方面進行分析，其中，合同法基礎就在於違約民事責任理論和締約過失責任理論，而侵權法基礎則為侵權民事責任理論，並對作為侵權民事責任成立基礎的因果關系和歸責原則進行剖析。 -
Environmental tort law in japan has originated in liability without negligence in public nuisance, today, liability without negligence and presumption of causation have become common legislation systems in environmental tort law all over the world, compensation and get rid of infringe are the major remedies in civil legal systems
各國環境侵權法律制度中，無過失責任原則和因果關系推定規則已成為通制。在民事救濟上，主要是賠償損失和排除侵害，其中，在排除侵害的適用上，各國都帶有濃厚的利益權衡色彩。 -
The theory of indispensable condition can be the basis for the establishment of the causality in terms of causation in fact. meanwhile, the correspondence of causal relationship theory can be regarded as a principle for determining the causality both in terms of the scope of liability and the causation in law
為完善我國現代法治制度，我們應借鑒國外「二分法」理論，以「必要條件說」確立責任成立的因果關系或事實上的因果關系，以相當因果關系說等確立責任范圍的因果關系或法律上的因果關系。 -
Namely, the scholars in continental law system countries hold the two levels of causality : that is, causality at the level of establishment of tort liability and the level of scope of tort liability. regarding the liabilities determine, determine at the tow levels is adopted as well. because of the unique jury system, the liabilities determine in the anglo - american law system countries consists of two, namely, the determine of causality in terms of causation in fact and that of causation in iaw the dichotomy of causality in the law of tort not only specifies the tort liability but also limits the scope of the liability
因果關系是侵權行為責任成立的必備要件，國外因果關系理論的「二分法」 ，即大陸法系國家學者將因果關系分為責任成立上的因果關系和責任范圍上的因果關系兩個層次結構，在責任認定上也採用了責任成立的因果關系的認定和責任范圍的因果關系的認定；英美法系根據其特有的陪審員制度，在因果關系的認定上分事實上因果關系的認定和法律上因果關系的認定。 -
Apart from strict liability, causation is one of necessary conditions in tort law in the various countries
侵權法的因果關系問題，一直為理論界與實務界所困擾。 -
In china environmental tort law system in modern sense has already, the forms of it are constitution law, civil law, environmental protection law, interpretation of law, etc. china ocean environmental protection law ( 1982 ) has established the criterion of liability without negligence, the requisites to constitute an environmental tort are injurious act, damage, causation, etc. among of them injurious act is the prerequisite of environmental tort
我國環境侵權法的無過失責任原則最先是由《海洋環境保護法》確立的。環境侵權的構成要件有行為的違法性（侵害行為） 、損害事實、侵害行為與損害事實之間的因果關系等三個條件構成的。其中行為的違法性（侵害行為）是構成環境侵權的前提，因為合法行為不能引起民事責任的產生。 -
Finally, fix the fact error limit, think that such ought to consist of three kinds of forms : target error, strike error and the causation error. be living on this base, get off a definition to the fact error, namely, fact error in the criminal law is that action man is living to implement in the process willfully committed a crime, constitute to committing a crime that the fact that does not need the statue rating happens correctly not understanding in the important document, the criminal fact that the criminal fact that action man who arouses anticipates against practice happens not unanimously
最後，確定了事實認識錯誤的范圍，認為其應包括三種類型：對象錯誤、打擊錯誤和因果關系錯誤。在此基礎上，給事實認識錯誤下了一個定義，即刑法中的事實認識錯誤是指行為人在實施故意犯罪過程中，對犯罪構成要件中不需要法律評價的事實發生不正確認識，引起的行為人預想的犯罪事實與實際發生的犯罪事實之間的不一致。第三部分:事實認識錯誤的處理原則。 -
However, according to the bifurcated approach to problems of causation, the scope of damages that defined by the " cause in fact " is provided with the probability of enlargement infinitely and uncertainty, so it is necessary to restrict the scope of damages by some legal means within the meaning of techniques of law. meantime, it is unfair that the risk of transaction is only undertaked by the defaulting party, so it is necessary to make use of some legal means to delimit the reasonable damages for the defaulting party
首先，筆者提出：根據全部賠償原則，違約方應賠償因其違約行為給合同債權人造成的所有損害，而借用國外學者關于因果關系二分法的觀點，該「事實上的因果關系」所劃定的損害賠償范圍具有無限擴大的可能性和不確定性，因此從法技術講，就有必須要利用一些法律手段對該賠償范圍予以限界；同時，交易活動本身固有的風險單由合同違約方承擔也是不公平的，因此也有必要利用一些法律手段為違約方劃定一個合理的賠償責任范圍。 -
Research of the law application of non - causation principle of negotiable instruments
票據無因性原則法律適用研究 -
First of all, to the mainland law is fastened that the criminal law a learned man handles the unpack criticizing that fact error some kinds of doctrines have been carried on the profile to that section, to think in the handle identical constitutes in the fact error inner place the important document, legally to accord with the teachings to accord with teachings more rightful than concrete ; be living to handle in the fact error that the difference constitutes between the important document, legally accord with the teachings to accord with teachings more advisable than abstracting. afterwards, doctrine over the combination, elaborate the target error separately. strike error and the causation error handle
首先，該部分對大陸法系刑法學者處理事實認識錯誤的幾種學說進行了簡要的評析，認為在處理同一構成要件內的事實認識錯誤上，法定符合說比具體符合說更為合理;在處理不同構成要件間的事實認識錯誤上，法定符合說比抽象符合說更為可取。然後，結合以上學說，分別闡述了對象錯誤、打擊錯誤和因果關系錯誤的處理原則，並著重翻退了我國刑法學界爭議較大的同一構成要件內的打擊錯誤的處理原則，主張在發生同一構成要件內的打擊錯誤的情況下，行為人應對實際發生的侵害結果承擔故意既遂的罪責。 -
This part ' s main ideas are as follows : the inside information should be those have significant influence on the price of the security and are unknown to the public ; the civil liability should depend on the transaction ; the fault on purpose should be judged respectively by the different types of insider trading ; the damage should be identified on the assumption of regulations of law ; the causation should be determined by the doctrine of statutes " purpose ; the form of civil liability is only the compensation for damage whose amount is equal to the amount of the profit gained by the illegal transaction
內幕交易民事責任的構成要件為利用內幕信息進行交易、行為人具有主觀過錯、存在損害事實、因果關系等幾項：內幕信息的判斷標準為對證券價格有重大影響和未公開，必須有交易行為的存在才能承擔民事責任；主觀上的過錯應當區分內幕交易行為類型分別判斷；損害范圍的確定應當採取法律擬制的方法進行；因果關系應當採取法規目的說理論確定。在內幕交易民事責任的形式上只能採用損害賠償形式，並且根據內幕交易行為的非法所得來確定賠償數額。 -
There are four elements of negligence : duty, breach of duty, causation and damages. the determination of duty primarily is a question of law
對典型的特殊關系以及對第三方產生謹慎義務的具體特殊關系的研究是本文的核心。 -
In china, they are tortious act, negligence, injury, and causation. part four discusses the principles of law that may relieve a defendant from liability
我國在醫療事故賠償中，實行過錯責任歸責原則，其構成要件的理論主要有三要素說和四要素說 -
The latter is a theoretical innovation, it criticizes the given model in chinese securities market in which only get the csrc ' s affirmation of iniuria firstly can you claim for damages. then go to the causation, with several european countries as background, the author initially supposes we should adopt the " scope of the rule " theory to solve the causation problem of the liability on manipulations, thereof simplifying the abstract and complex speculation over the causation, merely by thinking through the scope and attempt of law can we judge itfinally, in dealing with damage measure, different from the prevailing method by which scholars often choose one way from three alternatives, those are " out - of - pocket " measure, " defendant ' s profit " measure and " plaintiff ' s loss " measure, the author advises a new appoach that fundamentally applying the first measure and supplementary applying the two measures else, it is expected to fairly settle the puzzling problem in damage measure
在因果關系部分，本文以主要歐洲國家的因果法理為背景，開創性地提出採用法規目的說解決操縱市場行為責任范圍因果關系的問題，使抽象的因果推定回歸到僅依法規目的與意義考察的單純境界。最後在損害結果部分，與學界通常在「直接損失衡量法」 、 「被告獲利計演算法」以及「原告損失計演算法」中三選一的思維定式不同，提出以直接損失衡量法為原則並輔之以其餘二者的折衷解決方案，以期公平解決損害結果在計算上的難題。 -
Substantive law, the core of american anti - dumping law, includs determination of dumping and injury, causation between dumping and injury, anti - dumping measures, anti - circumvention measures and so on
美國反傾銷實體法包括傾銷的確定、損害的確定、傾銷與損害的因果關系、反傾銷措施、反規避措施等，此部分是美國反傾銷法的核心。 -
And in the computer - aided law agency, causal reasoning of legal rules is the core of the system and results can help lawyers have more efficient law documentation. the use of causation is one of basic intelligence for human beings
在法律推理應用中，把法律條文表示成因果規則，按照所建立的因果模型進行有效的推理，作為計算機輔助法律事務所的核心系統。 -
The study on the causation within state compensation liability is far more than a theoretical one in academic study but one of the law phylosophy in existing practical application
一是對與國家賠償責任有關的概念進行闡述，諸如國家賠償法、賠償責任及賠償責任的構成要件。
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