maritime contract 中文意思是什麼
maritime contract
解釋
海事契約-
Contract of affreightment ( coa ) of goods by sea has been adopted in shipping practice for a long time. however, coa has not been specifically stipulated in china maritime code ( cmc ). the academic opinions on coa have been in disputes
海上貨物包運作為實踐中被廣為應用的運輸方式，立法中並未對其作明確規定，而諸多海商法學論著也未對其進行系統、詳細的論述，所以對于包運合同的理解一直存在爭議。 -
Finally, delivery of cargo without original bills of lading promote the development of shipping in a way in practice, it has reasonability in existence. chapter three is writer ' s study for 10 leading cases of chinese maritime court and court of cassation concerning delivery of cargo without original bills of lading, writer conclude as follows : chinese courts are inclined to regard it as breach of contract but not in tort in judicial practice ; chinese courts allow the plaintiff to choose to sue in tort or of breach ; chinese courts have abandoned the viewpoint of " who holder the bills who must have the right to sue " or " who holder the bills who must win the case " ; and in many cases concerning delivery of cargo without original bills of lading, the court ignored plaintiff ' s actions against the carrier, it proved that carrier can escape reasonability of delivery of cargo without original bills of lading in some cases
第三章論述我國海事法院及其上級法院就無單放貨案件審理的司法審判實踐研究，通過對十個法院判例的分析、歸納，筆者認為，在司法實踐中，法院越來越傾向于將無單放貨糾紛視為運輸合同糾紛處理，而不認定為侵權行為糾紛；法院允許原告起訴時以侵權起訴或違約起訴作出選擇；法院對提單持有人的訴權認定，已經不採用「誰持有提單誰就有訴權」與「誰持有提單就能保證勝訴」的觀點；有諸多的無單放貨的訴訟案例以被法院駁回起訴為結局，證明了無單放貨在特定情況下的合理性以及承運人有避免承擔責任的可能性。 -
According to china ' s maritime code, the liabiiity of breaching a contract of carriage of goods by sea is determined by whether the breaching party has f8ult or not, while it aiso stipuiates in articie 51 that ; " the carrier shaii not be iiable for the loss of or damage to the goods occurred during the period of carrier ' s responsibility arising or resulting from any of the foiiowing causes ( ( 1 ) fault of the mastef, crew members, pilot or servant of the carrier in the navigation or management of the ship "
我國海商法在海上貨物運輸方面的承運人違約責任之歸責採取過錯責任原則，但因其在第51條又規定「船長、船員、引航員或者承運人的其他受僱人在駕駛船舶或管理船舶中的過失」承運人不負賠償責任。因為這一點，海商法學界稱之為不完全過失責任制。 -
In the meantime, imperfect liabilities for negligence principle which is regarded as the fundamental principle undertook by the carrier of carriage contract also tends to extend to maritime law ; what ' s important, as the fundamental principles of branch law, maybe there are several different doctrines of liability fixation in the same law, but in our words of the fundamental principles of maritime law, we mean the most important doctrine of liability fixation
同時，不完全過失責任原則作為海上貨物運輸合同承運人承擔的基本原則，也有向海商法基本原則擴張的趨向；更為重要的是，作為部門法的基本原則，可能在同一法律中存在著若干不同的歸責原則，但是我們所說的海商法的基本原則則是從海商法中最重要的歸責原則而言的。 -
The stipulations in voyage charter - party shall be deemed as supplementary agreement to coa, which is not a new contract apart from the coa. the object of coa is maritime transportation and the rights and obligations under coa spread around the transportation
鑒于包運合同的實踐意義，建議將其與航次租船的特別規定和多式聯運合同的特別規定並列，在《海商法》第四章「海上貨物運輸合同」中予以規定。 -
Expenditure incurred by the parties to the adventure on account of salvage, whether under contract or otherwise, shall be allowed in general average to the extent that the salvage operations were undertaken for the purpose of preserving from peril the property involved in the common maritime adventure
航程中各有關方所支付的救助費用，不論救助是否根據契約進行，都應認入共同海損，但以使在同一航程中的財產脫離危險而進行的救助為限。 -
Having this in mind, researching methodologies and ideas of this paper are based on the analysis of general principles of burden of proof in civil law. meanwhile, taking into account the specialties of shipping law, this paper compared the rules of burden of proof among hague rules, hague - visby rules, hamburg rules, draft of united states carriage of goods by sea act 1999 ( cogsa ), china maritime code and china contract act 2000
有鑒於此，本論文對海運貨損索賠舉證責任的研究是建立在對一般民事舉證責任分析的基礎上，結合海商法特點，重點對《海牙規則》 、 《海牙威斯比規則》 、 《漢堡規則》 、美國1999年海上貨物運輸法草案以及我國《合同法》 、 《海商法》對海運貨損索賠舉證責任的規定做了具體的比較和分析。 -
According to our country " maritime law " regulation, marine insurance contract asks to the underwriter the request of insurance compensation counterpoises, 2 years are during effectiveness for a given period of time, from insurance the sun of accident happening rises consideration
根據我國《海商法》規定，海上保險合同向保險人要求保險賠償的請求權，時效期間為二年，自保險事故發生之日起計算。 -
“ any dispute arising from or in connection with this contract shall be submitted to china maritime arbitration commission for arbitration which shall be conducted in accordance with the commission ' s arbitration rules in effect at the time of applying for arbitration
「凡因本合同引起的或與本合同有關的任何爭議，均應提交中國海事仲裁委員會，按照申請仲裁時該會現行有效的仲裁規則進行仲裁。 -
“ any dispute arising from or in connection with this matter / this contract shall be submitted to china maritime arbitration commission fishery dispute resolution center for arbitration which shall be conducted in accordance with the special provisions on fishery disputes cases of cmac arbitration rules of applying for arbitration
「若出現爭議，雙方應友好協商解決，協商不成時，提交中國海事仲裁委員會在其物流爭議解決中心，按照申請仲裁時該會現行的仲裁規則進行仲裁。 -
Any dispute arising under or in connection with this contract between the salvor and the salved party and among the salvors and / or the salved parties who are the parties to this contract shall be referred to china maritime arbitration commission ( hereinafter called the commission ) for arbitration
第十五條救助方和被救助方之間以及簽訂本合同的各救助方及/或各被救助方相互之間根據本合同所發生的或與本合同有關的一切爭議，均應提交中國海事仲裁委員會（下稱「仲裁委員會」 ）仲裁解決。 -
The content of this course are as followings : the concept of the commercial law, features of commercial law, basic principles of commercial, the players in commercial field, behaviors, registration system, trade name, accounting books, the overview of corporate law and corporation, the classification of corporation, the establishement of company, the capital system under compnay law, share and assets, shareholders and their rights, corporate governance, merger and acquisation, overview of bankruptcy law, ? substantive bankruptcy law, procedure ? bankruptcy law, overview of commercial paper law, the classification and the basic rules of commercial paper, overview security law, ? issue and sponsor system, listing and trade system, investment fund system, overview of issurance law, issurance contract, property issurance, life issurance, issurance industry, maritime law, vessel and stewages, transportation contract, leasing vessel contract, incidents and the liability system etc
課程內容包括，商法的概念、特徵、基本原則、商主體、商行為、商事登記、商號、商事帳簿、公司與公司法概述、公司的分類、公司的設立、公司的資本制度、股份與股票、股東與股權、公司的治理結構、公司的合併與解散、破產法概述、破產程序法、破產實體法、票據法概述、匯票、本票、支票、證券法的基本問題、證券市場主體法律制度、證券發行與承銷法律制度、證券上市及交易法律制度、證券投資基金制度、保險法概述、保險合同、財產保險、人身保險、保險業、海商法概述、船舶和船員、海上運輸合同、船舶租用合同和海上拖航合同、船舶碰撞、海難救助、共同海損、海事賠償責任限制等部分。 -
The liable persons in general shall return of cargo or continue to deliver cargo, or compensate for losses according to " maritime code of prc ", " contract law of prc ", and " general principles of the civil law of the prc "
無單放貨損失界定的法律依據是我國《海商法》 、 《合同法》以及《民法通則》的相關規定，責任人一般要承擔返還貨物或繼續履行交付貨物，以及賠償貨物損失的責任。 -
This article has been divided into five chapters, the contents of five chapters respectively are : the contents of the first chapter are about pollution compensation that oil leakage of the ships lead to in " maritime law " ; the contents of the second chapter are about delay delivery of the goods in " maritime law " ; the contents of the third chapter are about the cargo lien that the marine carriers have in " maritime law " ; the contents of the fourth chapter are about the rights that the shippers can change and terminate the contract unilaterally in " maritime law " ; the contents of the fifth chapter are about the limitation of liability for maritime claims system in " maritime law ". the contents of each chapter of this article are about a flaw of " maritime law ". as a result of the limit of article length and the limit of author ability, it is impossible to analyze the article of " maritime law " gradually, the article is only about five quite important flaws of " maritime law " to form five chapters, then we will introduce them gradually
但是，隨著我國加入wto ，國際貿易和海上運輸迅速的發展， 《海商法》在實施中暴露出很多不足。因此，有必要遵循科學性、適時性和法制統一性等立法的基本原則，對《海商法》及時進行修改。筆者認為，應當認真總結《海商法》成功的經驗和失敗的教訓，從目前和今後一個時期海上和與海相通的內陸水域的運輸和經濟貿易的現實和發展對法律的需要出發，參照和借鑒其他民商立法、國際海事條約、民間規則和合同格式，以及國外先進的立法例，吸收海商法理論研究成果，並考慮國際海事立法的發展趨勢，在船舶油污損害賠償的規定，遲延交付的規定，海上貨物留置權的規定，托運人變更解除合同權利的規定，海事賠償責任限制制度的規定等幾個方面修改現行《海商法》 。 -
The freight - prepaid to collect freight is the basic right of the carrier, the freight is untouched and ca n ' t be reduced is an old maritime practice, but the provision of contract law had changes the situation, the risk of freight in transit should be born by the carrier, if loss of goods occurs because of force majeure, the carrier have no right to collect the freight, except as otherwise provided for in the contract
二、預付運費問題，收取運費是承運人的基本權利，運費不可觸動、不得扣減是一個古老的航運慣例，但《合同法》的規定改變了這一慣例，除另有約定外，運費的風險由承運人承擔，貨物因不可抗力滅失的，承運人無權收取運費。 -
( contract law of pro ) make up the aforesaid legal vacuum. notwithstanding many provisions provided for by contract law may apply to charter party in the absence of the corresponding provisions in maritime law, the aforesaid provisions are just general provisions. charter party, as an special type of contract, has many particular characters differ from the common business contract and formed many unique usages after hundreds years of practice
雖然新合同法的實施使許多海商法中沒有規定的有關租船合同的事項可以直接從新合同法中找到調整依據，但這些規定往往都是一些原則性的規定，而租船合同作為較偏門的合同種類，其存在著許多與普通民商事合同不同的獨特特徵並且租船運輸在海上運輸中有著上百年的歷史，行成了許多獨特的習慣做法。 -
This article works over the laws and practices of the cargo insurance and probes into the insurance contract about the concluding, the performing, the claiming for compensation, the compensation, the dissention and solving, the existent problem and the countermeasures in order to help the trader with insurance knowledge. the article is made of seven parts : 1. the maritime cargo insurance ensures the international trade to perform ; 2
本論文分為七個部分：一、海上貨物運輸保險是國際貿易順利進行的重要保障；二、海上運輸貨物保險合同的訂立及履行；三、 picc （ thepeople ' sinsurancecompanyofchina ）海洋運輸貨物險；四、索賠與理賠；五、海上運輸貨物保險糾紛與處理；六、海上運輸貨物保險發展中存在的問題；七、海上運輸貨物保險發展對策探討。 -
In practical shipping business, we are often confronted with questions like : what are the relations between international maritime conventions, laws, contract clauses and international shipping practices
在實踐中，我們經常會面臨著這樣的疑問：國際海事公約、法律、合同條款與國際航運慣例有著什麼樣的關系呢 -
The legal impact that seaborne medium happening includes all sorts of contract concerns, tort relation and the other law concern that cause because of maritime and special risk, basically show carrier, actual carrier is the same as consignor, consignee or between the passenger, bear procrastinate to just be the same as fang zhi be pullinged, underwriter with the relation between insurant
海上運輸中發生的法律關系包括各種合同關系、侵權關系及因海上非凡風險而導致的其他法律關系，主要指承運人、實際承運人同托運人、收貨人或者旅客之間，承拖方同被拖方之間，保險人同被保險人之間的關系。 -
Studying on general law principle, up - date views in maritime circle as well as the shipping practice, the article is written to research the possibility and reality of the second shipper and offers own opinion on its role in contract of carriage of goods by sea, trying to achieve better understanding on law application towards this issue, hoping to find out the true profile of law which could smooth the practice
本文通過一般法律原則，現有的海商法理論以及航運業務的實踐來論證第二種托運人現象的可能性和現實性，並就此提出了自己的看法，著重解決第二種托運人的法律適用問題，分析了法律適用時必須在航運業務中予以澄清的若干問題。試圖通過這一思考過程，能對《海商法》的定義有更清晰的認識，並希望以此減少一些在實際業務中對相關問題的困惑。
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