natural law and natural rights 中文意思是什麼
natural law and natural rights
解釋
自然法與自然權利-
John finnis, natural law and natural rights, oxford university press, 1980, p. 88
拉德布魯赫: 《法哲學》 ，王樸譯，法律出版社， 2005年版，第2頁 -
The rule of law consciousness primarily includes : power consciousness, authority consciousness, rights consciousness, equal consciousness, procedure consciousness, obeying law consciousness etc. law consciousness has the below aspects functions to administration by law : ( one ) the establishment of the power consciousness, is an premise to accurate master the administrative corpus and its power source ; ( two ) the establishment of the supervise consciousness, is a kit mechanism at the inside natural cover that administration by law would make use of ; ( three ) the establishment of the rights consciousness, is an inside value judgment to accurate master the administrative goal ; ( four ) the establishment of the procedure consciousness, is an inside pole which guarantee efficiently the administration by law to work ; ( five ) the establishment of the supervise consciousness, is an inside screen which exist in a kit mechanism. completely push forward administration by law, is not only enhance developments " inevitable request of administration legal system, but also inevitable request to practice " three representatives " with the important contents
法治意識對依法行政具以下理論功能： （一）權力意識的確立，是準確把握依法行政主體及其權力來源的前提； （二）法律權威意識的確立，是準確把握依法行政之「法」的內涵基礎； （三）權利意識的確立，是準確把握依法行政目的的內在價值判斷； （四）程序意識的確立，是高效保障機制在依法行政中運用的內在桿杠； （五）監督意識的確立，是配套機制在依法行政中運用的內在屏障全面推進依法行政，不僅是加強行政法制建設的必然要求，而且是實踐「三個代表」的必然要求和重要內容。 -
In accordance with the chinese constitution and the law on ethnic regional autonomy, all areas entitled to ethnic regional autonomy enjoy the extensive rights of autonomy, involving legislation, the use of local spoken and written languages, the administration of personnel, the economy, finance, education and culture, the management and development of natural resources, and other aspects
根據中國憲法和《民族區域自治法》規定，民族區域自治地方享有廣泛的自治權利，涉及立法、使用民族語言文字、人事管理、經濟管理、財政管理、教育管理、文化管理、自然資源的管理和開發等諸多方面。 -
Other prescription ： contracts referred to in this law are agreements between equal natural persons ， legal persons and other organizations for the purpose of establishing ， altering and terminating mutual civil rights and obligations
合同是平等主體的自然人、法人、其他組織之間設立、變更、終止民事權利義務關系的協議。 ） -
For purposes of this law, a contract is an agreement between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations with equal standing, for the purpose of establishing, altering, or discharging a relationship of civil rights and obligations
本法所稱合同是平等主體的自然人、法人、其他組織之間設立、變更、終止民事權利義務關系的協議。 -
Restorative criminal responsibility needs and can obtain the reasonable annotation in elementary theory issues of criminal law, such as the law profit, crime essence, criminal activity legal relationship and legal responsibility : ( 1 ) the crime of violating the individual law profit is not the violation that aims at the abstract national or social entity, but aims at the individuals ; ( 2 ) " inspiring the authority " is not the basic task of the modern civil rights criminal law, maintaining victim ' s rights and interests and safeguarding that of criminal ’ s are “ two sides of the whole body ” of modern criminal law functions, neglecting any side at the same time inevitably enable the criminal judicature not to sink into region of the righteousness ; ( 3 ) in the concrete criminal activity legal relationship, the crime victim is the natural subject, the related country judicial organ is the subject of investigating the crime responsibility, or that of the judgment or execution, country in the overall significance cannot become the subject ; ( 4 ) repair and compensation of the crime harm is by no means a matter of civil liability, but is the basic entity burden of the legal responsibility which the criminal must shoulder
恢復性刑事責任需要且能夠在法益與犯罪本質、刑事法律關系及刑事責任等刑法基本理論問題上得到合理詮釋: （ 1 ）侵害個人法益犯罪並不是針對抽象的國家或社會實體的侵害，而是針對私人的侵害; （ 2 ） 「重振權力」不是現代民權刑法的基本任務，保障與維護受害人和犯罪人合法權益是現代刑事法功能之一體兩面，忽視任何一面勢必使刑事司法陷於不義之境地; （ 3 ）在具體刑事法律關系中，犯罪受害人是當然主體，有關國家司法機關是犯罪責任之追訴或裁判或執行主體，整體意義上的國家並不能成為主體; （ 4 ）犯罪損害的修復與賠償並非民事責任的事情，而是犯罪人應當擔負的刑事責任之基本的實體性負擔。 -
The definition of " environment ", according to < < law of environmental protection > >, is the entirety of both natural and man - reformed, which influences the human survival and development. it includes " atmosphere, water, sea, soil, mine, forestry, prairie, wild animals, natural relics, reservations, scenic attractions, city and countryside. . the definition starts from the perspective of biological morality of human - centered theor y, and it emphasize the human values and rights
《環境保護法》對「環境」的定義是指：影響人類生存和發展的各種天然和經過人工改造過的自然因素的總體，它包括大氣、水、海洋、土地、礦藏、森林、草原、野生生物、自然遺跡、自然保護區、風景名勝區、城市和鄉村等。 -
A contact in his law refers to an agreement establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations
在此法律中，合同是指在平等的主體之間，即，自然人，法人或其他組織，建立，修改及中止其民事權利及義務的協議。 -
The effect of death declaration canot terminate the capacity for civil rights of the natural person in private law, but a part of civil legal relationship in a certain time terminates, and this has no relation with public law
宣告死亡的後果在私法上不能引起自然人民事權利能力的終止，終止的是一定時間范圍內的部分民事法律關系，但一般與公法無關。 -
Corporation, as the major and most active civil subject in this modern economic society, just like a lively natural person, has its own process of emerging, growing declining and finally disappearing. their capacities of surviving are greatly different among each company. some stronger ones operate well for hundreds of years, while some may have to terminate only after years or ever days. the termination of a company may have great impact on the rights and benefits of its share holders, debtees, debtors and employers, so the company should properly deal with all there interests after terminating, ending its rights and obligations with other subjects so as to protect the peaceful order of the economic society. but as a civil subject in law, corporation has its way of obtaining the capacity of rights greatly different from that of a natural person, as a result a company shall have a different liquidation process after termination comparing to the process for a natural person after his / her death. at present, many defects exist in china ’ s corporation legal system, including the system of company liquidation. the regulations in corporation law are too few and abstract which can not guide the company liquidation activities in reality, seriously destroying the normal economic order of social life
公司生存的強弱之分有著十分巨大的差距，有的公司已存續百年仍生機勃勃而不見頹勢，有的公司成立不過數日或幾年就不得不終止。公司的終止會對公司股東、公司的債權人、債務人以及公司的職員的利益產生重大影響，公司在終止之必須對各種相關利益進行妥善安排，將公司與相關主體之間的權利義務歸于消滅，以維護社會經濟生活的平穩秩序。但由於公司作為法律擬制的民事主體，其取得權利能力的方式與自然人有著迥然的差異，這就決定了公司在終止時應當進行與自然人死亡后迥然不同的清算程序。 -
The international agreements containing conflict norms or substantive law rules form a special class and can be well separated from international agreements that create no direct rights and obligations for natural and juristic persons
包含有沖突規范或實體法規則的國際協議形成了一個特殊的類別，並能夠很好地與不為自然人或法律人創設權利和義務的國際協議相區分。 -
Elaborate the rule of the crime penalty, the different regulation to the natural person and unit in our criminal law, and the suit form in infringeing the trademark rights
闡述了本罪的刑罰罰則，我國刑法對自然人犯罪主體和單位犯罪主體的不同規定以及侵犯商標權的起訴方式。 -
In the age of barbarism when everything was ruled by divine right, civil subject at law, including natural person and deities, actually was in a situation where natural persons subjected to duties. when deities were excluded from category of civil subject in civil law, civil subject emerged in hierarchy in times during which supremacy of state power was maintained over a long period of time. according to inherent and inextricable one held, civil subject enjoyed has rights and carried out his commitments
正文分為五個部分：第一部分為民事主體認定標準的反思：對我國法學界就民事主體確認標準問題上的兩種傳統做法（即「通常定義」標準和權利能力、行為能力或責任能力標準）進行了評析，認為「通常定義」用語不準確，且存在邏輯上不符合事實的弊端；且法律上所謂能力，是指在法的世界中作為法的主體進行活動，所應具備的地位或資格。
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