nominal cost 中文意思是什麼
nominal cost
解釋
名義成本-
With the trend of openness and integration of globlal economy, exchange rate is playing more and more important role in influencing the allocation of global resources. the sensitivity of the price of tradale goods to exchange rate fluctuation becomes the focus of international economics because it is a critical vector and transmitter when an economy is confronted of exogenous impact. traditional international economics theory assume that nominal exchange rate fluctuation has complete pass - through effect, namely it ’ s change will introduce proportional change of tradable goods, then it will influence such macroeconomic vector as term of trade, import and export, inflation, employment, productivity, income allocation, and so on. from a microeconomic angle, including pricing to market, innovative behavior, menu cost and sunk cost, the paper probe into the pricing model of international enterprices under floating exchange rate and testify the incomplete pass - through of exchange rate and it ’ s detailed reason, then discuss the inspiration it has on china. it ’ s believable this kind of research will play a big part in china ’ s exchange rate scheme and some macroeconomic problems such as exchange rate tranmitting channel and effects, exchange rate fluctuating behavior
傳統的國際經濟學理論認為，名義匯率的波動具有完全的傳遞性（ completepass - through ） ，即它的變化會引起同比例的進出口貿易品相對價格以及貿易品和非貿易品相對價格的變化，然後通過需求變動的支出轉移效應（ expenditureswitching ）來影響國內經濟的諸多宏觀變量，如貿易條件、進出口貿易額、通脹水平、就業量、勞動生產率以及收入分配等，本文從依市定價（ pricingtomarket ） 、創新行為、菜單成本以及沉澱成本等四個不同的微觀角度，通過對浮動匯率下國際壟斷競爭性生產廠商的定價模型具體而透徹的探討，論證了匯率的不完全傳遞性並深入分析了決定匯率傳遞彈性的重要影響因素，闡述了該理論對人民幣匯率的啟示，這樣的研究會對我國今後的匯率政策以及匯率的傳導機制、傳導效應、波動行為等宏觀經濟問題起到重要的作用。 -
The country has a very efficient health system where medical services are provided at nominal cost
馬來西亞的醫療設施非常完善，在一個小區，你可以看到很多私人診所，非常方便。 -
So far, firms have received some 90 % of their permits free ( letting some earn fat windfall profits by charging customers for their nominal cost )
到目前為止，企業已經免費獲得了大約90 %的排放權許可證（這就使有的企業通過向消費者收取名義成本而獲得暴利） 。 -
Higher interest rates would increase the cost of government debt, but this need not lead to higher tax rates or lower public spending if faster growth in nominal gdp automatically lifted the tax take
更高的利率將增加政府債務的成本，但是如果正常gdp的更快增長引發課稅提取的自動提升，那麼這就致使稅率更高或公眾消費更低不會發生。 -
Pneumatic and automatic separator of injector valve and orifice is based on pneumatic measurement and 8051 mcu, which is used for data processing and control. it can automatically separate injector valve and orifice, whose nominal size is 6 and tolerance is + 10u, with the interval of 1u, accuracy of 0. 5u and speed of twenty pieces per minute around. the automatic separation system of injector valve and orifice has low cost, high separation accuracy, high separation speed and easy operation
使用氣動噴油嘴偶件針閥、針閥體自動分選系統能實現對公稱尺寸為6 、公差為10的噴油嘴偶件針閥、針閥體按1分選間隔、 0 . 5分選精度的自動分選，分選時的速度可達每分鐘20件左右。 -
Other scenarios included the aggregate balance increasing to a size where the total opportunity cost to the banking sector exceeded the perceived risk of the alternative i. e. appreciation of the hong kong dollar, resulting in banks switching out of hong kong dollars ; the imposition of charges on large balances maintained by banks in their clearing accounts held with the hkma ; and allowing low nominal and real interest rates to continue to play their role in facilitating economic recovery until, through the normal operation of the currency board system, equilibrium was gradually restored
委員會獲悉這項安排是在港元強勢令總結餘水平及有關的寬松的貨幣狀況引起關注的這一種情況下，可以採取的措施。其他可能出現的情況包括總結餘繼續增加，直至銀行體系認為其機會成本明顯超過港元升值的風險，促使銀行減持港元金管局開徵銀行結算戶口大額結餘的收費以及在貨幣發局制度的正常運作下讓偏低的名義及實質利率繼續發揮作用，促進經濟復甦，直至經濟逐步回復平衡。
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