normal incidence 中文意思是什麼
normal incidence
解釋
法向入射-
And the explicit finite difference method, the combining method of the central difference method and newmark s constant average acceleration method, and the transmitting boundary are used. by comparing the acceleration determined by the several methods of the displacements or velocities, a computing method of acceleration employed the one side difference of velocity is more practicality in this research. corresponding to normal incidence of the body waves, p waves or svwaves, and rayleigh surface waves, two two - dimensional finite difference programs are compiled to compu te the dynamic response of two - phase media
以土力學模型為基礎，利用以土骨架和孔隙流體的四個位移為基本未知量的數值方法去模擬二維飽水介質中的地震波傳播，採用了顯式差分方法（中心差分法和newmark常平均加速度法結合）和透射邊界，通過比較利用幾種差分格式求解的加速度結果，發現一種用速度單邊差分求解加速度的方法在本文研究中較為實用，分別編制了體波（ p波或sv波） 、 rayleigh面波輸入時求解兩相介質動力響應的兩個二維數值分析程序。 -
The angle drawn at the point of incidence ( intersection of ) a reflected ray and the normal line perpendicular to the reflecting surface
中義光線在物體表面的投射點上反射出來的光線與物體表面垂直法線所夾的角度。 -
The coefficients of reflection and transmission on the interface of two uniaxial crystals under normal incidence
正入射條件下光在兩單軸晶體分界面的反射與透射系數 -
Directly painting textures on top of 3d objects in 3d perspective viewport is a new issue of human - computer interface ( hci ). this paper presents a method to solve this issue. it converts the position information of the texture pixels of texture map into color information ， and then transfers both the coordinates and the color of texture pixels into screen through texture mapping at the same time. only is the color information of texture pixels converted into illumination by calculating the normal and the angle of ray incidence of the screen pixel in the method. the texture coordinates are firstly converted into the color information by generating another texture map ， which is called information map whose pixels ' color represents the coordinates information. and then the corresponding texture coordinates are mapped into screen reference frame by texture mapping and stored into information buffer for later use. so we can obtain the texture coordinates of screen pixels correspondingly by decoding from information buffer. after optimizing ， we can paint textures on top of 3d objects in 3d perspective viewport in real time. the paper also gives some examples and related definitions of using additional information of 2d texture map for 3d graph generating
針對三維逶視投影視圖中對三維物體表面紋理直接進行噴繪，以獲得復雜紋理圖這一計算機圖形交互技術這一新問題，研究了一種將紋理圖的象素位置信息轉換成彩色信息，然後利用紋理映射將紋理坐標連同該點上的顏色值一起傳遞到與屏幕象素對應的可見點上的方法，其中顏色值依該點處的入射光線方向和表面法向被進一步轉換為光強值，而紋理坐標則被解碼后還原成與該可見點對應的紋理坐標，被存入信息緩沖器中，供以後使用，通過解碼，可根據屏幕點直接得到對應紋理象素點的坐標，經過演算法優化，實現了對三維物體表面紋理的實時噴繪；同時闡述了在三維圖象生成技術中使用附加紋理信息的應用實例以及相關定義 -
It reformed the coventional grazing incidence method of reflecting x ray, and made it possible to reflect x ray in normal incidence way. it moves x ray optics forward greatly
它從根本上改變了傳統的掠入射反射x光的方法，使正入射反射x光成為可能，並極大的促進了x光學的發展。 -
It is the first time to be brought out and designed that the solar x - euv imaging telescope integrates the grazing mirror and the normal incidence mirror. this design can fully meet the applied requirements according to simulation
太陽x - euv成像望遠鏡在國際上首次提出並設計實現單臺設備集成掠入射望遠鏡和正入射望遠鏡系統，分析表明，該設計方式完全滿足應用要求。 -
At this point it was necessary to evaluate the normal pattern of loading to be applied to the model for different angles of incidence of the wind.
這里，必須評定在風的不同入射角時施加於模型的荷載的正常型態。 -
Liquid crystal tunable filters as an important device of wavelength division multiplexing and dense wavelength division multiplexing systems is caused attention by research department, especially many foreign research institute are studying it. but in our country its study is lag. and normal incidence of the crystal is almost the case, because the liquid crystal box is very thin, the field angle may be large and the pose of liquid crystal box may have impact on the measuring result. so, study in such subject, especially the liquid crystal box ' s position angle, is academic and valuable
各種改進液晶電光可調諧濾光片的措施的實現，使得液晶調諧濾光片成為一種很有應用前景的電光調諧濾光片，特別是用於光纖通信中的波分復用系統和密集波分復用系統，將使光纖的傳輸客量大大增加目前國外在這方面的研究進展很快，而國內在這方面的研究比較薄弱，而且通常採用光線正人射晶體進行研究，由於液晶盒很薄，視場角可以很大，液晶盒的擺放對測量結果影響很大，因此對該器件進行深入的研究，討論液晶盒的方位角影響是很有必要的。 -
Also, normal incidence is difficult to realize in practice. based on the above considerations, in this work, the transmission of a gaussian beam nonnormally through a fabry - perot etalon has been investigated
基於此，同時考慮到在應用中光束正入射fpf的情況往往是很難達到的，木文就高斯光束斜入射fpf后的透射光強分佈進行研究。 -
The optical system is optimized to achieve 0. 1 u m resolution over a o. lmm diameter image field of view and the mirrors of the objective were coated with mo / si multilayer to provide 45 % reflectance at near - normal incidence angle for 13. 0nm radiation
經優化設計后， 0 . 1mm像方視場內的成像解析度優於0 . 1 m ；近正入射條件下， schwarzschild微縮物鏡主、次鏡mo / si多層膜的實測反射率為45 。 -
Biology, etc. owing to many merits has not yet been used to measure parameters of gratings. the paper researches on the subject in view of current lack of it. the main tasks of the paper include : analyzing ellipsometric characteristics of gratings in detail with vector diffraction theory and ellipsometrics ; devising a reflective quarter wave plate at normal incidence according to some ellipsometric characteristics ; making use of normal simplex algorithm during ellipsometric inversion of gratings parameters, inversing ellipsometric parameters with gaussian noise of different standard deviations to simulate actually measured values with examples of isotropic metallic and anisotropic step gratings and testing that ellipsometry about gratings parameters is feasible with the range of certain precision ; discussing choice of incidence angle at length
本論文的主要工作包括：結合光柵的矢量衍射理論和薄膜的橢偏理論，詳細分析了光柵的橢偏特性；並且根據一些橢偏特性設計出一款正入射反射型單波長1 4波片；在光柵參數的橢偏反演中，引入正單純形法作為反演演算法，分別以各向同性的正弦形金屬光柵和各向異性的階梯型光柵為例，在標準橢偏值的基礎上加入不同偏差的高斯噪聲來模擬實際的橢偏測量值進行反演，在一定精度范圍內得出滿意的光柵參數，說明光柵參數的橢偏測量是可行的；還就入射角的選取問題進行了一定的探討。 -
This paper analyses light energy of fraunhofer diffraction of circular hole, and proves that the energy of airy disk is 84 % of light energy of normal incidence
摘要對圓孔夫瑯禾費衍射光能量進行了定量分析，並證明了愛里斑能量?入射光能量的84 % 。 -
2 ) radar incidence angle and surface roughness correction : to make radar incidence correction and eliminate the surface roughness effects, a wide range of surface parameters ( soil moisture, surface rms height, correlation length, incidence angle ) was input to the ibm model to simulate the effect of surface roughness and radar incidence angle on the sensitivity of soil moisture to the radar backscattering coefficient. a simple model was established to simulate the effects of incidence angle and surface roughness. 3 ) establishment of soil moisture change inversion model : according to a modified ibm model simulation results, the bare surface backscattering coefficients can be expressed as a funtion of the dielectric component for a given surface roughness when the surface slope greater than 2. 0, which is valid for most nature surface : in above equation, r0 is the surface reflectivity at normal incidence
本研究中，首先利用基於微波輻射傳輸方程的微波植被模型和積分方程（ iem ）模型模擬了各種地表土壤水分含量情況下，植被覆蓋、地表粗糙度（包括地表均方根高度和相關長度） 、雷達入射角對c波段（頻率4 . 7ghz ）水平極化（ hh ）雷達後向散射系數的影響，在此基礎上，建立模型消除了植被覆蓋、地表粗糙度、及雷達入射角對雷達後向散射的影響，利用多時相50m解析度radarsatscansar雷達後向散射系數圖像反演得到了地表土壤水分變化模式信息。 -
In this thesis, we grow hexagonal gan on c - plane sapphire substrates in a horizontal mocvd reactor equipped with an in situ normal incidence reflectance monitoring, and the focus has been turned to improve the quality of unintentionally doped gan epilayer. listed below are the main contents of this thesis. ( 1 ) a single - wavelength normal incidence reflectance monitoring system was installed
本文利用配有近垂直入射激光反射在位監測的臥式mocvd在c面藍寶石襯底上生長六方相的gan薄膜，圍繞提高本徵gan外延層質量的目的，開展了具體如下的工作： （ 1 ）在mocvd設備上搭建了一套單波長近垂直入射激光反射在位監測系統。 -
In most studies, in order to simplify the physical treatment, the laser beam is usually treated as a plane wave and normal incidence is supposed when its transmission through a fpf is considered
對于光脈沖通過法布里一拍羅濾波器后的時域和頻域特性己有不少報道，然而我們注意到，在這些研究中激光通常被當作平而波。 -
A reflective polarizer based on a double - layer subwavelength metal - dielectric grating structure is presented here. numerical simulations show that at normal incidence, this polarizer reflects light polarized perpendicular to the grating lines ( transverse magnetic polarization ), but strongly absorbs parallel - polarized light ( transverse electric polarization ). the polarization extinction ratio is very high
理論計算表明，零角度入射時，該光柵結構在可見波段對tm波有很高的反射率，而對te波強烈吸收，即可獲得很高的反射光偏振比，可以作為理想的集成偏振器件。 -
A simplified theoretical model has been established to describe the big yawed rod penetration into semi - infinite rolled homogeneous armor ( rha ) targets at normal incidence, the effect of ballistic yaw is quantitatively described in the rate of penetration
本文建立了大攻角的長桿體垂直侵徹半無限靶的簡化物理模型，定量地分析了大攻角對垂直侵徹的影響。 -
By means of quantitative analysis, we accessed growth rate and film thickness of gan epilayer, and even determined in real time the thickness of buffer layer from in situ measurements of normal incidence reflectance
通過對在位監測曲線的分析，確定gan生長速率以及外延層的厚度，並利用監測曲線實時標定緩沖層的厚度。 -
The measuring results evince the polarization grade of the source is 10 % at most, and the meters are not polarization sensitive to normal incidence
測量結果表明，光源偏振度均小於10 % ，當光垂直入射時對照度計的影響是非常小的。 -
Abstract : a previously proposed approximate quasi - static theoretical method is employed herein to examine the deformation and perforation of a simply - supported circular plate struck by a flat - faced projectile at normal incidence. based on the principle of virtual work, static load - displacement relationships are first obtained and then used to predict the energy - absorbing capacity of the plate subjected to relatively low speed impact. it is shown that good agreement is obtained between the theoretical predictions and the available experimental data, provided that adiabatic shear plugging failure does not occur, but the influence of strain rate sensitivity is taken into account
文摘:採用準靜態近似理論方法分析簡支圓板在平頭彈丸正撞下的變形和穿透.首先基於虛功原理得到了靜態荷載位移關系，並將其用於預測低速沖擊下圓板的能量吸收能力.當考慮了材料的應變率敏感性，並且不發生絕熱剪切沖塞破壞的前提下，理論預測和實驗結果吻合良好
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