order adjoint 中文意思是什麼
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The results of numerical experiments, using the four - dimensional variational data assimilation system of the nonhydrostatic mesoscale model mm5, show that : the tangent linear model and adjoint model conducted by keeping the " on - off " switches the same as the basic state, can provide a good approximation of the first - order information to the nlm perturbation and a good descent direction for the minimization procedure ; switching on and off at every other time step in the kuo cumulus parameterization scheme do n ' t impact the convergence rate of cost function ; the existence of the switches do n ' t impact improvement to the mm5 model rainfall prediction because that not only specific humidity, but also wind, temperature and pressure are assimilated into the model
非靜力中尺度數值模式mm5的四維變分資料同化系統進行的數值試驗結果表明： 「開關」變量保持與基態一致，所構造的切向線性模式能夠提供關于非線性模式擾動的一階近似，伴隨模式所計算的梯度值能夠為最小化過程提供較好的下降方向；郭氏降水參數化方案中對流每隔一個積分步的交替發生並不影響目標函數最小化的收斂速度； 「開關」變量的存在也不影響將風、溫度、氣壓和比濕結合起來同化對mm5降水預報準確性的提高。 -
That is to say, in order to measure the adjoint coefficients of sound radiation modes, we should design the particular shape of error sensor
因此我們必須設計出誤差傳感器來測量所需控制的聲輻射模態伴隨系數。 -
Radiation modes are dependent on the radiator ' s geometry shape and vibration frequency, but are not relative to the material characteristic and the border condition of the radiator. further more, the radiation efficiency of the radiation modes falls off very rapidly with the increase of modes order at low frequency. the adjoint coefficient of sound radiation modes is proportional to the corresponding sound radiation power
聲輻射模態由輻射體的幾何形狀和振動頻率決定，與輻射體本身的材料特性以及邊界條件無關；特別是在中低頻率時，聲輻射模態對應的輻射效率隨模態階數的增加而迅速降低。 -
Then in order to define the cohomology. according to the adjoint pair in 3. 1, we defined semisimplicial complex and use ( h. b ) reg ( - - ) we have the cosimplicial complex accordingly
1中的伴隨對定義了半單復形，又根據（ h ， b ） rb叭、一做了相應的余半單復形。 -
In the computational methods of tpbvp, in order to reduce some difficulties involved in solving a tpbvp via adjoint variables, we discuss a direct method in which state and control variables are indirectly parameterized, the method employs a recently developed direct optimization technique that uses a piecewise polynomial representation for the state and control variables, thus converting the optimal control problem into a nonlinear programming problem, which can be solved numerically. it makes the initial iterative variable more easy to be determined
在數值解法中，為了減少解決兩點邊值問題共軛變量帶來的困難，主要討論了將狀態變量和控制變量進行參數化的一種直接方法，這種方法採用了近段發展起來的使用分段的多項式來代替狀態和控制變量的直接優化方法，然後最優控制問題就轉化成可以用數值方法解決的非線性規劃問題，使得迭代初值更加容易選取。 -
The characteristic approximation is used to handle the convection part along the direc - tion of fluid namely characteristic direction to ensure the high stability of the method in approximating the sharp fronts and reduce the numerical diffusion ; the mixed finite element spatial approximation is employed to deal with diffusion part and approximate the scalar unknown and the adjoint vector function optimally and simultaneously ; in order to preserve the integral conservation of the method, we introduce the modified characteristic method
該方法對方程的對流部分沿流體流動的方向即特徵方向離散以保證格式在流動的鋒線前沿逼近的高穩定性，消除數值彌散現象；對方程的擴散部分採用最低次混合有限元方法離散、同時以高精度逼近未知函數及未知函數的梯度；為保證方法的整體守恆性，在格式中引入修正項 -
Then we come to the nonlinear advection - dominated transport problem, only the one - dimensional case is discussed. it is shown that the unknown c and the adjoint p are optimally approximated when it is discretized with the lowest order mixed finite element space
擴散項均為非線性的情形，對一維問題採用零次混合元空間進行離散，得到了l ~ 2范數意義下關于c ， p的最優誤差估計。
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