outgroup 中文意思是什麼

outgroup 解釋
外集團
  1. By means of discontinuous tris - hcl buffer system and poly aery 1 amide gel electrophoresis ( page ), zymogram of 23 species of 11 genera in 4 subfamilies mirinae, orthotylinae, phylinae and deraeocorinae are gained. by specific primer pcr and sequencing, 57 cyt b gene 433bp sequences are obtained from 34 species respectively belonging to 17 genera in 5 subfamilies mirinae, orthotylinae, phylinae, deraeocorinae, bryocorinae from 64 species of 23 genera which involved in this research, and 2 outgroup species of family anthocoridae as well. 1

    首次通過特異引物擴增和基因測序的研究方法從被試的5亞科23個屬的64種盲蝽中獲得了盲蝽亞科、合墊盲蝽亞科、葉盲蝽亞科、赤爪盲蝽亞科和蕨盲蝽亞科bryocorinae5個亞科17個屬的34種盲蝽以及外群花蝽科anthocoridae2種花蝽的cytb基因序列57條。
  2. The complete nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial genome of f. limnocharis was detailedly compared with those of 5 other amphibians. the nucleotide sequences of 22 trna encoded by 6 amphibians mitochondrial genomes were combined and aligned to the homologous sequences of the 11 veterbrate taxa. using teleosts as outgroup, the phylogenetic analyses results show that mp, nj and ml trees all strongly support the monophyly of living amphibians with respect to other living tetrapods and favor a sister group relationship for caecilians and salamanders

    我們在測定了澤蛙線粒體全基因組序列的基礎上，與已知其它的5種兩棲類進行詳細的比較分析，同時選擇了11種高等脊椎動物的線粒體全基因序列，以硬骨魚類做外群，用22個trna基因合併數據進行系統發生重建分析，結果表明mp 、 nj和ml樹都強力地支持現生兩棲類動物為單系群並且蠑螈類和蚓螈類為姐妹群關系（自引導值分別為92 、 99 、 100 ） 。
  3. With the selected outgroup - chlamys farreri, the phylogenetic trees suggested that zhejiang population has differentiated. 3. in pb - pa and y1 - p0 families of argopecten irradians, 12 and 10 rapd primers were selected, which

    在海灣扇貝pb - pa與y1 - p0家系中，分別篩選出12和10條引物，其擴增出的產物在雙親中呈現多態的片段。
  4. An experimental study on the implicit effect of ingroup outgroup favoritism

    外群體偏愛的內隱效應實驗研究
  5. What does group membership mean ? how should we measure it ? ingroup vs. outgroup

    群體會員的意思是什麼？我們應如何衡量？圈內與圈外。
  6. Due to the saturation effect, ingroup relationships were analyzed without any outgroup species

    由於替代飽和，系統發育分析時，沒有選擇外類群。
  7. Among them include 38 individuals ( including 3 individuals of 3 populations of genus adelphocoris ) of 21 species, 9 genera of subfamily mirinae, 2 individuals of 1 species, 1 genera of subfamily orthotylinae, 12 individuals of 7 species, 6 genera of subfamily phylinae, 2 individuals of 2 species, 1 genera of subfamily deraeocorinae, 1 individuals of 1 species, 1 genera of subfamily bryocorinae, and 2 individuals of 2 outgroup species belonging to 2 genera of subfamily anthocoridae as well

    其中盲蟑亞科9屬刀種的38個個體（包括首淆盲峙屬adelphocoris的3個種群3個個體人合墊盲螃亞科1屬1種的2個個體，葉盲螃亞科6屬7種的12個個體，齒爪盲螃亞科1屬二種的2個個體，顏盲螃亞科1屬1種1個個體，以及作為外群的花螃科2屬2種的2個個體。
  8. Ii. molecular phylogeny in this paper, nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast gene trnl - f region was investigated first in the ferns, the pcr primers were chosen. in the test, 34 species in athyriaceae and 3 outgroup taxa were determined trril - f region sequences

    介蔗屬d盡口athyrium 、蛾眉蔗屬lunathyrium 、假蹄蓋蔽屬athyriopsis 、單葉雙蓋蔗diplaziumsubsinuatum組成一支，在兩種系統樹中均得到100 %的支持率。
  9. It is also an endangered plant that is distributed only in china. five populations of d. versipelis were sampled from both the middle and lower reaches of the yangtze river valley for conservation study. d. pleiantha, a congener of d. versipelis, was used as the outgroup for this study

    本研究從長江中下游選取了5個八角蓮居群和1個六角蓮居群，以六角蓮為外類群，從保護生物學的角度，對八角蓮開展了生物學特性，形態學和遺傳多樣性等方面的研究工作。
  10. ( d ) it is strongly suggested that subfamily mirinae should be revised because its remarkable heterogeneity. 3. for the first time, cyt b gene 432bp sequences of species belonging to genera of 5 subfamilies and 2 outgroup species are obtained in this research which is more than 50 % of 64 species involved in the experiments

    3 、首次在盲峙科昆蟲中通過特異引物擴增和基因測序的研究方法獲得了盲峙科5個亞科門個屬34種盲峙和2個外群種類的cytb基因433hp序列，占被試23個屬64種盲峙的50以上。
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