pricing decision 中文意思是什麼
pricing decision
解釋
定價決策-
Study on the supply chain ' s pricing decision based on bilevel programming
基於二層規劃的供應鏈定價決策研究 -
With the rapid development of the security stock market especially the stock market in chian ， issuing stock and circulating on market became the first choice of financing for more and more enterprise at the same time ， more and more investors are attracted by the relately high initial return of stock however ， the problem of ipos underpricing always exists in the stock market according to the data of more than one thousand chinese stocks ， most new issues had great raise in the first trade day ， and investors could acquire higher initial return than the average return of the stock market or the same industry we find that initial returns on a - share ipos average reached 132. 24 percent the main body of this paper is made up of six sections ： in the first part ， we introduced the method of the estimate of pricing decision ； in the second part ， we analyzed the method of the pricing decision and issuing system in china ， discussed the advantage and weakness of the various issuing methods ， and compared the economic efficiency between the examine and approve system and authorization system ； in the third part ， we analyzed the reason of ipo ' s underpricing in detail from information economics and other factors and combined with the environment of the chinese stock markets ， we analyzed the special characteristics in china and how they effect the ipo ' s underpricing in the fourth part ， we analyzed the data of chinese stock market with spss ， made a analysis of the administrative pricing decision and market pricing decision ， studied the underpricing phenomena of chinese stock market ， and analyzed it ' s causes ； in the fifth part ， we made a analysis of the examine approve system and authorization system ； and in the last part ， we drew some conclusions and put forth some policy advices the follow are the conclusions and policy advices in this dissertation ： （ 1 ） from the results of this empirical study ， we found that the issuing price - earning ratio and the market situation before ipos are strongly and positively associated with the underpricing of shares ， the issuing scale of ipo and the hit rate are strongly and negatively associated with the underpricing ； （ 2 ） we found that after the abolishing of ipo ' s p / e ratio and the using of authorization system ， there is no significant difference among the underpricing of shares ， but considered with the market entironment ， we think that the ipo ' s underpricing has been correspondingly reduced （ 3 ） to reduce difference between the primary market and the second market ， we suggested that we shall bring the " over - allotment option ( oao ) " to bear and resume the state - owned share and corporate - owned share to circulate on market as soon possible
本文的主體由六個部分組成：第一部分介紹新股發行定價的估值方法；第二部分對我國的發行定價方式和發行制度進行分析，探討不同發行定價方式的優缺點，以及審批制和核準制經濟效率分析；第三部分從信息經濟學角度和其他因素的角度詳細分析造成新股發行抑價的原因，並結合我國股票市場實際情況，分析了我國市場的特有因素是否及如何影響一級市場的發行抑價程度的；第四部分利用統計分析軟體spss對我國新股行政化和市場化定價進行實證分析，主要包括新股發行行政化和市場化定價方式的實施情況和效果分析、新股發行行政化定價方式的實證分析，以及新股發行行政化和市場化定價方式的比較實證分析；第五部分利用統計分析軟體spss對我國新股發行審批制和核準制進行實證分析；第六部分是本論文的主要結論。本文的主要結論和建議有： （ 1 ）從實證分析結果看，我國新股發行抑價與市場環境、發行市盈率呈顯著正向關系，與發行規模、申購中簽率等呈顯著反向關系。 （ 2 ）取消發行市盈率限制和實施核準制等市場化改革措施並沒有降低發行抑價的絕對水平，只是由於市場環境的因素，發行抑價的相對水平才有所降低。 -
Been restricted on interest rate for long time, the domestic commercial banks are all weak in loan pricing, such as ( 1 ) the loan pricing not been involved in the decision mechanism of credit ; ( 2 ) lacking of risk price ration system ; ( 3 ) mismatching between the interest rate and the risk of the loan items
由於長期的利率管制，我國商業銀行的貸款定價管理十分薄弱，主要體現為貸款定價未被納入信貸決策機制中；缺乏定量化的定價系統；利率浮動的幅度未能反映借款人的信用水平及貸款項目的風險程度。 -
The key tasks of this paper mainly include : ( 1 ) puting forward the emphases and difficulties of enterprise m & a decision, and holding that decision - makers should make decision according to the principle of value creation ; ( 2 ) setting up estimation model of value creation in m & a, including synergy effect model, m & a transaction and evaluation model, m & a net income model, etc. ; ( 3 ) explaining the application of virous valuation method and discussing how to choose proper valuation method in m & a decision ; ( 4 ) studying the valuation of synergy effect after calculating the independet value of both enterprises respectively before m & a and the combined enterprise after m & a by discount cash flow method ; ( 5 ) studying the valuation of the target enterprise ' s expected value, in which general target enterprises are valuated with several kinds of valuation techniques while high - tech target enterprises are valuated by option pricing model
在研究過程中，本文試圖運用價值評估技術，在並購決策中確立一套較為完整的價值分析方法，以使決策者有效的判斷並購能否創造價值，從而作出正確的並購決策。本文的核心工作主要包括： （ 1 ）提出了企業並購決策的重點與難點，認為決策者應根據價值創造原則進行並購決策。 （ 2 ）建立了並購創造價值的估測模型，具體包括協同效應模型、並購交易估價模型和並購凈收益模型。 -
The decision model of multi - stage venture capital based on theory of option pricing
基於期權定價理論的多階段風險投資決策模型 -
As far as enterprises concerned, it is of great importance of an effective system to them, which is able to provide accurate cost information on decision making of pricing, producing and cost controlling
是否擁有一個有效的、能夠為企業產品定價、生產決策、市場定位以及成本控制等決策提供準確成本信息的成本系統，對企業來說非常重要。 -
In order to make the retailer ' s pricing decision reflect the quality fluctuation of perishable foods, the bundling selling model based on the shelf life for perishable foods was established by taking pasteurized milk as illustration after effectively partitioning customer - groups among the whole market
摘要為了使零售商的價格決策能反映易腐食品的質量波動，在分析微生物預測模型及有效劃分市場消費群的基礎上，以巴氏奶為例建立了基於貨架期的易腐食品捆綁銷售模型。 -
This paper stated the history and present condition of the real options theories and the venture investment decision theories, analyzed the advantageous and application of the real options theories in venture investment decision and the mathematic foundation of real options pricing theories, studied how to choose real options pricing model in venture investment decision practically. this paper tried to expand the research finally, and gave a simplification application model
本文闡述了實物期權理論及風險投資決策理論的歷史背景和研究現狀，分析了實物期權理論在風險投資決策中應用的優點和步驟、實物期權定價理論的數理基礎，探討了在風險投資決策中如何選擇不同的實物期權定價模型，並作了實證分析，最後嘗試進行了拓展研究，並給出了一個簡化應用模型。 -
Thirdly, this paper introduces problems, which consist of brand abusing, high brand pricing, short of brand protection, lack long - term and wholly programming, laying less emphasis on scientific decision, random extension of brand and so on, exist in brand operation of our country
再次介紹我國品牌經營存在的問題，主要有：品牌濫用現象經常發生，品牌定價偏高現象嚴重，品牌保護不力，品牌經營缺乏長遠和整體的規劃，對科學泱策重視不夠，品牌任意延伸等等。 -
Firm transfer pricing decision under asymmetric competition
不對稱競爭條件下的集團轉移定價決策 -
In the deregulated power market ， the power grid operator is facing many uncertainty and risks risk concept ， risk analysis approach and risk management are introduced in chapter ii ， the maj or risks of grid operators is analyzed and evaluated in details based on the real situation and data of yueyang city, hunan province ， the economic risk resulting from the uncertainty of load prediction of whole system ， generation capacity and parallel quantity of the large enterprises self - owned power plant are analyzed meanwhile ， the increase of large enterprises self - owned power plant may cause economic and security risks considering different risk ， the qualitmive and quantitative approaches are respectively adopted the direct and indirect congestion risks are evaluated based on probabilistic theory and decision theory the retail pricing and trade modes are major areas embracing risks as well chapter iii divides the risks in internal and external ones based on the characteristics of risk and put forward the layered risk management approach
詳細分析和論述了電網經營企業面臨的各種風險。基於湖南省岳陽地區電力市場的實際情況和多年歷史數據，採用定性分析和定量計算的手段具體分析了負荷、自備電廠發電量和上網電量預測不確定性以及自備電廠的大量增加給電網企業帶來的經濟性風險和安全性風險。無論是長期還是短期，阻塞不僅會對電網造成直接風險，還可能造成間接風險。 -
At last, the author puts forward five marketing tactics, including : choosing service items, segmenting market based on organizational buying behavior, the combinative communication tactics based on the decision process of consumer, pricing tactic building on perceived value of customer, the distribution tactics of establishing branches in economic development zones
最後根據調研結果提出五條營銷策略，分別是： （ 1 ）業務定位策略； （ 2 ）基於購買行為的市場細分策略； （ 3 ）基於購買決策過程的整合溝通策略； （ 4 ）基於顧客認知價值的定價策略； （ 5 ）在開發區成立分公司的渠道策略。 -
From the viewpoint of system, such the basic theories of the modeling method as system dynamics, learning organization and system thinking are studied on the basis of the analysis of the status quo of management decision - making, as well as relevant model building blocks, modeling methods and modeling steps. taking advantage of modeling platform stella / ithink, some enterprise management decision - making modeling infrastructures are built based on anhui jianghuai automotive co., ltd., which include inventory controlling, manufacturing, pricing, shop controlling and etc. finally, based on the qualitative analysis of the strategy of mark down sale in auto industry the model of the pricing strategy in auto industry is developed, which is based on anhui jianghuai automotive co., ltd. the effects of the strategy of mark down sale are simulated and analyzed quantitatively
論文在分析國內管理決策現狀的基礎上，從系統的概念出發，研究了系統動力學、學習型組織理論、系統思考等基本理論以及系統動力學方法的建模構件（ block ） 、建模原理、方法與步驟；藉助建模平臺stella ithink ，以安徽江淮汽車股份有限公司為原型，設計構建了庫存控制、製造、價格和車間控制等企業管理模型功能子模塊（ infrastructure ） ；在定性分析國內汽車行業降價銷售策略的基礎上，設計構建了以安徽江淮汽車股份有限公司為原型的國內汽車行業價格決策模型，該模型圍繞產品價格、交貨提前期、市場份額、利潤、生產能力等關鍵因素，對降價銷售策略帶來的市場運作、生產管理、銷售發貨及庫存控制等過程的變化情況進行了模擬模擬，並通過一定的數據結果定量地說明了降價銷售策略將給企業帶來的結果。 -
It also studies the problem of real option pricing when the underlying assets follow the pure jump poisson, mixed jump - diffusion merton and mean - reversion model, and obtains the price formula or partial differential equation to price and hedge the real option. when the value of real option can not separate from the value of project, or the uncertainties are endogenous to real option holder, it is difficult to pricing the real option by the ways of no - arbitrage. in this paper we present a approach named valuation with comparison, its basic point is to value the project or program with flexibility by means of decision tree analysis ( dta ) and stochastic dynamic programming ( sdp ), and the results are compared with that of non - flexibility, finally,
當實物期權的價值不能從項目價值中分離出來，或者影響基本資產價格的不確定性內生於期權的持有者時，此時實物期權的價值一般難以直接利用無套利方法得到，本文通過對現有文獻進行歸納，提出一種比較定價法，其基本要點是利用決策樹、動態規劃法或二叉樹模型等技術來確定嵌有柔性的項目或方案的價值，然後將其與沒有柔性的項目或方案進行比較，從而獲得各種柔性的價值，作為這種方法的一個應用，本文研究了柔性勞動合約的設計與定價問題，研究表明，對企業重要員工採用長期勞動合約，而對一般員工採用短期合約可以節約勞動力使用成本。 -
Secondly, this dissertation introduces the operation principles of kmv and creditmetrics models, and emphatically probes into how the models to measure credit risk of assets portfolio, and analyses the applications in credit asset pricing, the investment decision based on var and the supervision by using internal credit risk measurement models, and advances creditmetrics model based on conditions of china ' s commercial banks, and studies fundamental conditions, limited conditions, and how to use moutun ' s pricing model testing results of creditmetrics model
接著對kmv模型和creditmetrics模型的運作原理進行了介紹，並重點探討了模型是如何對信用資產組合的信用風險進行度量，以及對信用資產定價、基於受險價值的投資決策以及利用內部信用風險度量模型進行監管等方面作了分析，提出基於我國商業銀行信用風險實際的creditmetrics模型，分析了該模型運用的基本條件和限制條件以及如何使用默頓定價模型對creditmetrics模型分析結果進行檢驗。 -
Secondly, it discusses the core issues on contingent claims of the risk - return and managerial procedures of risk identifying, measuring, controlling and decision - making. thirdly, it introduces the theories of portfolio management, asset pricing, arbitrage pricing, options pricing, hedge, comprehensive risk management. next, it expatiates the current risk management method which are extensively used in the real world, especially, the applying of var model in our country. finally, on the basis of above, the paper sets forth presentiment and administrative system
第三章首先分析了投資銀行風險管理的內涵、風險管理的目標，闡述了風險管理的軸心-風險和收益的相機抉擇和風險的識別、衡量、控制和決策的管理程序。詳細介紹了資產組合管理理論、資本資產定價理論、套利定價理論、期權定價理論、套期保值理論和綜合風險管理理論等風險管理理論工具。對目前在國內外應用成熟的風險管理方法也作了闡述，特別對var模型在我國的應用進行了探討。 -
At the same times, in the research of discrimination pricing decision, we studies the two - degree and third - degree pricing discrimination decision of monopolist under common uncertain demand and two - phase pricing model
本文同時還對一般不確定條件下對廠商常採用二度價格歧視以及兩階段定價模型基礎上對三度價格歧視作了進一步的研究，針對對三度價格歧視給出了應用實例。 -
The paper studies all production pricing decision - making model of monopolist under uncertain demand basing on the pricing decision in uncertain demand inside and outside abroad, and discusses a special pricing model, that is the demand has some random or multiplicative influence, and then puts forward a more run - of - mill common pricing model. the two pricing models we name those as one - phase pricing model
本文以國內外學者對需求不確定情形下的定價決策模型為研究背景，系統研究了在隨機需求情形下廠商產品定價的各種模型，將特殊需求不確定條件下，即需求可以發生隨機繞動及乘性影響情形下的定價模型作了系統論述，並在此基礎上提出了更具有一般性的一般不確定的定價模型。 -
Based on the exploration of lending pricing behaviors of banks during the historic process of the interest rate system reform, the paper mainly discusses the genesis mechanism of lending price and the interrelated implicit interest rate under the condition of financial regulation, analyses the external and internal factors which influence the lending pricing decision - making process of the microeconomic bodies ( banks and enterprises ). and based on the contrast of the lending pricing modes which are popular at home and abroad now, the paper designs a lending pricing model of compound interest rate, which can be applied to the market - oriented interest rate circumstance
本文將銀行的貸款定價行為置於利率體制變革的歷史進程中加以考察，重點討論了金融管制條件下貸款價格的生成機制及與此相關的隱性利率，分析了影響微觀經濟主體（銀行和企業）貸款定價決策的內外部因素，並在對比國內外當前普遍採用的貸款定價模式的基礎上，設計了適用於利率市場化環境的貸款復利定價模型。 -
Co - op pricing decision model for a manufacturing - retailing supply chain
基於博弈論的二層供應鏈網路競爭與結盟模型
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