runoff condition 中文意思是什麼
runoff condition
解釋
徑流條件-
When soil antecedent condition is dry and the initial rainfall intensity is high, peak surface runoff also considerably lag behind that of rainfall, because of the formation of temporary relative impermeable top layer ; b ) surface runoff is controlled primarily by infiltration - excess runoff mechanism under unsaturated condition ; the major fraction of surface runoff are dominated by saturated infiltration - excess runoff response, only a small fraction by return flow mechanism when soil is saturated ; c ) subsurface flow is dominated by saturated runoff mechanism, and the duration of subsurface post the rainfall end is dependent upon rather the soil properties than the rainfall characteristics ; d ) subsurface flow intensity in cultivated soil layer ( 0 ~ 20cm ) is high up to 35mm / h when rainfall intensity is up to 120mm / h, indicating the existing of macropores and pipe flow in cultivated layer
2 ）耕作制下紫色土的產流主要機制是： 1 ）當雨前土壤含水量未達到飽和狀態時，表面產流起始時間有明顯滯后現象，這與紫色土的快吸水性和較多非毛管孔隙密切相關；當雨前土壤較乾燥，降雨初期雨強較大時，易形成臨時相對不透水表層，表面產流峰也有明顯滯后現象。 2 ）表面徑流的產流方式主要是超滲產流，當土壤達到飽和狀態后，有四川大學博士學位論文小部分回歸流發生，但主要是飽和超滲產流發生，因為紫色土的相對不透水層和其它透水障礙層不明顯。 3 ）壤中流主要是飽和產流，與降雨過程有明顯的滯后，而且雨停后的壤中流產流歷時與降雨特徵無關。 -
Taking into account weather and flood forecast information ; the forecast operation manner is studied under the condition of without the change of the existing flood control standard to realize the conversion of flood control and benefits. ( 4 ) through analyzing runoff and water utilization information during reservoir operation, design flood, and the existin
水庫汛陽水位動態控制方法研究及其風險分析根據水庫流域天氣預報、流域前期降雨、水庫蓄水、水庫泄水能力和防洪興利要求，利用水庫汛限水位變動范圍，結合洪水預報和短期降雨預報模型，研究水庫汛限水位動態控制方法。 -
Abstract : in accordance with the problems in the system of well storing rainfall at present, based on the experiments of artificial simulating rainfall, and assistance with the measures of natural rainfall, the relationships among the surface runoff yield, silt concentration, catching runoff efficiency and the material of surface, slope gradient, rainfall intensity are analysed systematically. then, the best slope gradient and material of surface are chosen, in condition of which surface rainfall yield is the largest and silt concentration is the smallest. this is a beneficial study for the practical use of the rainwater catchment plot in furture
文摘:針對當前旱井集雨系統存在的問題，利用人工降雨試驗，並輔以天然降雨觀測，系統分析了旱井集流區的產流量、含沙率、集流效率與下墊面材料、坡度、降雨強度的關系，進而選出了最優坡度及最優下墊面材料，為今後旱井集流區的應用研究做了有益的探討。 -
Abstract : based on the data from the runoff plots, analyzed on the regularity and affected factor of the runoff and sediment yield in the farmland with different underlayer condition in the loess hilly areas of changwu county, shaanxi province, and point out that the main factor which affect the runoff and sediment yields in the farmland of the loess hilly areas are the intensity of precipitation, the time of precipitation, slope and the mulching condition
文摘:以徑流小區的觀測資料為依據，對陜西長武不同下墊面條件農田產流產沙規律及影響因素進行了分析，指出降雨強度、降雨歷時、坡度和覆蓋條件是影響黃土溝壑區農田產流產沙的最主要因素。 -
Due to the influence of climate drought and human activities, the ecological environment of qinghai province is in an increasingly grave condition, namely, climate abnormal events occurring frequently, grassland degenerating, ground sanding, glacier shrinking, water level of lakes descending and river runoff decreasing, and so on. in the basis of extensively collecting and analyzing the data of qinghai ecological environmental factors such as climate, water resource and grassland resource etc., the further basic research is performed on the ecological environment characters of main climate factors, surface runoff, water resource, lcc and their correlation to coordinate with the basic, strategic and precursory research for the development of china west part and provide the scientific foundation for corresponding development both ecological environment and social economy, and persistent utilization of natural environment resource
本研究針對當前在氣候乾旱化和人類活動的共同影響下青海省生態環境中氣候異常事件即氣象災害頻繁發生、草場退化、土地沙化、冰川萎縮、湖泊水位下降和河流流量減少等生態環境退化現象日益嚴重的實際，在廣泛收集和整理青海省氣候、水資源、草地資源等生態環境因子基礎資料的基礎上，對青海的主要氣候要素、地表徑流、水資源、植被的演替及其相互間的關系等主要生態環境變化特徵進行了基礎性的研究。 -
The contents of this paper include the following several aspects : ( 1 ) a model of the fractures leakage is built through counting and analyzing the wealthy geological records of hae field, and a model of the fracture water transporting is also built according to the fracture water condition of its recharge and its runoff and its discharge in hae field ; ( 2 ) this paper studies the chemical behavior and the migration parameters of the elenent sr2 + in ground water in hae field, the main contents include : the presence form of the element sr in ground water is analyzed by way of the rmodynamics ; the absorption mechanism that granite and sand stone absorbs sr element is analyzed based on theory and experiment test the diffusion parameters of the element sr in water and in granite and in sand stone are researched with laboratory experiment test ; the partition coefficient of sand stone and granite to sr is tested by the batch way
其研究內容包括以下幾個方面： （ 1 ）通過對我國hae預選處置場豐富地質資料的大量統計和分析，建立了該處置場的基巖裂隙滲透模型。再根據hae預選處置場基巖裂隙水的補給、徑流、排泄條件及水位動態特徵，建立了預選處置場基巖裂隙水水運動模型。 （ 2 ）對高毒性鍶元素在我國hae預選處置場地下水中的化學行為和遷移參數進行系統的研究，其中主要包括運用熱力學方法分析了鍶元素在地下水中的存在形態，利用理論分析與實驗測試相結合的方法分析了花崗巖和砂巖對核素鍶的吸附機制，採用室內實驗裝置研究了核素鍶在地下水中的擴散參數以及在花崗巖和砂巖中的本徵擴散參數，採用靜態批式法研究了鍶在砂巖和花崗巖中的分配系數。 -
The results indicated that with the change of water and sand condition and the altitude of tongguan and the development of the industry and agriculture in recent decades, the water environment of wei river had changed largely, which were shown as follow : annual runoff and seasonal flood decreased sharply ; water stream of large discharge decreased and the range of runoff decreased greatly ; sediment load per year decreased generally, sediment concentration of water increased, and the sand silting up was serious ; water channel swung and shrank, and water regime deteriorated ; frequencies of big floods decreased obviously, and hyper concentrated flood increased obviously ; water levels of the same runoff rose universally, and the frequencies of the floods increased and aggravated ; water pollution was very serious
結果表明，近期隨著水沙條件、潼關高程等的變化及工農業的發展，渭河的水環境發生了巨大變化，表現在年水量及汛期水量銳減；大流量級水流出現次數減少，水量減少幅度大；年輸沙量總體減少，河水含沙量增大，泥沙淤積嚴重；河道向擺動型發展，河道萎縮，河勢惡化；大洪水發生的次數顯著減少，高含沙小洪水明顯增多；同流量洪水位普遍抬高，洪災發生次數增加，洪災加重；水質污染極為嚴重。 -
Phase i : 1950s 1980s. in this phase, humans ’ limited cognition of nature laws, increasing demands caused by population explosion and unreasonable utilization of natural resources lead to the sharp decrease of runoff volume and shrink of the lake area. the ebinur lake area change converses from the condition subordinate to nature to human activity
即第一階段: 20世紀50 80年代末，此階段由於人類對自然規律認識的局限性，以及人口增長造成的需求增長，不合理利用水土等自然資源，導致入湖水量劇減，艾比湖呈現急劇縮小的趨勢，湖面變化從受控于自然條件向受控於人類活動方向轉變。 -
After the comprehensive research about watersheds runoff characteristic, artificial regulation condition and dam groundwater reservoir technology, 5 surface water works, 7 groundwater reservoir works and 13 potential groundwater reservoir zones have been proposed
結合流域徑流資源、區域人工控制特點分析，及有壩地下水庫技術研究，篩選設計出5項地表水利工程、 7項地下水庫工程及13處地下水庫潛力區。 -
According to hydrochemistry monitoring material of northwest rivers in recent five years, and compared with the first northwest rivers water resources investigation appraisal result in 80 ’ s of last century, we analyzed the main rivers hydrochemistry condition, runoff degree of mineralization, total hardness and the hydrochemistry type distribution
根據近5a來對西北諸河的水化學監測資料，統計出了主要河流水化學狀況；分析了河川徑流礦化度、總硬度和水化學類型的地區分佈，並與20世紀80年代第一次西北諸河水資源調查評價的結果進行了比較。 -
( 1 ) in newly - constructed stage and early stage of reclamation, the most important factor of runoff is 30min rainfall intensity. in later stage of reclamation, the most important one is 45min rainfall intensity. and the runoff capacity is the most important influence factor to soil erosion always ; ( 2 ) on the certain degree, loosening surface has an active function to infiltration condition but not to conserve soil ; ( 3 ) the most runoff is formed on platform of stackpile and the soil erosion often happens in the slope ; ( 4 ) stone - soiled dumps have an advantage over soil at respect of erosion resistance so that soil is not adapt in covering slope ; ( 5 ) grass has a better role in conservation of water and soil than arbor in early stage of reclamation ; ( 6 ) arbor - arboret - hemp mix is the best model for conservation
結果顯示：在未復墾時期和復墾初期， 30min降雨強度對徑流影響最大，復墾後期徑流與45min雨強相關性最強，而徑流量對土壤侵蝕量的影響始終最大；通過疏鬆地表巖土只在一定程度上改善地表的入滲條件，並不能起到保土的作用；平臺為徑流的主要形成區，而土壤侵蝕主要集中在斜坡；土石混排坡的土壤抗蝕性比覆土坡的要大得多，在排土場形成過程中不宜用厚層黃土覆坡；在復墾初期，純草模式水土保持效果明顯好於純喬模式。 -
In the condition of being given runoff inflow series of various reservoirs, the optimal decision - making process of cooperating operation of hydropower stations could be obtained through this model. this process could be worked as results of qualitative calculation
在給出水電站群各水庫入庫徑流系列的條件下，可以利用該模型求得水電站聯合調度的最優決策過程，作為確定性優化的計算成果。 -
Study on the relationships between the soil moisture condition of underlying surface and rainfall - runoff
下墊面含水狀態與降雨產流關系研究 -
By the test of the imitated rain, the article researches some rainfall runoff features of the plain area which the slope is less than 3, the changing regulation of runoff coefficient under the steady rainfall condition, puts forward the calculation principle of the rainfall runoff this area by using the maximum runoff coefficient method and makes a calculation of the runoff for the process of rainstorm under the unsteady or natural condition
利用仿雨試驗，研究地面坡度小於3的平原區降雨產流的特徵，穩定降雨條件下徑流系數的變化規律，提出了「最大徑流系數法」對平原降雨產流的計算原理，對非穩定及天然條件下的暴雨過程進行了徑流計算。
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