special presumption 中文意思是什麼
special presumption
解釋
特別推定- special : adj （opp general ordinary usual）1 特別的，特殊的。2 專門的；專用的；特設的。3 額外的，臨時附加...
- presumption : n 1 推測，猜測，臆斷，假定；設想，想像。2 專橫，自以為是；不客氣，跋扈，冒昧，放肆，無禮；傲慢，...
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In the part of the summary, the thesis studies first how presumption of knowledge in legislation and jurisdiction is applied at home and abroad, with the conclusion that in main china it is primarily employed to presume the special knowledge and it mainly falls into category of judicial presumption. then the author explores and defines the concept of presumption of knowledge as a kind of rule or method of identifying the mental fact of knowledge at the time of commitment, which is inferred from and determined by some determined basic facts. then follows the discussion about the relations between presumption of knowledge and other categories such as careless and inadvertent negligence and strict liability
文章在「概述」部分，首先考察了明知推定現象在國外及我國立法、司法中的適用情況，得出明知推定在我國大陸主要用來推定特定之明知，種類上主要是司法推定；然後探討了明知推定的概念，將其界定為：基於確定的基礎事實而推知和確定行為人實施行為時，存在明知的心理事實的一種認定法則或者認定方法。 -
Maritime law as a special law of civil law, general principles of civil law, such as allotment of burden of proof, exemption of burden of proof, reversal of burden of proof, presumption of burden of proof and the standard of burden of proof, apply in the maritime law as those do in the civil law
海商法作為民法的特別法，在民法中有關舉證責任的基本原則，舉證責任中舉證責任的分配、舉證責任的免除、舉證責任的倒置、舉證責任中的推定以及舉證責任中的證明標準等等在海商法中均有所體現。
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