trade cost system 中文意思是什麼
trade cost system
解釋
商業成本制度-
Foreign trade exports a company ( ( average taxpayer ) when be being exported that month, should declare in average taxpayer declare on the system export amount that month ( by exit the tax rate * that day exports frontal ), but because want to deal with exit drawback, bill of replenish onr ' s stock did not arrive, whether should have the estimate of of short duration of inventory and cost by appraisal that month
外貿出口企業（ （一般納稅人）當月出口時要在一般納稅人申報系統上申報當月出口金額（按出口當日的稅率*出口額） ，但由於要辦理出口退稅，進貨發票未到，當月是否要按估價進行庫存及成本的暫估？ -
The specific measures can be put forward as follows : firstly, with the aims of improving the level of individual specialization, more emphasis should be put on deploying and training human resources, improving labor quality and their expertise ; secondly, in order to enhancing internal labor division level in west china, it should take an active participating in the labor division both at home and abroad. west china should also make full use of its geographical advantage to develop trade in border area, take part in domestic labor division actively and hence promote the reconcilable development in west china and east china ; thirdly, to decrease transaction cost and improve transaction efficiency in west china, it is necessary to build and strengthen the market transaction system and better facilities of infrastructure
進而提出了西部地區發展對外貿易要以分工優勢理論為指導，並提出了如下措施：加大人力資源的開發與培養，提高勞動者素質和專業技能，以提升個人專業化生產水平；積極參與國際、國內分工，尤其是充分利用區位優勢，大力發展邊境貿易和積極參與國內層面的分工合作，促進東西部的協調發展，以提高西部地區的內部分工水平；建立健全市場交易體系，改善基礎設施，以降低西部地區的交易費用和提高西部地區的交易效率。 -
The model of this paper explores the links between the following factors and the credit rationing in china. the change of banks " attitude to credit risk may lead to credit rationing ; banks give much more emphasis on the trade cost and the payable value of collateral, which may give rise to credit rationing ; the decreasing of asset price during economic stagnation produces credit rationing ; the bias of banks " objective function from the maximization of profit and the transformation of the function relating to the reform of the financial system cause credit rationing ; if different parts of the whole markets are not integrated, the credit in the part with low capital return ratio will be rationed. during economic recession, banks tend to ration the credit in the high - risk market ; the removing of interest ceiling will narrow down the interest spread of deposit and credit at least during a period, which may strengthen credit rationing ; meanwhile, the vulnerable borrowers, including small and middle - sized enterprises, will get more credit from banks even though they have to pay a higher interest rate
論文的模型探討了下列因素和中國信貸配給現象之間的聯系：商業銀行對信貸風險的態度變化，在辨別和控制信貸風險上開始投入大量的成本，這一過程會導致信貸配給；商業銀行對與法治環境相關的交易成本和抵押品清償價值的日漸關注會導致信貸配給；宏觀經濟緊縮時期資產價格下降會導致信貸配給；商業銀行經營目標函數偏離利潤最大化，近幾年金融業改革過程使商業銀行目標函數發生變化，這一變化過程可能導致信貸配給；在市場分化的條件下，收益水平低的市場會遭受信貸配給；在經濟下滑時期，商業銀行尤其會對高風險市場配給信貸；利率市場化使商業銀行的存貸利差至少在一段時間內縮窄，利差縮窄可能加重信貸配給的程度：在利率市場化條件下，弱勢借款者，包括中小企業，遭受信貸配給的程度可能得到緩解，但支付的貸款利率水平將會升高。 -
The selection of order cost and system of business trade
計劃體制與市場體制的交易成本比較分析 -
And at present, the system reform of bank of our country has not finished yet, the organization structuring of the bank is repeated seriously, the trade expenses cost is very high, the management efficiency is low, the international competitiveness is weak
而目前，我國銀行體制改革尚未完成，銀行機構設置重復，交易費用成本偏高，經營效率低，國際競爭力弱，機構設置重復嚴重，效益低下，銀行內部可謂矛盾重重。 -
The organic agriculture is also able to meet human being ' s diversified demands for the agricultural function after their physiological demands are satisfied basically. the remarkable information asymmetry exists in the organic agricultural product trade and has higher requests to the system. the production of organic agricultural product is superior to ordinary agricultural product in nutrition, safety and health because it is forbidden to use various kinds of agricultural chemicals and chemical fertilizers, etc. if organic authenticity of product can be guaranteed, consumers like to buy it with higher price because of its fine quality, friendly environment and social fair, etc. because of the limited organic agricultural production " input, high produce cost and low production, producers are needed to be compensated with higher price ; difficult to distinguish organic agricultural produce with common agricultural ones from appearance and even prove organic authenticity of product through measuring
在有機農產品交易中存在著顯著的信息不對稱，對制度有著更高的要求，表現在：有機農產品的生產因為禁止使用農藥、化肥等各種化學投入品，在營養、安全、健康等方面優于普通農產品；因為其優良的品質和環境友好、社會公平等附加效用，消費者願意以比普通農產品更高的價格購買，但前提是必須保證產品的有機真實性；由於有機農業生產投入受到很大限制，生產成本增加，而產量又可能降低（尤其是在轉換期） ，生產者需要以較高的產品價格作為補償；在外觀上難以區分有機農產品與普通農產品的差異在外觀上，即使通過檢測也難以驗證有機產品的真實性。 -
Since the normal media is not very effective on this condition, then synthetic diamond factory, as the semi finished product enterprise, have to take cyber - marketing and international trade by building their cyber - marketing system to fight a way in domestic market. at the same time, synthetic diamond firm can also regular their selling and purchase flow with the system to cut back on the cost and make their product competitive. this paper discusses the development of online - marketing both in the domestic marketing and in the international marketing, and probes into cyber - marketing theory, and puts forward a framework of integrating cyber - marketing and traditional marketing
人造金剛石企業作為典型專用性中間產品的生產企業在其他廣告媒體不能起到有效促銷作用的情況下，進行網路營銷體系的建設並通過網路營銷體系開展網上營銷和對外貿易從而開拓國際市場並從國內的惡性價格戰中突圍就成了金剛石企業的最好選擇；另外，金剛石企業還可以通過網路營銷體系規范自身的銷售流程，從而加強客戶關系管理以降低業務員個人控制客戶資源給企業帶來的巨大經營風險；網路營銷體系還可以幫助金剛石企業進行網上采購，從而規范采購流程，降低生產成本，增強產品的競爭力。 -
The paper also conducted cost and benefit analysis that indicates the protection cost is very much higher in ipr protection in agriculture in china as compared with other countries such as the us and other western countries, this is a very important restricting factor for the patent and pvp application in china. besides, the paper also discussed the possibilities of the unified system like pct and upov for ipr applications to minimize the cost of application and maintainence. with support of survey data and developed models, the papers conclude with the priority area for ipr protection in agriculture in order is as follows : pvp, patent, trade secret, and trade marks
同時，在大量檢索和設計調查問卷的基礎上，對我國農業知識產權保護的成本和效益進行理論分析，在對比其他國家專利和新品種保護成本的基礎上，分析出我國申請農業知識產權保護的成本和被侵權后的司法訴訟成本過高，影響了我國農業知識產權的申請和保護；此外，文章還就建立類似專利合作條約（ pct ）性質的國際植物新品種保護公約，以期在多國專利同時申請方面實現帕累托最優原則進行了理論探討，在此基礎上，文章進一步對比分析實施農業知識產權保護規則對我國農業技術貿易特別是國外直接投資可能帶來的影響進行，結果表明，強化農業知識產權保護，發展中國家會增加農業技術和產品的進口，發展中的大國更是如此；文章在調查問卷的基礎上提出了我國農業知識產權方面存在的問題和今後農業知識產權保護的目標體系和優先領域，農業知識產權保護的優先順序依次為：新品種、專利、商業秘密、商標和原產地。 -
The situation of the embedded hardware system require embedded equipment ’ s producing and testing of a higher standard. on traditional production line, single hardware testing and program solidification can not match up to embedded trade development neither in cost nor development cycle
嵌入式硬體系統的這種發展現狀對嵌入式設備的大規模生產和測試提出了新的要求，傳統生產線上的個體硬體裸機檢測和程序灌裝的方式無論是在生產成本上還是開發周期上都不能適應目前嵌入式行業的發展需要。 -
Improving the institution system of the forest right market, building up the forester self - managed corporation and designing a convenient exchange medium were ways to low down the transaction - cost and thus make the forest right trade market more efficient
健全各項交易制度、進行組織創新和創設便捷的交換媒介是解決我國南方集體林區林權交易效率低下問題的有效途徑。 -
This research is based on the theoretic study of export rebate, first, through the establishment of conception model of the export rebate behavior on the state level and the enterprise level, the influencing factors of the export refund behavior of the state and enterprise are found, which established a good basis for the construction of the target export rebate system ; second, the developing course and status quo of the export rebate in china is analyzed comprehensively, the main problems in the practice of the export rebate and cause of formation are found ; third, seven representational counties are chosen, their tax system and the export rebate system are analyzed, additionally, the case of the international trade dispute about the export rebate is discussed, then the international experience of the export rebate is summarized ; forth, the active mechanism of the export rebate to the economical system is analyzed, the theoretic structure of the function cost of the export rebate is established and the econ omic effect of the export rebate policy is simulated ; fifth, the problem that how to build the target export rebate system of china built on the preceding analysis is discussed and the matching measures and strategies are put forward
本研究基於以上思考，針對性強，只有一定的理論意義和實踐價值。本研究以出口退稅的理論研究為基點，首先，通過建立國家層次和企業層次出口退稅行為的概念模型，找到影響國家制定出口退稅政策和企業退稅行為選擇的各項因素，為構建我國的目標出口退稅機制奠定了基礎；其次，對我國出口退稅的發展歷程及運行現狀進行較為全面的分析，找到出口退稅實際運行過程中存在的主要問題及成因；第三，選取了七個有代表性的國家，對其稅收制度及出口退稅制度進行了詳盡的剖析，並分析了有關出口退稅方面國際貿易爭端的案例，總結了出口退稅方面的國際經驗，以期為我所用；第四，分析了出口退稅對經濟系統的作用機制，並構建了出口退稅運行成本的理論框架，模擬了出口退稅政策的經濟效應；第五，基於前述分析，從五個方面闡述如何構建我國的目標出口退稅機制，提出了配套改革的方法和策略。 -
With its perfect quality guarantee system and check devices, in - time service and technological support, the company aims to reduce customers ' production cost, improve production efficiency and the quality of products, trying to create more beneficial competitive edge together with customers in the fierce competition. “ the best quality products, fast service and lasting trade partner ” is the aim that wellmid earnestly pursues, which is also the solid bridge it seeks cooperation
公司與國內外知名企業聯手合作，以人為本，科學管理，通過完善的質量保證體系及檢測手段，並以準時的服務和技術支持，致力於降低客戶的生產成本，並提高產品的品質，在激烈的行業競爭中，和客戶一起創造更有利的競爭優勢。 -
Because the unreasonable system increases and consumes the huge cost in enterprise ' s economic activity, this essay applies to the theory of new system economics to analyze the evolution that the market main body takes place during the process of finding the new demand and new useful resource. around reducing trade cost it also analyses to improve private enterprise system environment and set up science rational modern enterprise system to develop the potentiality of private economy and make more contribution for the economic construction of our country
由於不合理的制度增加耗費企業經濟活動中的巨額成本，本文針對我國私營企業靈活的機制和追求利潤的市場主體特徵，運用新制度經濟學的理論，分析市場主體在發現新需求和新的有用資源的過程中所發生的演化和經濟增長過程，圍繞降低交易成本展開分析如何來實現制度創新，改善我國私營企業發展的制度環境和建立更加科學合理的現代企業制度，適應社會經濟發展的趨勢，使私營經濟的潛力得到更好的發揮，為我國的經濟建設做出更多的貢獻。 -
It is shown that the target export rebate system should be established through five facets : the reform of the value - added tax ( vat ) system, the setting of the rebate rate, the unification of the administrative measure of the export rebate, the optimization of the rebate fiscal burden and the strengthen of the administration of the export rebate, which can ultimately acquire the least rebate cost and the maximum rebate benefit. to be detail, first, the existing vat system should be reformed, the vat system should be transformed from the production model to consumption model and the administration of levying tax should be strengthened, which can establish a good basis for the optimization of the export rebate system ; second, after considering the national and international practical situation comprehensively, the suitable rebate rate which is combined " neutral and different " should be chosen, and a set of elastic system of rebate rate which has both relative stability and timing flexibility should be establish ed ; third, with the further deepening of the reform of foreign trade system and the gradual improvement of the ability of the administration of the export rebate, the existing two kinds of administrative measures should be gradually transited to the single measure - " exemption, credit and rebate " ; forth, the existing sharing measure of vat should be innovated, the new rebate burden system - " first rebate then share " should be built ; fifth, a set of stimulation and restriction system of export enterprises and tax authorities should be built to strengthen the administration of export rebate effectively
研究表明，我國目標出口退稅機制需要從五個方面進行構建：即增值稅制度改革、退稅率設置、退稅管理辦法統一、退稅財政分擔優化和退稅管理的強化，最終方可達到總體退稅成本最低和退稅收益的最大化。更具體地說，一是改革現行增值稅制度，將我國增值稅制度由生產型逐步轉為消費型，並強化征稅管理，為退稅機制的優化奠定基礎；二是在綜合考慮國內國際實際情況的前提條件下，選擇適宜我國的「中性與非中性」相結合的退稅率，並建立一套具有相對穩定性和適時靈活性的彈性退稅率機制；三是伴隨著外貿體制改革的進一步深化和退稅管理能力的逐步提高，將現行兩種出口退稅管理辦法逐步過渡到以「免、抵、退」為主的單一管理辦法；四是改革現行增值稅共享辦法，建立「先退稅后共享」的新型退稅負擔機制；五是建立一套針對出口企業和稅務機關的激勵約束機制，有效強化出口退稅的管理。 -
The recently - launched digital trade and transportation network system will help reduce the cost of information exchange and provide more opportunities for commercial symbiosis
剛用的數碼貿易運輸網路系統，亦將有助減低資訊流通的成本，提供更多商業合作機會。 -
This system develops the theoretical construction of international trade, on the basis of specialization and division of labor introduces such parameters as the cost of exogenous transaction, the cost of endogenuous transaction, market organization and market layers etc, makes the endogenization of international trade, and therefore formalizes the developing process of trade, constructs a unified foundation for interior trade and exterior trade, overcomes the theoretical difficulty in traditional international trade theory which takes neoclassical economics as its framework and in which interior trade and exterior trade have different foundations, puts forward a completely new conception for international trade theory, and has great significance to the formation and development of global market in the 21st century
該體系拓展了國際貿易的新理論建構，以專業化與分工為基礎，引進外生交易費用、內生交易費用、市場組織與層系等參數，可使得國際貿易在經濟中的產生內生化，並由此形式化貿易的發展歷程，為國內貿易與國際貿易建立統一的基礎，克服以新古典經濟學為框架的傳統國際貿易理論中國際貿易與國內貿易具有不同基礎的理論困難，提供了國際貿易理論的全新思路，對21世紀全球市場的形成與發展具有重要的啟示意義。 -
Under a cap - and - trade system, in contrast, aninvention that reduced the cost of cutting carbon emissions could itself pushdown the price of permits, reducing investors ' returns
相比來說， 「限制排放與交易許可」機制在降低碳排放的成本的同時也得降低許可的價格和投資者的回報。 -
With over ten years ’ development, china ’ s securities market has become an important and burgeoning one with a considerable scale and active trade volume. but, in comparison with the developed financial market, china ’ s financial system and market structure has not been perfect yet, especially, china ’ s present securities market still adopts long position mechanism. the mechanism is bound to emerge accumulative cost effect
我國證券市場經過十多年的發展，現已形成具有一定規模且交易活躍的重要新興市場，然而，與發達的金融市場相比，我國的金融體系與金融市場結構還很不完備，尤其是我國證券市場目前仍採用單邊做多機制，這種機制必然會使股票市場價格產生累積成本效應，累積成本效應又必然導致證券市場的過度投機，致使金融風險以指數型速度快速聚集，股市危機成為不可避免的現實。
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