uncertainty of law 中文意思是什麼

uncertainty of law 解釋
法律的不確定性
  • uncertainty : n. 1. 不確定，不確實，易變；不可靠；含糊。2. 不確實知道，半信半疑。3. 【物理學】測不準性。
  • of : OF ＝Old French 古法語。
  • law : n 勞〈姓氏〉。n 1 法律，法令；法典。2 法學；訴訟；司法界；律師（界），律師職務。3 （事物或科學的...
  1. Accounting for contingencies is one important part of uncertainty accounting ， contingencies widespread exist in enterprises ， as a special economic event ， with developments of economic ， financial relations is complex ， the contents of contingencies unceasing extend ， contingencies plays a more and more important role in financial accounting information and operation policy because theoretical and practical research of contingencies is late ， special data is little ， few pay a ~ ention to treatment of contingencies new accounting law points out that enterprises must explain contingencies arising from guarantees provided for the debit of other enterprises and pending litigation this is the first time that the law requests accounting treatment of contingencies accounting standard for business enterprises ： contingencies prescribes the recognition and measurement of contingencies and the disclosure of relevant information ， the standard is the first standard of contingencies ， improves the accounting treatment for contingencies and the disclosure of relevant information the standard will help us improve the quality of information disclosure the article is divided into five parts to discuss the first part is a general introduction of contingencies ， including the history, the classification ， the framework and so on ， all of which would help readers understand the basic concepts in the article the second part introduces recognition of contingencies ， including recognition condition and accounting of some contingencies etc the third part introduces measurement of contingencies ， including measurement principle and selection of measurement attributes the forth part introduces disclosure of contingencies ， including disclosure of contingent asset ， contingent liability etc the fifth part selects some enterprises financial report to analyse ， points out some problems of contingent disclosure ， gives some suggestions about disclosure of contingencies

    對于規范我國企業或有事項的會計核算和相關信息的披露問題，提高會計信息披露質量，保護投資者利益，具有重要的現實意義。本文試就或有事項的確認、計量以及信息披露略談一下自己的認識，對準則可能存在的不足之處提出意見和建議，並採用實證方法對上市公司或有事項的披露狀況進行了分析。本文共分五章進行論述，第一章是對或有事項的概括性介紹，包括或有事項的涵義、特徵、或有事項會計的產生、或有事項的分類以及或有事項會計的基本框架等，有助於讀者了解本文的一些基本概念；第二部分介紹了或有事項的確認，介紹了或有事項的確認條件和幾種具體或有事項的會計處理；第三部分介紹了或有事項的計量，包括或有事項的計量原則和計量屬性的選擇等問題；第四部分介紹了或有事項的披露，包括或有資產、或有負債、預計負債等的披露；第五部分選取了部分上市公司的年報進行實證分析，指出了我國上市公司在或有事項披露方面存在的問題，並提出了完善我國上市公司或有事項信息披露的建議。
  2. On account of the uncertainty existing in the nonlinear ship responded model, we design a dynamic adaptive ship steering controller by using adaptive backstepping. after deducing the update law of the unknown constant, we choose the controller gains to guarantee the closed loop system and the control signal global boundedness

    由於船舶非線性響應模型中含有未知常參數的不確定項，因此採用自適應backstepping的方法，選擇參數自適應調節律，設計動態的船舶航向控制器，實現在線控制。
  3. The conventional variable structure control technique for uncertain system requires that the uncertainty bound is known as a premise to assure robustness. the requirement creates an over - conservative controller and enlarges chattering. the proposed controller regards the influence of unknown disturbances and parameter uncertainties as an equivalent disturbance and generates an on - line estimation used in smc to cancel the slowly varying uncertainties by the mechanism of time delay. the reaching law approach is used to get the conditions and band of quasi - sliding mode. the new methodology offers a robust feedback control with much lower gains and reduces chattering without a prior knowledge of the uncertainty bounds or matched conditions

    常規變結構控制用於不確定系統，須利用不確定性界確保系統的魯棒性，控制器過于保守且抖振變大.本文把未知干擾和參數不確定性的影響等效為名義系統的外界干擾，利用時延技術對干擾進行在線估計，並將估計值引入到變結構控制中，從而抵消掉系統中的慢變不確定性，利用離散趨近律法，推出了準滑動模態的存在條件及其帶寬.該方法克服了以往控制方法中須已知不確定性界的限制，且不必滿足匹配條件，用較低的控制增益保證了系統的魯棒性，降低了準滑動模態帶即削弱了抖振
  4. Abstract : the conventional variable structure control technique for uncertain system requires that the uncertainty bound is known as a premise to assure robustness. the requirement creates an over - conservative controller and enlarges chattering. the proposed controller regards the influence of unknown disturbances and parameter uncertainties as an equivalent disturbance and generates an on - line estimation used in smc to cancel the slowly varying uncertainties by the mechanism of time delay. the reaching law approach is used to get the conditions and band of quasi - sliding mode. the new methodology offers a robust feedback control with much lower gains and reduces chattering without a prior knowledge of the uncertainty bounds or matched conditions

    文摘:常規變結構控制用於不確定系統，須利用不確定性界確保系統的魯棒性，控制器過于保守且抖振變大.本文把未知干擾和參數不確定性的影響等效為名義系統的外界干擾，利用時延技術對干擾進行在線估計，並將估計值引入到變結構控制中，從而抵消掉系統中的慢變不確定性，利用離散趨近律法，推出了準滑動模態的存在條件及其帶寬.該方法克服了以往控制方法中須已知不確定性界的限制，且不必滿足匹配條件，用較低的控制增益保證了系統的魯棒性，降低了準滑動模態帶即削弱了抖振
  5. The imf also recommended, as a matter of priority, appropriate legislation should be introduced to ensure finality of settlement and to provide undoubted support to netting systems, warning that the uncertainty of unwinding of transactions under insolvency law could undermine the fundamental concept of payment finality

    基金組織亦建議香港應優先考慮引入適當法例，以確保結算的最終性及為凈額結算系統提供堅定的支持，並警告在破產法例下交易可被視作無效所造成的不明朗因素，可能會影響支付的最終性的基本概念。
  6. The precondition of studying the distribution of burden of proof in civil lawsuit is to correctly set theoretical definitions for burden of proof as well as the object of burden of proof. going through various viewpoints upon the distribution of burden of proof, they, guided by the substantive law and the principle of justice and fairness, have respective limitations, they strive for the predictability and stability of law, but unavoidably face the problem of little flexibility, which might make the results not so fair, the substantive standards highlight a great flexibility, but might cause careless judge due to the uncertainty of standards

    綜觀證明責任分配諸說，雖均以符合實體法宗旨與公平正義原則為指導思想，但各有其局限，形式性標準致力於實現法的可預測性與穩定性，但卻不可避免地存在靈活性不足的問題，可能使證明責任負擔的結果有欠公平，實質性標準實現了靈活性的長處，卻又存在因標準不確定導致法官恣意裁判危及正義的可能。
  7. However, according to the bifurcated approach to problems of causation, the scope of damages that defined by the " cause in fact " is provided with the probability of enlargement infinitely and uncertainty, so it is necessary to restrict the scope of damages by some legal means within the meaning of techniques of law. meantime, it is unfair that the risk of transaction is only undertaked by the defaulting party, so it is necessary to make use of some legal means to delimit the reasonable damages for the defaulting party

    首先，筆者提出：根據全部賠償原則，違約方應賠償因其違約行為給合同債權人造成的所有損害，而借用國外學者關于因果關系二分法的觀點，該「事實上的因果關系」所劃定的損害賠償范圍具有無限擴大的可能性和不確定性，因此從法技術講，就有必須要利用一些法律手段對該賠償范圍予以限界；同時，交易活動本身固有的風險單由合同違約方承擔也是不公平的，因此也有必要利用一些法律手段為違約方劃定一個合理的賠償責任范圍。
  8. The dissertation refers to comparatively full literatures in the field of vsc, and the development history and characteristics of vsc are summarized, and the elementary concepts, elementary definitions, elementary properties, elementary principles and design methods are particularly introduced, and the causes of the chattering phenomenon are systematically analysed, and the study status of the chattering phenomenon and the main methods to eliminate the chattering are elaborated. for the deficiencies of traditionary methods, three improved methods are developed, which are improved exponent reaching law solution, variable boundary layer solution and the solution by adding an auxiliary continuous control term. for uncertain linear systems, an adaptive fuzzy integral variable structure control stategy ( afivsc ) is put forward to eliminate the chattering around the sliding plane, which introduces fuzzy logic to soften the non - linear discontinuous sig nal in the control variable and utilizes adaptive theory to adjust output membership function according to how much the uncertainty of the system is

    比較全面地查閱了關于變結構控制理論的文獻，總結了滑模變結構控制的發展歷史和特點，詳細介紹了變結構控制的基本概念、基本定義、基本性質、基本原理以及設計方法；系統分析了變結構控制系統抖振產生的機理，並闡述了國內外目前對抖振問題的研究現狀以及消除抖振的主要方法；針對傳統抑制和消除抖振方法的不足，改進了傳統方法，得到了三種新的消除抖振的方法? ?即改進的指數趨近律法、可變邊界層法和附加連續項法；針對不確定性線性系統，在變結構控制策略中引入模糊邏輯和自適應理論來消除滑動平面上的抖振，提出了一種自適應模糊積分變結構控制方案（ afivsc ） ，利用模糊邏輯來柔化控制量中非線性不連續部分，採用自適應理論，根據系統不確定性大小在線調整模糊輸出量的隸屬函數，另外，鑒于模糊控制本質上是有靜差的，所以本文選擇了帶積分項的切換函數，由於積分項的存在使系統較正為無靜差系統。
  9. Due to the strong nonlinearity and uncertainty factors, based on the idea of zeroing normal speeds of los ( line of sight ), a robust terminal guidance law is designed by the method of dynamic inversion

    針對方程中的強非線性因素和不確定因素，基於零化導彈目標視線轉率的思想，應用動態逆方法設計了魯捧的末制導律。
  10. Presents the new independentmodal - space variable structure control for flexible structures with distributed parameter model, which is decoupled into a number of 2 - dimensional subsystems in terms of coordination transmission where, the variable structure control law is designed within the given boundary of structural uncertainty and disturbance, and concludes from simulation results that the algorithm is not only simple so as to accomplish in real time, but also is very robust

    對具有分佈參數模型的撓性結構提出了模態空間變結構控制方案，利用坐標變換把整個系統分為若干個獨立的二維模態子空間.在每個獨立的模態子空間內，在給定參數不確定性范圍和干擾力矩范圍的情況下，設計變結構控制控制器.通過模擬驗證了控制演算法的有效性;控制演算法簡單，易於實時完成，又具有較好的魯棒性
  11. The sources of uncertainty components are analyzed through the analysis of the mathematic model of measurement system. furthermore, the change of measurement system bias is pointed out as the main reason which leads to the dynamic change of uncertain with the research on the element of dynamic uncertainty combined with the research of the law of metrological property variation of measurement system. it makes the academic model of dynamic uncertainty available

    通過對測量系統數學模型的研究，分析了測量不確定度分量的來源，進一步結合測量系統量值特性的變化規律，對測量不確定度的動態機理進行了研究，指出測量系統偏差的變化引起的不確定度分量是測量系統的結果的不確定度動態變化的主要原因，從而得到動態不確定度的原理模型。
  12. Salvation and subversion : dialectical analysis of the uncertainty of law

    法律不確定性的辯證分析
  13. This part discusses the dilemma and functional loss of the existing tax law in the e - commerce circumstance through tax equity and legal principle, the rules of establishment of tax jurisdiction, ' the possibility of being traced of e - commerce trade course, the cognizant difficulty of the character of the taxed object in the circumstance and the uncertainty of tax law application

    本部分在第一部分的基礎，從稅收公平與法定原則、稅收管轄權確立規則、電子商務交易過程的可追溯性與電子商務環境下征稅對象性質的認定的困難及由此帶來的稅法適用上的不確定性出發，具體地論述了電子商務環境下現行稅法所面臨的困惑與功能缺失。
  14. The writer sticks to the negative concept, thinking that the ethical obligation can not become the active obligation in our country " s theory of criminal law, the ground are : the morality obligation does not have statue nature the criterions of morality obligations have the uncertainty the action violating morality obligations should not undertake criminal responsibility the value of criminal law backs the negative concept

    刑法理論界對此有肯定、否定和折中三種觀點。筆者持否定觀點，認為道德義務不能成為我國刑法理論中不作為犯罪作為義務的來源，理由是:道德義務不具有法律性質、道德義務的標準具有不確定性、違反道德義務不應該承擔刑事責任、刑法的價值取向支持了否定說等。
  15. Network information security insurance is the result of social advancement and economic development in the current time. just as its name implies, network information security insurance is to insure for uncertainty of network information security. we can understand it from two disciplines : first, in the insight of economy, network information security insurance is some economic guarantee system and measure whose function is to apportion the loss of network disaster accidents ; second, in the insight of law, network information security insurance is a sort of contract action

    網路信息安全保險是當今社會進步和經濟發展的產物，顧名思義，網路信息安全保險就是對網路信息安全的不確定性進行保險，理解網路信息安全保險這一概念的內涵，也可從兩個方面入手：第一，從經濟的角度上說，網路信息安全保險主要是對網路災害事故損失進行分攤的一種經濟保障制度和手段。
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