unobservable 中文意思是什麼
unobservable
解釋
不可觀測 未觀察到的-
3 gray factor analysis ? common factor model let random vector be written as common factors, they are unobservable random variables. s1, s2, . . sp are said to be specific factors. from ( i x ( ii ), the common factors are independent with each other, st only act on yi, the aij of matrix is called loading of factor, a = ( aij ) is called the loading matrix of factors ; because cov
二l一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一卜一一一一一一一一一一一一一一卜一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一j刁日d乞口6刁a司701刁刁70刁19 o0 1 8031 01刁90320000刊20000z20m01圖123灰色因子分析今公因子模型假定隨機變量p二（ ，鄉… ， p倆足ypxl a l屍」 qq 。 -
It believes that price volatility and trading volume are determined by potential and unobservable information flow whose impact creates both price volatility and trading volume at the same time. information flow is a mixed variable, which can be substituted by two indexes - trading times per day and trading volume
該理論認為，價格波動與交易量是由潛在的不可觀測的信息流共同決定的，信息流的沖擊將同時產生交易量和價格波動，信息流即為混合變量，日交易次數和交易量均可以作為信息流的替代指標。 -
Contract incompleteness might lead to overinvestment when the investment is unobservable and cooperative ( the buyer ' s value of the good depends on the seller ' s investment ), and the players have asymmetric information during the bargaining ( the buyer has private in formation regarding his value for the good )
本研究發現，當投資為合作的（如買方所要買的物品，因賣方的投資而有較好的質量） ，而且在投資后的談判中，買賣雙方所擁有的信息並不對稱時，不完全契約的環境可能造成過度投資。 -
2. the geometric aspect of decentralized control the decentralized controllable subspace and unobservable subspace were defined. we explore in detail the relations of these two concepts with the centralized controllable subspace and unobservable subspace respectively, and found out that the structural properties ( such as reachability ) played a key role in them
文中充分研究了這兩個概念分別與集中控制情況下的能控子空間和不能觀測子空間之間的關系，發現大系統的結構特性（可達性）在其中起著關鍵的作用。 -
As agents ' types are unobservable to the principal, the principal can only impose the same criterion on all agents
由於僱主並不能觀察到每一員工的類型，因此只能用同一標準來評估員工的績效。 -
The paper derives the quantitative relation to maximum admitted width of the light source used when unobservable circumstance on the screen appears
推導出了屏上不可觀測的情況出現時所用光源的最大允許寬度。 -
Aimed at one - part linear observable contracts and unobservable ( secret ) contracts, the authors compare and analyze the effect of the increase of concentration of suppliers ' and retailers ' horizontal mergers on customers ' welfare
摘要針對一部線性可觀察性合約與不可觀察性（保密）合約，比較分析了供應商、零售商橫向兼并集中度提高對消費者福利的影響。 -
The results show that, ( 1 ) under observable contracts, suppliers ' horizontal merger will have adverse impact on customers, while the impact of retailers ' horizontal merger on customers depends on the degree of product substitution : if the degree of substitution is high, it will have favorable effect on customers, otherwise, it will have adverse impact on customers ; ( 2 ) under unobservable contracts, suppliers ' horizontal merger generally will have unfavorable impacts on retailers and customers, while the effect of retailers ' horizontal merger on customers depends on the degree of product substitution : if the degree of substitution is high, it will have favorable effect on customers, otherwise, it will have adverse impact on customers
結果表明： （ 1 ）當合約可觀察時，供應商橫向兼并對消費者產生不利影響，而零售商橫向兼并對消費者產生的影響取決于產品替代性程度大小，若產品替代性程度較高，則將產生有利影響，反之將產生不利影響； （ 2 ）當合約不可觀察時，供應商橫向兼并一般將對零售商與消費者產生不利影響，而零售商橫向兼并對消費者產生的影響取決于產品替代性程度大小，若產品替代性程度較大，則兼并將對消費者產生有利影響，否則將對消費者產生不利影響。 -
But according to the concluding process of dd model, actually the residuals from dd model regression, are only the proxies of the estimations errors of current accruals. but total accruals contain current accruals and non - current accruals, so if we directly use the proxies of current accruals as the proxies of total accruals, is it correct ? jones model is usually used to calculate the abnormal accruals reflecting the extent to which the management manipulate the earnings, but the management intent to manipulate is unobservable and likely idiosyncratic and sporadic
但從理論上分析，由於利用dd模型回歸計算殘差過程中未考慮非流動性應計，因此該殘差中未能含有非流動性應計的錯誤信息，可能會使該指標在計量盈餘質量時產生一定的噪音;對于瓊斯模型，其更多地反映的是基於管理者有一定意圖的盈餘管理，而不能有效地計量無意圖的評估錯誤，因此使用該指標也可能會在計量盈餘質量時產生一定的誤差。
分享友人