參照原文 的英文怎麼說
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參照原文
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Treating the book international trade theory by dixit and norman as a benchmark, this paper describes the three changes facing modern international trade theory, explores the comparative advantages of the dual general equilibrium approach in deepening the international trade theory, and shows the causes and process that this approach has been growing into a mainstream analytic paradigm from a special analytic technique
摘要本文以迪克西特與諾曼合著的《國際貿易理論》一書為參照，分析了現代貿易理論所面臨的三種挑戰，探討了對偶性一般均衡分析方法在應對這些實踐挑戰與深化國際貿易理論的比較優勢，並且揭示了對偶性一般均衡分析方法由一種特殊的分析技術成長為國際貿易研究中的主流分析範式的過程與原因。Fundamental of laser 40ar / 39ar dating method : our laboratory has successfully set up the laser microprobe 40ar / 39ar geological dating method. our works include adjustment of the high - gain electron multiplier in mass spectrometer and correction of mass discrimination, adjustment of the laser, test for absorption ability of minerals to laser, designing and manufacturing high - vacuum sample chamber, sample preparation and irradiation, research on the variability of j values on the surface of rock chips, measuring atmospheric argon, determination and correction of blanks and ages, etc. the laser microprobe technique is particularly effective for some geological samples. it can be used, for example, for research of distribution of the components in extremely small samples that are very difficult to be separated and purified and those which contain excess argon
本文首先從常規~ （ 40 ） ar ~ （ 39 ） ar階段升溫定年實驗室的改進入手，進而建立了激光~ （ 40 ） ar ~ （ 39 ） ar定年實驗室，利用這兩種先進同位素地質定年方法，結合其他手段，對青藏高原腹地和北緣的阿爾金斷裂系多期地質事件進行了詳細的同位素年代學研究：一、參照國際先進實驗室的流程，對我們的常規~ （ 40 ） ar ~ （ 39 ） ar階段升溫實驗室在樣品的預處理、樣品的照射條件和系統空白測量及校正等方面進行了改進，使之產出的同位素年代數據更可靠並為國際同行所承認。Meantime, it, in the light of concerned foreign views and the brand new reseach achievement on domestic civil fraudulent contract in recent days, accompanied by utilization of some cases in contract laws, has been paid much attention to demonstrating and analying the contents of civil offense, such as, reasons, features, classifications, key components, validity, legal duties and character. this thesis is expected to be taken advantage in the fields of stud } ', prevention and related rules on civil fraudulent conducts by exploiting contracts as well as unifiable institution of civil laws. moreover, we hope to attract more scholars and legal experts who wound like to draw their concerns to the fraudulent conducts by using contracts and eventually develop our national socialism market economy in a sound way
本文以新《合同法》確定的誠實信用原則為切入點，圍繞合同民事欺詐，參照國外相關觀點及國內當前有關民事欺詐研究的最新成果，結合有關合同法案例，就合同民事欺詐的存在原因、特點及分類，構成要件，效力和法律責任及性質等四個專題進行了深入闡述和分析，對利用合同進行民事欺詐的研究、預防、適用法律等以及統一民法典的制定均有一定的參考作用，同時也期望以此文引起學者及法律專家對民事欺詐的關注和重視，推進我國社會主義市場經濟的健康發展。Essence of the conflict of jurisdiction of civil action concerned foreign, and combined our 1 awmaking actual ity about the conflict of jurisdiction of civil action concerned foreign and the achievements of law field in china, and consulted to some countries ? and some international statutes ? ? reasonable operation in the world, and kept to the principle voted by international law, and raised own reasonable suggestion of law making in order to build on and perfect the law about the conflict of jurisdiction of civi i action concerned foreign
本文通過分析涉外民事訴訟管轄權沖突產生的原因、表現形式及其本質，結合我國涉外民事訴訟管轄權沖突的立法現狀和學界成果，參照國際社會一些國家、一些國際條例的合理做法，遵循國際法公認的原則，提出自己的立法建議，為我國建立和健全涉外民事訴訟管轄權沖突協調的立法獻言獻策。Abstract : creep analysis methods of high - rise buildings and large span buildings can only refer to creep coefficient method in bridge engineering or the method of degree of creep in hydraulic construction engineering under the present experiment conditions. in this paper, the incremental expressions of concrete creep and shrinkage strain when the initial computational age is not the same as the loading age are derived and corrected from the concept of concrete creep coefficient and the mean value theorem of integral and the principle of superposition. the differences of efficiency and accuracy of creep analysis between the finite element method with creep coefficient and the initial stress method with degree of creep are presented. this paper suggests that engineers should use the initial stress method with degree of creep to estimate the influences of creep on high - rise buildings and large span buildings on the basis of conceptual design
文摘:基於現有的試驗資料，高層及大跨度民用建築的徐變分析只能參照橋梁結構中的徐變系數方法或水工結構中的徐變度方法進行.從徐變系數的定義出發，利用積分中值定理和疊加原理，推導並修正了加載齡期與起算齡期不同時徐變收縮應變增量的表達式，對比了應用徐變系數分析徐變的有限元法和應用徐變度分析徐變的初應變法在效率和精度上的差別，並建議應從概念設計的角度出發，採用徐變度的初應變法來估算徐變對高層及大跨度民用建築的影響With reference to an american patent, cl - 18 was synthesized from 3, 5 - dinitrobenzoic acid through schmidt reaction, nitration, azidation and thermal decomposition
參照美國的專利文獻，以3 ， 5 -二硝基苯甲酸為原料，經schmidt反應，硝化、疊氮化、脫氮四步反應合成出了cl - 18 。Abstract : to the principle and project that tu guangazhi proposed in 1990, the gold ore deposits in qinling ( shaanxi ) may be classified into fouowing types : archean high - grade gneiss type, fine grained fragmental rock - carbonate rock - silicilith type, metamorphic fragmental rock type, volcanic rock type, explosive breccia type, intrusive rock exo - and endo - contact zone type. inthis paper, the geological characteristics, metallogenic geological setting, the source of ore - forming materials, digenic mechanism and metallogenetic epoch of gold ore deposits are also discussed
文摘:參照塗光熾先生（ 1990 ）提出的礦床類型劃分原則與金礦分類方案，將陜西秦嶺地區原生金礦劃分為太古界綠巖建造型、細碎屑巖-碳酸鹽巖-硅質巖建造型、變質碎屑巖型、火山巖建造型、隱爆角礫巖型和侵入巖內外接觸型金礦，並對各類型金礦的地質特徵、成礦地質背景、成礦物質來源、礦床形成機制及形成時代等問題進行了論述和討論。In this paper, using statistical sample survey and statistics theory and consulting the standard of china industry and the situation of flexography, i have done the main tasks as follows : 1
本文利用抽樣調查和數理統計原理，參照中華人民共和國行業標準並結合西安第一印刷廠的生產實際完成了以下工作： 1Abstract : refering to different rules on temperature gradient in five specifications, the paper calculates transverse stresses of temperature c hange for concrete box girders of three bridge types, as well as makes an analysi s of temperature sensitivity. the results indicate that temperature effect is one of important reasons causing the bridge deck crack
文摘:參照4個國家5種規范關于溫度梯度的不同規定，對3種不同橋型的砼箱梁的溫變橫向應力作了計算和比較，並對溫度敏感性作了分析，結論表明溫度效應是橋面開裂的重要原因之一Through the field investigations, the distribution and the population of jianghuai mandarin in shaanan, from the historical documents, local chronicles and genealogical materials, the background and the course of jianghuai mandarin in shaanan are analyzed ; with the comparison and contrast, the conclusion is that jianghuai mandarin ' s formation is closely related to the historical large - scale emigration from northeastern hubei during the years of qianlong and jiaqing in the qing dynasty and that it is the variant of jianghuai mandarin which is used by the descendants of the immigrants in this area
摘要通過田野調查與比較，描述了陜南江淮官話的分佈范圍、使用人口及語音特點；並進而參照歷史文獻、方誌材料及譜牒資料，分析了陜南江淮官話形成的歷史背景與原因，結論認為：陜南江淮官話形成於歷史上清朝乾嘉年間鄂東北地區大規模移民，它是這一地區移民後代使用的一種江淮官話變體。This paper deeply analyzed the principal safety accidents and itsreasons which are prone to happen at high - mechanized construction sites. the proposals on management of construction machine safety are presented based on the projects construction stages as follows : the beginning of construction, during the construction and after completion of the constraction
文章具體分析了建設施工機械化程度較高的施工現場最容易潛伏發生的主要安全事故及其原因，參照有關機械化施工方法和建設機械的管理方式，提出在建設工程施工任務開始時、施工期間、任務完成後如何做好建設機械的安全管理的建議。In these methods, relativity degree solution is the method in which an ideal solution is established, the relativity degrees of evaluated solutions and the ideal solution are compared and orders are marshaled at last. affiliation degree solution is the solution in which ideal solution and ill - ideal solution are established, affiliate degrees between evaluated solutions and ideal solution are resolved by establishing a goal function and then orders of all solutions are marshaled according to measurements of affiliation degrees. gross profit solution is the solution in which both ideal solution and ill - ideal solution are considered, the differences between evaluated solutions and them a re measured according to n - dimension euclidean distance, and then gross profits are calculated
其中關聯度法是首先確立一個理想方案，然後比較待評估方案與理想方案的關聯度，最後根據其大小對各待評估方案進行排序；優屬度法是首先確立理想方案和負理想方案，然後把各待評方案與理想方案和負理想方案的優屬度為權建立一個目標函數，進而求出各待評方案與理想方案的優屬度，最後根據優屬度的大小對各方案進行排序；總效用法的思想是同武漢理工大學碩士學位論文時考慮理想解與負理想解二者作為參照基準，並採用n維歐幾里德距離來度量任意可行解（被評估方案）與理想方案及負理想方案之間的差異，然後指導兩個差異結合在一起計算被評估方案的總效用，評估的原則是總效用越大越好;嫡本是物理學中的概念，在信息理論中被借用來作為度量權重的一種方法，但也可用來評估各方案的優劣，其評估原則是嫡值越大越好。The new version of the q9cis has incorporated the company objectives to produce " easy to use " and " easy to learn " products as well as transforming the new features of q9cis hk version into q9cis - scc, which includes q9 stroke input, chinese dictionary, english to chinese dictionary and interactive games, etc. the company aims to create a version with much value added services in order to capture all the different demographics of the prc. as a user - friendly chinese input system and an effective learning tool, the company strives to become the preferred and favorable chinese input system for various platforms and products
除貫徹易學易用的宗旨外，九方2001簡體版參照九方2001香港版引入新功能和原素，其中包括九方筆劃輸入選擇漢語辭典英漢及漢英辭典和互動游戲等務求使九方2001簡體版真正成為國內任何年人士均樂于使用的文字輸入和學習輔助工具，以及成為多種平臺和產品的中文輸入系統。Since the information provided in this website serves only as a general reference, candidates and their election helpers are advised to refer to the original legislation or seek legal advice in case of doubt
本網頁所載有關法例規定的資料只供參考，候選人及助選成員等對個別情況如有疑問，應參照法例原文及徵詢法律顧問的意見。( 3 ) study deeply the structure of fat 16 file system and the characteristic of flash disk, and develop the file management software of flash disk to manage nc files effectively according to the management idea of fat 16 file system. ( 4 ) research the module and protocol of reliable communication in serial network, which are composed of arm main control board, dsp motion control board, keyboard board, i / o control board and encoder signal collection board, and then develop communication software of the serial network. ( 5 ) study the principle of displaying char in lcd and the method of embedding font library into operating system, and research deeply the method of embedding chinese font library into os in the light of the characteristic of chinese
本論文的主要研究內容如下： （ 1 ）研究uc os -實時嵌入式操作系統在硬體平臺上的移植及其佔先式內核的任務調度原理，合理分割銑床控制系統的管理任務，根據任務的要求賦予不同的優先級和調度時間，保證任務的執行效率和實時性； （ 2 ）開發底層設備驅動程序和應用程序介面（ api ）函數，以便於進行系統應用軟體的開發； （ 3 ）深入研究fat16文件系統的結構和固態盤的硬體特性，參照fat16文件系統的管理思路，開發固態盤文件管理軟體以有效管理nc代碼文件； （ 4 ）深入研究由arm主控板、鍵盤板、 i o控制板、編碼器信號採集板等裝置組成的串口通訊網路可靠通信的模型及其通訊協議，開發串口通訊網路通信軟體； （ 5 ）研究字元的顯示原理和在操作系統中嵌入字庫的方法，在此基礎上結合漢字的特性深入研究中文字庫的嵌入方法，開發中文字庫嵌入軟體，滿足開發操作界面的信息要求； （ 6 ）深入研究三維圖形坐標變換的原理，開發實用的三維加工軌跡顯示軟體，便於操作者對零件的加工過程進行監控和診斷。We consulted the original and made some necessary changes.
我們參照原文作了必要的修改。Users are responsible for making their own assessments of all information contained in or in connection with this site and are advised to verify such information by making reference to its original publication and obtain independent advice before acting on it
使用者須負責自行評估本網址所載的各項資料或與本網址有關連的各項資料，並應在根據該等資料行事前，藉參照原本發布的文本以核實該等資料，以及徵詢獨立意見。Users are responsible for making their own assessments of all information contained in or in connection with this web site and are advised to verify such information by making reference to its original publication and obtain independent advice before acting on it
使用者須負責自行評估本網站所載的各項資料或與本網站有關連的各項資料，並應在根據該等資料行事前，藉參照原本發布的文本以核實該等資料，以及徵詢獨立意見。This paper analyzed the defects of link analysis tools, including commercial search engine, short programs and seo tools, based on the related research on link analysis, and then put forward two kinds of schemes against the defects, one is perfecting the function of search engine on link analysis, according to its work principle, the other is developing professional link analysis tools according to the citation analysis tools
本文以鏈接分析的相關研究為基礎，分析了當前鏈接分析工具（商業搜索引擎、自製軟體和seo工具）的缺陷，並針對這些缺陷提出了兩套解決方案：其一，從搜索引擎工作原理的角度完善商業搜索引擎的鏈接分析功能；其二，參照引文分析工具開發專業鏈接分析工具。Editor ' s note : please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc
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