樹徑尺 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [shùjìngchǐ]
樹徑尺
英文
tree calliper-
All sizes are standardly equipped with awwa epoxy coated, ul / fm listed osy resilient seated gate valves, cfm ( cubic feet per minute ) or gpm ( gallon per minute ) meter and ball type test cocks
作為標準配置，所有通徑美國自來水廠協會（ awwa ）認可的環氧樹脂塗敷， ul / fm認證外閥桿軛架彈性閥座閘閥， cfm （立方英尺/分鐘）或gpm （加侖/分鐘）水表和球型測試旋塞。Abstract : biological invasions are a continuous feature of a non - equilibrium world, ever more so as a result of accidental and deliberate introductions by mankind. while many of these introductions are apparently harmless, others have significant consequences for organisms native to the invaded range, and entire communities may be affected. here we provide a survey of common models of range expansion, and outline the consequences these models have for patterns in genetic diversity and population structure. we describe how patterns of genetic diversity at a range of markers can be used to infer invasion routes, and to reveal the roles of selection and drift in shaping population genetic patterns that accompany range expansion. we summarise a growing range of population genetic techniques that allow large changes in population size ( bottlenecks and population expansions ) to be inferred over a range of timescales. finally, we illustrate some of the approaches described using data for a suite of invasions by oak gallwasps ( hymenoptera, cynipidae, cynipini ) in europe. we show that over timescales ranging from 500 10000 years, allele frequency data for polymorphic allozymes reveal ( a ) a consistent loss of genetic diversity along invasion routes, confirming the role of glacial refugia as centres of genetic diversity over these timescales, and ( b ) that populations in the invaded range are more subdivided genetically than those in the native range of each species. this spatial variation in population structure may be the result of variation in the patchiness of resources exploited by gallwasps, particularly host oak plants
文摘:生物入侵是不均衡世界的一個永恆話題，尤其是當人類有意或無意地引入物種后.很多引入顯然是無害的，但另外一些則有著嚴重的後果，會給入侵地的生物以至於整個生物群落造成影響.本文總結了分佈區擴張的常見模式，概述了它們對遺傳多樣性和種群結構式樣所造成的影響.描述了如何根據以一批遺傳標記所得到的遺傳多樣性式樣來推斷入侵途徑，來揭示伴隨擴張選擇和漂變在形成種群遺傳樣式中的作用.本文對日益增多的群體遺傳學方法進行了總結，這些技術可以用來在不同的時間尺度上推斷種群規模所發生的巨大變化（瓶頸效應及種群擴張） .最後，我們以歐洲櫟癭蜂（膜翅目，癭蜂科，癭蜂族）一系列入侵的數據為例對一些方法進行了說明.從500 10000年的時間尺度上，多態的等位酶位點上等位基因頻率的數據表明: 1 ）遺傳多樣性沿入侵路線呈不斷下降的趨勢，支持了冰河期避難所作為遺傳多樣性中心的作用; 2 ）入侵地區的種群與該物種原產地的種群相比，遺傳上的分化更為強烈.這種種群結構在空間上的變異可能是被櫟癭蜂開發的資源尤其是櫟樹寄主在斑塊上出現變異的反映It was five foot ten inches diameter at the lower part next the stump, and four foot eleven inches diameter at the end of twenty two foot, after which it lessen d for a while, and then parted into branches : it was not without infinite labour that i fell d this tree : i was twenty days hacking and hewing at it at the bottom
我砍倒了一棵大柏樹。我相信，連所羅門造耶路撒冷的聖殿時也沒有用過這樣大的木料。靠近樹根的直徑達五英尺十英寸，在二十二英尺處直徑也達四英尺十一英寸，然後才漸漸細下去，並開始長出枝叉。First, using the scale - invariant property of multiscale model, i. e. markovian among scales, a method of qth - order tree - based for multiscale representation of a class of 1 - d stochastic process is presented. the multiscale stochastic model is established. the representation forms of parameter matrices, such as, the state transition matrix, the disturbance matrix, the initial state and the corresponding covariance matrix are deduced in detail
本文在已有工作的基礎上，開展了以下幾個方面的研究工作： 1 、根據多尺度模型尺度不變性，即利用尺度間的markov性，給出了一類1 - d隨機過程基於一般q階樹的多尺度表示方法，建立了相應的多尺度動態模型，詳細推導了多尺度模型中的狀態轉移陣、擾動陣、初始狀態和相應的協方差陣，並通過計算機模擬給出了不同階樹的多尺度采樣路徑。分享友人