法律現實主義 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [fǎlǜxiànshízhǔyì]
法律現實主義 英文
legal realism
  • 法 : Ⅰ名詞1 （由國家制定或認可的行為規則的總稱） law 2 （方法; 方式） way; method; mode; means 3 （標...
  • 律 : Ⅰ名1 （法律; 規則） law; rule; statute; regulation 2 （律詩的簡稱） short for lüshi 3 （姓氏） a ...
  • 現 : Ⅰ名詞1 （現在; 此刻） present; now; current; existing 2 （現款） cash; ready money Ⅱ副詞（臨時; ...
  • 實 : Ⅰ形容詞1 （內部完全填滿 沒有空隙） solid 2 （真實; 實在） true; real; honest Ⅱ名詞1 （實際; 事實...
  • 義 : Ⅰ名詞1 （正義） justice; righteousness 2 （情誼） human ties; relationship 3 （意義） meaning; si...
  • 法律 : law; statute法律保護 legal protection; 法律程序 legal procedure; 法律承認 de jure recognition （...
  • 現實 : 1. （客觀存在的事物） reality; actuality 2. （合乎客觀情況的） real; actual
  1. In general jurisprudence, we might associate the ex ante perspective with legal instrumentalism ( or legal realism )

    在一般法理學領域內，我們可能會將事先視角與法律工具主義（或者法律現實主義）聯系在一起。
  2. In social ethics, it is reasonable to enforce mercy killing, which doesn ' t violate against the principles of modern morality and humanity

    摘要安樂死並不違背現代倫理道德和人道主義原則，具有社會倫理上的合理性；同時，實施安樂死的行為不構成犯罪，在法律上具有非犯罪性。
  3. Along the thread, the author analyzes new legal characters of economic law in legal substance legal reasoning legal profession and legal institution, which are distinguished from traditionalistic law such as civil law administrative law, etc. the author puts forward a thesis that economic law is weberian substantive rational law or p ? nonet and p ? selznick ' s responsive law but not formal rational law or autonomous law

    認為經濟法對法律形式主義的激烈反叛，即經濟法的實質化特點，表明了經濟法是一種馬克斯?韋伯所稱的實質理性法或者如諾內特和塞爾茲尼克所說的回應型法，而非傳統法律模式所體現的形式理性法或自治型法。
  4. Understanding from the essence, national economic security is a consciousness, a governance idea penetrating into economic, social, political, and cultural, a nerve of the law and policy, a potential thinking control ; national economic security is a kind of state, pursuing for relative balance, a kind of system can be protected by it, a kind of interest can be expected, a state which can be realized ; national economic is also a kind of law system, which can be operated and practiced through monitoring, pre - warning and evaluating

    從本質意義上認識，國家經濟安全是一種意識，是滲透在經濟、社會、政治、文化中的治理主張，是法律、政策中的一根神經，一種潛在的思想支配;國家經濟安全是一種狀態，它追求的是一種相對平衡的狀態，一種可獲保障的體系，一種可期待的利益，是能夠實現的一種狀態;國家經濟安全還是一種機制，是一種可以通過監測、預警、評估機制及法律機制進行操作和實踐的系統。
  5. With an eye to the systematic of judicial interpretation, the inherent requirement of judicial independence, the nature of criminal adjudication, the accordance of power and responsibili ty, and the semanteme of judicial independence, the author finds out that the principle of " the people ' s courts shall exercise judicial power independently " shall also include the personal independence of individual judges. on this basis, the author reviews the adjudicative power endowed with the adjudicatory committee by law and holds that this provision has its historical significance, yet its application in today brings more malpractice than benefits. its application goes against the justness, the quality and the efficiency of the administration of justice, and goes against the realization of other important functions of the adjudicatory committee, the improvement of the skills and abilities of the judges

    在此基礎上，筆者對我國法律賦予審判委員會實質意義上的裁判權的規定進行了評析，認為，審判委員會行使裁判權，雖然有其存在的歷史原因，但在現在已經是弊大於利，它不利於司法公正，不利於保證案件質量，不利於提高訴訟效率，不利於提高訴訟效益，不利於審判委員會其他職能的正常發揮，不利於提高法官素質，理論界和實務界提出的種種保留審判委員會的裁判權的主張，並不能克服審判委員會行使裁判權的弊端，因此，應當取消審判委員會的裁判權（不是廢除審判委員會） ，法定的裁判者只能是負責個案審判的法官和人民陪審員。
  6. The second part combining with the background of sustainable development, discusses the opportunity and the problems which the study of air rights faces. the third part tries to blaze a new trail in methodology directed against the problems raised in the second part, to introduce the legal economic analysis method in the study of the air rights system, and inquire into the tendency of air rights in accordance with sustainable development strategy. the last part bases on the discussion above, points out the momentous theoretical significance and pratical significance to erect the system of air rights, and in order to comply with the trend of land stereoscopic utilization in our country, it tries to put forward the design of establishing the system of air rights which can meet the d emands of sustainable development in the legislation of real rights system, land management and environmental protection

    本文共分為四個部分，文章的第一部分主要是簡單地介紹空間權的產生和發展，並通過各國空間權制度的比較研究，著重探討了空間權的一些基本理論問題；文章的第二部分結合可持續發展的時代背景，闡述空間權制度研究面臨的機遇和存在的問題；文章的第三部分則主要是針對第二部分的問題，進行方法論的創新，試圖在空間權制度的研究中引入法律的經濟分析方法，探討空間權面對可持續發展戰略的發展趨勢；文章的最後一部分主要是在前文論述的基礎上，指出我國建立空間權制度的重要理論意義和現實意義，并力圖在我國物權立法、土地管理立法、環境資源保護立法中提出建立適應可持續發展需要的空間權制度的設計思路，以順應我國土地立體利用的趨勢。
  7. The turnaround of american tort law from traditional to modern embodied the trend from restricting tortuous liability to expanding. the basic reason of the trend was the transformation of economy and society in the advent of 20th century. at that time, the appeal court of new york became the pioneer in the innovation of american tort law by its eminent economic status and relatively exoteric judicial tradition. on the basis of refuting the formalism legal thought, cardozo carried on and develop the realistic legal thought of holmes and pound. meanwhile, he took full advantage of this practical legal thought in the field of american tort law

    美國的侵權行為法由傳統向現代的轉向體現為從限制侵權責任到擴大侵權責任的趨勢，而這一趨勢的產生又是以19世紀末20世紀初美國經濟和社會的轉型為根本動因的。 20世紀初，紐約上訴法院以其顯赫的經濟地位、相對開放的司法傳統，而成為美國侵權行為法變革的先導。在批判形式主義法律思想的基礎上，卡多佐繼承和發展了霍姆斯、龐德等人的現實主義法律思想，並將這種務實的法律思想充分體現在了侵權行為法領域的實踐和創新中。
  8. With the information technology renewing rapidly, as a new medium of spreading information, internet has been developed by leaps and bounds in our country. lt is more and more being a new important channel of acquiring knowledges and inforrnation, furthermore, influencing widly and deeply on college students " studies, lives and thoughts. in accordance with this new situatioiywe must heighten our consciousness of using marxism occpying universties " thoughts and cultures front, improve our knowledges of importance and urgency about " ideological and political education of institutions of higher learning go into network ". on the basis of deeply studing the new trend of internet technology, we must seriously research in the law of using internet develop moral education of institutions of higher learning to strenthen actual effect of moral eduction, and try hard to innovate moral education of institutions of higher learning. it ' s very important and urgent that we systematically analyse the opportunity and challenge brought by internet, deeply discuss the law of using internet develop moral education and further find form, method measure and mechanism to innovate moral education, in this situation, it has far - reaching theoritical and practical significance

    針對高校德育面臨的新情況和新要求，要求我們進一步增強用馬克思主義占領高校思想文化陣地的意識，提高對「高校思想政治教育進網路」的重要性和緊迫性的認識。要求我們在深入研究以網際網路為代表的信息技術的新趨勢的基礎上，認真研究利用信息網路開展高校德育的規律，切實加強高校德育的針對性和實效性，努力實現高校德育的創新。在這種形勢下，系統地分析網際網路的發展給高校德育所帶來的機遇和挑戰，在此基礎上深入研究和探討運用信息網路開展高校德育的規律，進而尋求實現高校德育創新的形式、方法、手段和機制，就已經成為非常重要而又緊迫的課題，具有重要的現實意義和理論意義。
  9. This article takes han dynasty as main body, from the scope of law system researches the forming course, basic connotation, practice of running a state, main characters, historical influence and realistic meaning of the comprehensive model

    本文以漢代為主體，從法律制度層面研究了禮法結合綜治模式的形成過程、基本內涵、治世實踐、主要特色、歷史影響及現實意義。
  10. The first part is the preface, analyzing the writing background and the practical meaning. the second part begins with the concept of mortgage, then leads to the legal system of outward bill on l / c, analyzing the legal features of outward bill on l / c, the author holds outward bill on l / c one kind of financing action, and it can be explained that the exporter signs the general letter of hypothecation with domestic bank as hypothecation according to the integrated documents according with the demands of l / c. then the bank pays for exporter the l / c fund to a certain proportion according to the general letter of hypothecation

    第一章是論文的前言部分，分析了論文的寫作背景及其現實意義;第二章主要是從押匯這一概念引申出信用證出口押匯的法律制度，對信用證出口押匯的法律特徵進行了分析，認為出口押匯是出口商憑符合信用證規定的全套單據作為質押，與出口商所在地的銀行簽訂《出口押匯總質押書》 ，銀行依該協議，按信用證款項的一定比例為出口商墊付貨款的一種融資行為。
  11. This article is mainly a discussion on the spiritual damage compensation for close relatives of victim under the situations of damage to right of life, damage to the right of health and damage to the right of personality of the dead, which is based on an introduction and comparison of the concerned foreign legal regulations and academic theories and in combination with the legal practice in china wherefore the author put forwards his own ideas as following : first, under the condition that there is a distance of time between inj ury and death, the close relatives of the dead shall inherit the right of claim for spiritual damage compensation of the dead for the suffering before his death, in addition to their own intrinsic right of claim for spiritual damage compensation ; the second, under the condition that the inflictor has caused the disablement of the sufferer or serious damage to his health, the close relative in a limited cycle of the sufferer should be granted with the right of claim for spiritual damage compensation, which is confirmed in law and becomes a practice in foreign countries ; the third, since the aim of the law to protect the personality of the dead from infringement is to protect the benefits of the close relatives of the dead and to maintain public benefits, is constituted on the personality of the dead the close relative of the dead may initial legal proceeding for spiritual damage compensation

    本文重點探討的就是公民生命權受到侵害、健康權受到侵害、 「死者人格」受到侵害這三種情形下的受害人近親屬的精神損害賠償請求權問題。探討以介紹和比較國外相關法律規定和學術理論為前提，結合我國的實際情況，從理論與實踐相結合的角度對以上各問題分別進行了分析，並提出了作者自己的一些見解：第一、在公民從受傷害到死亡有一段時間距離的情形下，死者的近親屬除依法享有其固有的精神損害賠償請求權以外，還可以繼承死者生前就其所受之精神損害而享有的精神損害賠償請求權；第二、在加害人的行為已造成直接受害人殘疾，或者是造成其健康嚴重受損的其他後果的情形下，我國應在借鑒國外已有立法和判例的基礎上，賦予一定范圍內的受害人近親屬以精神損害賠償請求權；第三、法律保護死者人格不受侵害的目的是為了保護死者近親屬的利益和維護公共利益，一般情形下，只要死者近親屬能證明其訴訟主體的合法性，能夠證實侵害「死者人格」的行為已構成侵權，即可推定死者近親屬因此而遭受了精神痛苦? ?無須舉證的「名義上的精神損害」 ，死者近親屬即可提起精神損害賠償之訴。最後，本文認為，加強對受害人近親屬的權利和利益保護問題的研究，既有一定的必要性，同時又具有十分重要的現實意義。
  12. This paper began from the definition gender and analyzed the traditional concepts of equality and tried to explain that the former what - is - called equality wrong point of view which wanted to efface the existing difference between man and woman and wanted to get the absolute equality. with the help of some postmodern terms and views, the writer tries to descontruct the traditional mode of equality and tries to take advantage of the individual characters of man ' s and woman ' s to make them can enjoy differential equality on the basis of admitting the i nfluence of gender on man and woman. the writer also suggests that the party that take more duties or lossed because of the differential equality should be compensated by the government through the laws, policies and economic approaches

    然而，現實生活中，女性得到的平等權仍是形式上的平等，離真正的男女平等還相差甚遠，造成此現象的原因是多方面的，本文僅從「社會性別」這一概念入手，通過對傳統平等觀的剖析，說明以往的平等權是一種企圖抹殺客觀存在的男女性別差異和社會性別的影響，要求男女絕對一樣的平等的錯誤觀點，筆者藉助后現代主義的部分觀點試圖解構這種傳統固定的平等模式，以期在承認社會性別對男女影響的基礎上，發揮、利用男性與女性各自的優點和特點，對其實行有差別的平等，對由於實行「有差別」的平等給女性（或男性）造成的損失或對多承擔義務的一方，國家從法律、政策、經濟等多方面對受損害者和多承擔義務者給予救濟，以此達到女性平等權的真正實現。
  13. This paper has made a synthetic review about this legislation practice. it included five parts that the origin, legislation practice, primary legislature, legislator and executing agency, actual enforcement, characteristic and localization, influence and realistic meaning of commercial legislation of late qing dynasty. we can find a good many rules from this history such as rationality and inevitability of the appearance of commercial legislation of late qing dynasty, and complexity in the actual practice

    本文由源及流地從緣起、立法實踐、主要立法部門和立法者及其執法部門、實際執行和特點及局限、歷史影響及現實意義等五大方面對晚清的商事立法作綜合考察，探尋出這次立法中諸多的歷史規律性：商事立法在晚清出現的歷史合理性和必然性、商法具體實施的曲折性和復雜性。
  14. Firstly, this article begins with introducing the development and implication of just taxation principle, then i describe the embodiment of just taxation principle in the statute of corporate income tax. secondly, i illustrate the phenomena of unfair taxation appearing in the legislation, enforcement and using tax, then i observe and study on the harmfulness of unfair taxation in the theoretical and practical respects, and i analyze the reasons of causing unfair taxation. i think they are the influence of the legal idea of the tool doctrine of the law, the influence of the legislative view of " efficiency coming first, balancing justice " and the legal defects

    首先，論述了稅收公平原則的演進及其內涵，並分析了稅收公平原則在現行企業所得稅法中的體現；其次，概括了在定稅、征稅、用稅方面的稅收不公現象，繼而從理論和實踐層面上對現行企業所得稅法中稅收不公的危害作了考察，並對引起稅收不公的原因作了分析，筆者認為是法律工具主義的法觀念、 「效率優先、兼顧公平」的立法理念和法律缺陷三方面的原因；最後，對稅收公平原則在我國企業所得稅法中的實現提出了相應的對策，包括法觀念和立法理念的轉變、定稅不公的立法完善、征稅不公的整合治理和完善稅收監督制度，以期促進我國企業所得稅法稅收公平原則之實現。
  15. Judges should make efforts to realize justice in law, taking procedural justice and substantial justice as same important, endeavoring to realize the doctrine of factuality, trying hard to realize the substantial justice through procedural justice. judges should have profound knowledge in the theory of laws, adept knowledge in law, common way of thinking of homogeneity, abundant social experience and deep humanistic consideration, and noble morality. judges should adjudicate case in neutral capacity, not being influenced by unfair influence, interference and controlling, and should intervene disputes there still exist lots of problems in the present situation of professional judges in accordance with the requirements of professionlization of judges

    職業化的法官，應有崇高的法律信仰，法律是法官的最高權威和唯一上司，法官只忠實於法律，服務於法律；應有共同的價值追求，把保護個體權利作為裁判遵循的首要價值，努力通過法律實現正義，把程序正義和實體正義作為同等重要的價值對待，並努力使法律真實接近客觀真實，力求通過程序正義實現實體正義；應具有豐富的法學理論知識，嫻熟的法律專業知識，同質化的共同思維形式，豐富的閱歷，深切的人文關懷和崇高的職業道德修養；法官應以中立裁判者的身份，具有真正的審理權和裁決權，而不受任何不正當的影響、干預或控制，不主動介入糾紛和爭議。
  16. The law belief is the social main body to the social life the fair just ideal and the order need the rational knowledge and the emotion experience product, is the long - term human law experience and the rational thinking activity crystallization, is the humanity grasps the social law phenomenon the special way, is in the social french system each kind of subjective factor organic synthesis and highly congeals builds up

    法律信仰是社會主體對社會生活的的公平正義的理想和秩序需要的理性認識和情感體驗的產物，是長期的人類法律實踐經驗和理性思維活動的結晶，是人類把握社會法律現象的特殊方式，是社會法文化系統中各種主觀因素的有機結合和高度凝煉。
  17. Considering the new situation and new demand of the development of market economy and china ' s entry into the wto, chapter two undertakes an analysis on the existing problems in such nine aspects as industry access, pre - examining and pre - approving, investment entity and capital management, enterprise organization and legal obligation, registered capital, operation scope, establishment of enterprise branches and reinvestment, enterprise registration procedure, enterprise withdrawal from the market. chapter three explains the fundamental principles, basic theories and legislation ideology in the construction of the new management system of enterprise registration, giving concrete suggestions for improvement and perfection. chapter four extends the topic to the legislation of administrative licensing on the basis of the innovation and reform of enterprise registration, exploring some issues on the perfection of enterprise registration legislation

    引言部分，簡約地闡述了研究企業注冊登記制度的現實意義；第一部分，對企業注冊登記的概念、特徵、企業登記立法、建立企業注冊登記制度的意義、注冊登記對象、企業登記管理機關、企業登記程序等基本問題進行了解釋；第二部分，結合我國加入wto和市場經濟發展的新形勢、新要求，從行業準入、前置審批、投資主體和出資管理、企業組織形式和法律責任、注冊資本、經營范圍、企業設立分支機構和再投資、企業注冊程序、企業退出市場等九個方面，對現行的企業注冊登記制度存在的問題進行了剖析；第三部分，對構建新的企業注冊登記管理制度應堅持的基本原則、基本理論依據和立法思路進行了闡述，並提出了改進和完善的具體建議；第四部分，在企業注冊登記制度進行改革和創新的基礎上，延伸到行政許可立法方面，對完善行政許可立法的一些問題進行了探討。
  18. The development of international legal system in the future shall focus on the building of an effective legal mechanism which can not only improve the liberalization of international investment but also respect the permanent sovereignty over national resources and the basic economic rights of every country, this mechanism should not only be helpful for the protection of foreign direct investment and the improvement of treatment standards of foreign investors, but also should be helpful for the control of negative influence of trans - national corporations by the host states and the establishment of a new international economic order

    第二，法律框架的構造過多地依賴于以國內機制來協調跨國公司法律問題上的矛盾，不僅妨礙了統一法制的構築和推進，而且使跨國公司法律問題更加復雜，使得矛盾更加尖銳化。第三，對跨國公司在現代國際經濟生活中的作用存在認識上的分歧，制約了跨國公司的國際法制的統一化發展。總而一言之，只有運用現實主義的觀點，準確把握跨國公司在現代國際經濟生活中的積極、消極作用，才能為其國際法制的合理構築創造理念卜的根據。
  19. Meanwhile, corporation is the form mainly adopted in business activities. thus the degree of difficulty we meet during the revision or adjust of existing corporation laws and regulations for venture capital investment will be relatively low. that is to say, the study on how to reform relevant corporation regulating system for the development of venture capital fund with the form of corporation and the development of our country ' s venture capital investment under existing circumstances has its operation significance

    我國有盡管相對滯后但較為完備的公司法律體系，公司也是商事活動的主要組織形態，對現有公司法律、法規針對創業投資作相應修改或調整的難度相對較低，因此，研究如何在現有條件下，通過改革相應公司法律制度，大力發展公司型創業投資基金以推動我國創業投資的發展是具有現實意義的。
  20. In this dissertation, the theories about contract and claim are studied, and the characteristics of employer ' s claim in large - scale mechanical and electrical engineering ( lmee ) are also analyzed. on the basis of law, theoretical systems and solution ways of employer ' s claim in lmee are established by means of qualitative and quantitative analysis. it is theoretically and practically meaningful

    從索賠的法律基礎出發，通過對合同理論和索賠理論的研究，結合大型機電工程項目的特點，用定性和定量的方法，本論文首次建立起了較完整的國內機電工程項目業主索賠的理論體系和解決方法，具有一定的理論和現實意義。
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