清償成本 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [qīngchángchéngběn]
清償成本 英文
settling up cost
  • 清 : Ⅰ形容詞1 （純凈） unmixed; clear 2 （寂靜） quiet 3 （清楚） distinct; clarified 4 （一點不留） w...
  • 償 : 動詞1. （歸還; 抵補） repay; compensate for 2. （滿足） meet; fulfil
  • 成 : Ⅰ動詞1 （完成; 成功） accomplish; succeed 2 （成為; 變為） become; turn into 3 （成全） help comp...
  • 本 : i 名詞1 （草木的莖或根）stem or root of plants 2 （事物的根源）foundation; origin; basis 3 （本錢...
  • 清償 : pay off; clear off
  1. Firstly, some basic concepts are not clear, such as what is the status of the company under liquidation, how to define the action of the industrial - commercial authority ' s invalidation of the license of the company, whether or not the share holders can sue to disincorporate the company, is it legal to dissolve a company without liquidation, what is special liquidation, under what situation will a company be obliged to disincorporate, who will be responsible for liquidation after the dis incorporation, etc. secondly, some primary legislative principles about disincorporation and liquidation that are adopted in foreign countries are not established in china, such as a company must be liquidated before disincorporation except for acquisition, the company remains valid during the liquidation until it finishes the invalidation registration, an ordinary liquidation must be replaced by a special liquidation under the instruction of the court when there is an impediment or a fraud, the company should apply to the court for bankruptcy when it is found that its debt is over its asset during the liquidation, the number of people execute liquidation can be several or just one, companies applied for annulment shall be judged by the court and must be liquidated, etc. thirdly, china does n ' t have some of the fundamental rules that are specified in the laws of foreign countries, such as the rule of disincorporation registration, the rule that the company should sue to let the court judge for disincorporation if there is a deadlock between share holders, the rule of credit trade - off in special liquidation, the rule that people who execute the liquidation are jointly responsible for compensating the loss of the third party caused by their activities that are illegal or vicious, the rule of special liquidation, the rule of the representation of the people who execute the liquidation, the rule of the court supervising the liquidation in an inactive way, the rule of how long the accounts and documents should be kept after disincorporation, etc. because of the lack in research and legislation, the system for companies leaving the market is highly disorganized, which harmed the interest of the creditors and relevant people, increased the risk of market exchange, damaged the order of the market economy and the ethic of doing business, wasted the resources of the society, and impaired the authority and seriousness of the law

    再次，國外立法上的一些基本制度我國沒有，如解散登記制度，股東出現僵局訴請法院判決解散制度，特別清算中的債權協定製度，清算人因違法或惡意對第三人承擔連帶賠償責任制度，司法特別清算制度，清算人的代表性制度，法院消極監督清算制度，帳薄及文件在公司解散后保存法定期限制度等。由於理論研究和立法的不足，造成了我國公司法人退出市場機制的嚴重混亂，損害了債權人和利害關系人的利益，增加了市場主體交易不安全感，破壞了市場經濟秩序和商業道德，浪費了社會資源，削弱了法律的權威性和嚴肅性。文章認為，完善我國公司解散和清算制度，應借鑒和引進發達國家的法學理論和法律制度，統一我國有關解散和清算立法，在基本概念、基本原則、基本制度、基本程序諸方面進行統一規范，填補立法空白，創設法院解散公司制度，廢除行政特別清算制度代之以司法特別清算制度，健全和嚴格違反清算規定的法律責任制度（包括民事責任，刑事責任，行政責任，改變現行行政處罰范圍偏廣，民事賠償范圍偏窄，刑事追究空白太多的不協調狀況） ，從而構築起科學的公司解散和清算制度，使之符合我國經濟生活的客觀需求，符合市場經濟發展的基本方向，並與國外立法通例趨同。
  2. If any court gives a judgment in the bank s favour for any amounts owing by the customer and such judgment is expressed in a currency the " judgment currency " other than the currency in which such amounts are owing to the bank the " currency of account ", the customer shall fully indemnify the bank in respect of all actual losses which it may at any time suffer as a result of any difference between the rate or rates of exchange used for such purpose to convert the sum in question from the currency of account into the judgment currency and the rate or rates of exchange at which the bank may purchase the currency of account with the judgment currency upon receipt of a sum paid to it in satisfaction, in whole or in part, of any such judgment

    C倘若任何法院對客戶的任何欠款判本行勝訴，而該項判決是以客戶欠款的貨幣下稱賬戶貨幣以外之貨幣計算下稱判決貨幣，則客戶須悉數彌償本行因以下兩項的差額而導致本行在任何時間所蒙受之所有真實虧損： i將倘欠的賬戶貨幣兌換成判決貨幣時之匯率及ii本行於收到用以清償全部或部份判決的款項時以判決貨幣購買賬戶貨幣之匯率。
  3. The model of this paper explores the links between the following factors and the credit rationing in china. the change of banks " attitude to credit risk may lead to credit rationing ; banks give much more emphasis on the trade cost and the payable value of collateral, which may give rise to credit rationing ; the decreasing of asset price during economic stagnation produces credit rationing ; the bias of banks " objective function from the maximization of profit and the transformation of the function relating to the reform of the financial system cause credit rationing ; if different parts of the whole markets are not integrated, the credit in the part with low capital return ratio will be rationed. during economic recession, banks tend to ration the credit in the high - risk market ; the removing of interest ceiling will narrow down the interest spread of deposit and credit at least during a period, which may strengthen credit rationing ; meanwhile, the vulnerable borrowers, including small and middle - sized enterprises, will get more credit from banks even though they have to pay a higher interest rate

    論文的模型探討了下列因素和中國信貸配給現象之間的聯系：商業銀行對信貸風險的態度變化，在辨別和控制信貸風險上開始投入大量的成本，這一過程會導致信貸配給；商業銀行對與法治環境相關的交易成本和抵押品清償價值的日漸關注會導致信貸配給；宏觀經濟緊縮時期資產價格下降會導致信貸配給；商業銀行經營目標函數偏離利潤最大化，近幾年金融業改革過程使商業銀行目標函數發生變化，這一變化過程可能導致信貸配給；在市場分化的條件下，收益水平低的市場會遭受信貸配給；在經濟下滑時期，商業銀行尤其會對高風險市場配給信貸；利率市場化使商業銀行的存貸利差至少在一段時間內縮窄，利差縮窄可能加重信貸配給的程度：在利率市場化條件下，弱勢借款者，包括中小企業，遭受信貸配給的程度可能得到緩解，但支付的貸款利率水平將會升高。
  4. The bankruptcy of a corporation is the end of the corporative personality, while the method called disregarding of the corporation personality is no mean by taking no cognizance of the independence of the shareholder, and the corporation under a certain case to uncover the corporation veil temporarily, and to let the shareholders behind the curtain come to the stage to bear the burden of discharging the related obligation directly, when the case is finished, after a reconstructing, the corporation personality is saved

    這一做法不必導致公司破產，公司的破產是公司法人人格的終止，公司法人人格否認只是於一時一事無視公司與股東的獨立人格，揭開公司面紗，讓公司背後的股東站到前臺，直接承擔連帶清償責任，案件審理完畢，經過整頓，公司人格尚存。不僅保障了交易，而且大大降低了社會成本，是一種用權力救濟權力，是對失衡的公平正義的糾正，也是符合「帕累托改進」的制度安排。
  5. There is an old law proverb saying that guarantee of person is no better than that of sachen ( plus cautionis in re est quam in persona ). so the real guarantee becomes the most reliable financing means among guarantee system based on its strong stability, among which the rechtspfandrecht is preferred by most nations due to its incorporeal subjects and flexible liquidating functions

    古有法諺雲：人之擔保不如物之擔保，故而物權擔保以其強有力的穩定性能成為擔保制度中最值得信賴的基本融資手段，其中的權利質權又以其獨特的無體標的和靈活的清償功用而在擔保物權中倍受各國重視。
  6. In the counterplead right of prescription, that debtor fulfils obligation on his own will beyond prescriptive period of appeal should be regarded as that the new obligatory right and debt is founded and guarantor does n ' t continue the guaranty responsibility automatically. in the counterplead right of prior appeal, the stipulation of the twenty - fifth article of explanation of the supreme people ' s count that, if obligee of general guaranty appeals debtor and guarantor t

    筆者認為，與抵押等物的擔保相比較，保證雖然存在著使債務落空的風險，但同時一也具有清償主體和保全財產擴大、成立手續簡便、經濟成本低且有利於社會資源的充分利用以及有利於整個社會信用體系的建立等諸多優點，因此必須站在保證擔保法律制度構建和完善的高度充分認識和看待保證人抗辯權制度的重要意義。
  7. Along the way what the system analyses, this paper is at first in analyzing the existed researching results in category of concept, nature, component of water resource fee etc., defines the intension of water resource fee in " land rent theory " of marxism, and clarifies the relation of water resource fee with the related concepts such as water rate, water right price etc. on this basis, from five respects proves the reason of establishing the charging system of water resource fee in our country, that is : to replying the shortage trend of water resource day by day ; to realizing the national ownership of water resource ; to promoting using water in save and with plan ; to compensating the expenses in the survey, evaluate, protects of water resource ; to using the economic law distributing water resource rationally

    沿著制度分析的進路，本文首先在梳理現有研究成果的基礎上，對水資源費的概念、性質、構成等范疇的內涵予以界定，並運用馬克思主義地租理論對水資源費「租」的性質進行論證，釐清了水資源費與相關概念諸如資源稅、水費、水權價格等的關系。在此基礎上，從應對水資源日益短缺趨勢、實現水資源國家所有權、促進節約用水與計劃用水、補償水資源勘測、評價、保護費用、運用經濟規律合理配置水資源等五個方面全面分析了我國確立水資源費徵收制度的合理性。
  8. The thesis constructs the system of civil compensate for environmental damage resulting from gene pollution in some aspects, such as liability principal, constitutive requirements, compensation principle, compensation range, compensation mode and certification of causality. the thesis thinks that some rules from traditional environmental tort should apply to environmental tort resulting from gmos, including no - fault liability, inferred causality and the inversion of the burden of proof. the thesis indicates china should found the funds for prevention of gene risk and create the system of funds for prevention of gene risk in some aspects, such as the mission of funds, resource of funds and operation of funds

    最後，本文認為，與傳統污染相比，基因污染有隱蔽性、增殖性、不可清除性和後果的不確定性等特點;基於風險防範原則和污染者負擔原則，從責任主體、構成要件、賠償原則、賠償范圍、賠償的類型、因果關系的鑒定等方面創造性地構建了gmos導致的環境損害民事賠償制度，主張傳統環境侵權中的無過錯責任原則、因果關系的推定和舉證責任的倒置等也應適用於gmos導致的環境侵權;鑒于傳統民事侵權賠償救濟的種種局限，本文強烈主張構建gmos損害賠償社會化救濟機制，即成立基因風險防範基金，並從基金的用途或任務、基金的來源和基金的具體運作等方面開拓性地建構了基因風險防範基金制度的雛形，設計了基因風險防範基金的兩個配套制度，即基因稅制和gmos強制責任保險制度。
  9. In the process of the reform and design, i felt keenly not only it is important to draw lessons from the experience, but also it is should have the prospect and practice in the designing and in the operation more, such as settling the employee, collecting economic offset and business obligation tender aspect, must more expand on the practical and realistic foundation creative, appropriate settle, then can pledges to complete the reform smoothly, and also can achieve the real purpose to the reform

    在本次改制的方案準備及設計過程中，筆者深深感到，不僅經驗的借鑒具有重要的意義，而且在方案設計和具體操作中更應具有前瞻性和務實性，比如在員工安置、經濟補償金的籌措以及企業債務清償方面，更須在實事求是的基礎上開拓創新、妥善解決，方能保證改制工作的順利完成，也才能達到真正的改制目的。
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