研究發展費用 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [yánjiūfāzhǎnbìyòng]
研究發展費用 英文
r&d costs
  • 研 : 研同 「硯」
  • 究 : Ⅰ動詞（仔細推求; 追查） study carefully; go into; investigate Ⅱ副詞[書面語] （到底; 究竟） actually; really; after all
  • 發 : 名詞（頭發） hair
  • 費 : Ⅰ名詞1 （費用） fee; expense; expenditure; dues; charge 2 （姓氏） a surname Ⅱ動詞（花費; 耗費） ...
  • 用 : Ⅰ動詞1 （使用） use; employ; apply 2 （多用於否定: 需要） need 3 （敬辭: 吃; 喝） eat; drink Ⅱ名...
  • 研究 : 1. （探求） study; research 2. （考慮或商討） consider; discuss; deliberate
  • 費用 : cost; expenses; outlay
  1. The method of close water test has been used for a long time, so richer experience has been achieved. however, it not only takes pains and time, but also consumes raw materials during the close water test because of miscellaneous working procedures such as bricklaying in the two ends of pipe, water - repellent layer plastering, maintaining and water offletting, brick - block backouting after the test, especially in the region short of water and some drainage pipe with prop - pipe construction. in order to satisfy the fast development of municipal construction, new detection methods should be developed

    閉水試驗方法因其應用時間較長，目前已積累了較豐富的經驗，但在閉水試驗時，管道兩端砌築磚堵、抹防水層、養護、灌水浸泡，以及試驗后的放水、磚堵拆除等繁雜工序，不僅費工、費時，而且消耗原材料，尤其是在缺水的地區以及頂管施工的無壓管道，這些矛盾更加突出；因此，為滿足迅速發展的市政建設需要，有必要探索新的檢測方法，閉氣試驗就是其中一種，但是閉氣試驗目前還不完善，有待于進一步深入研究。
  2. The paper begins with the past and present development situation of china graduate education and then analyses the inevitability of sharing the graduate education cost. it introduces evolvement of the sharing education cost mechanism and the tuition policy and compares the sharing mechanism and tuition policy with different countries at different time. it also introduces and analyses some important theories of sharing graduate education cost mechanism and the tuition policy, with the current research results and from economics and demotics viewpoint it concludes the payment capability rules and profit capability rules of sharing mechanism which is to conduct establishing the policies of tuition and investment of education

    論文從中國研究生教育發展的歷史和現狀出發，分析了研究生教育成本分擔的必要性；並對研究生教育成本分擔機制與學費政策的歷史演變作了介紹，比較了不同時期國內外的分擔機制和學費政策；介紹並分析了研究生教育成本分擔機制和學費政策的幾個重要理論依據，借鑒現有的研究成果，從經濟學和社會學的角度，歸納出分擔機制的支付能力原則和收益能力原則，用以指導學費政策及其他教育投入政策的制定。
  3. Songrongtang ( srt ) chemical industrial branch company is mainly manufactured in environmental protection bathing series : dove bath confetti 、 dove solid saponification 、 bath ball 、 transparency soap 、 hot spring bath bubbles 、 bath salt ect. the products are supervised by kaifu research institute and hong kong kaida industry limited company, the products which have colorful appearance can be substituted for fanvy soap 、 facial cream 、 bath lotory 、 bank 、 post office 、 school 、 restaurant 、 hotel especially for traveler 、 gift 、 present. our products are well sold in the countries and regions of japan 、 america 、 europe 、 australia

    松榮堂化工分公司是恩平市邦企業有限公司屬下企業，主要生產環保型沐浴產品，包括：多芬香皂片、多芬立體皂花，透明皂、沐浴珠等產品，此產品由凱富科學技術應用研究所和香港凱達實業發展有限公司共研製而成，具有色彩鮮艷、易溶於水的特點，深受消費者的好評，可替代香皂、洗面奶、沐浴露，是新一代的健康沐浴產品，適用於家庭、工廠、銀行、郵局、學校、賓館、酒店等領域，尤其是旅遊人士或作為禮品、贈品，產品遠銷日本、美國、歐洲、澳大利亞等十幾個國家和地區。
  4. Whereas " build - operate - transfer ", called bot mode, has been successfully adopted in some foundation fields, such as public traffic, electric power, etc. this article is based on the study of yishui sewage treatment plant application of bot some constructive and valuable recommendations presented may be helpful to other foundations and environmental fields. this article has analyzed the feasibility of yishui sewage treatment plant application of bot, then made a blue print which include construct project item company project financing project, running project and the analyse of benefits to society and economy. the pivotal portion - concessionary agreement, is also studied in this article

    在借鑒國外城市基礎設施bot模式和國內電廠、高速公路等建設項目bot模式的基礎上，總結國內部分採用準bot模式建設污水處理廠的經驗，根據國家目前的環境政策和法律、法規要求和沂水縣社會經濟發展狀況，運用了經濟學、技術經濟學及管理學的一般原理，對沂水縣城市污水處理廠採用bot模式建設進行了方案設計和分析，包括項目建設方案、項目公司組建方案、融資方案、運行方案、項目經濟效益分析及項目各參與方的經濟效益分析等內容，並對項目關鍵? ?特許權協議的有關內容進行了研究，在特許權協議中，對在實際工作中難以確定的收費價格、發票、付款等具體內容提出了解決思路和辦法。
  5. The sole purpose of this trust will be to produce income to support designated staff and progrmmes which in the opinion of the trustees are within the aims and objects of the council as set out hereinabove such as providing staff, programs or projects to promote the coordination of social welfare activities, to initiate, develop or modify social welfare work programmes and services, to develop and prepare standards of same, to determine effectiveness, efficiency and economy of services, to promote or carry out social welfare research, to carry out public education in respect to social welfare, and to develop recommendations concerning social welfare to the government, but which staff and or programmes are not supported by government subvention or community chest funds

    信託基金唯一的目的是拓展收益，支持受託人認為符合本會的宗旨及目標之工作，如聘用員工、推行計劃、加強協調社會福利工作、發動、發展及改善社會福利（工作）計劃及服務，厘訂及保持福利服務的劃一水準，確定服務的效能、效率及善用經費，鼓勵及進行各種社會福利的研究，推行社會教育以促進市民對社會福利的認識，並因應社會福利問題向政府提出建議。但上述之指定職員及活動計劃須以未獲政府撥款或公益金資助者為限，信託基金的一切收益，須由受託人監管，不得動用作本會經常性開支。
  6. Using the net assets per capital, the investment return rate, the t - m model, the h - m model, the single factor evaluating model which consists of the treynor index, the jensen index, the sharpe index and the square m index, we evaluate the performance of the twelve mutual funds. and we come to the following conclusions : ( 1 ) after the modification of the risk factor, our mutual funds in the recent one year outguess the market ; ( 2 ) better performance comes from the aid of the government, the improvement of the investment environment and the hard, smart work of the managers especially in the way of selecting some securities in the capital market. ( 3 ) though we make progress, there are still many problems which prevent the further development of our mutual funds such as the devise of the management fee and the characteristics of different funds, all of them divided into the subjective ones and the objective ones

    通過使用投資基金單位凈資產和投資收益率指標、單因素整體績效評估模型，包括treynor指數、 jensen指數、 sharpe指數和業績的m ~ 2測度以及t - m 、 h - m模型對12隻樣本基金進行實證研究，實證研究表明： （ 1 ）經過風險調整后，在最近的一年中，我國證券投資基金的業績總體上優於市場基準組合； （ 2 ）基金業績的提高得益於管理層的重視、投資環境的改善和基金經理的經營，而基金經理的良好業績是通過一定的證券選擇來獲得的； （ 3 ）已成為證券市場上舉足輕重力量的基金在發展過程中雖然取得了一定的成績但其進一步發展還面臨著許多問題，有主觀存在的諸如管理費率的設定、基金風格方面的問題等等，也有客觀存在的諸如證券市場現階段的不完善等等，所以，我們應該抓住《證券投資基金法》問世帶給基金業發展的契機，大力促進證券投資基金規范發展，採取各種措施做大、做優和做強基金業。
  7. ( 1 ) it sums up the three ideas of economics used to study urban planning, clearly expressing the theoretical point of view of this study, the co - existence of the theories of interlizing of externalities by a. c. pigou ' s and transaction cost and property right by ronald harry coase, which emphasizes that when market is developing on the basis of a perspicuity of property right and a economized of transaction cost, government intervention and revenue modulation should not be neglected

    其具體內容如下： （ 1 ）系統研究和總結了城市規劃理論相關的經濟學發展上的三種思路。從而確定了本課題研究的理論支撐點：即庇古提出的外部效果內部化理論與科斯的交易費用與產權理論有可共存之處。在強調產權明晰與節省交易費用並以市場化發展為主導的同時，需要政府的干預和稅收調節。
  8. According to the history and contemporary condition of the world wine industry and the character of chinese grape wine industry, guofeng ' s marketing environment and the company ' s inner superior and inferior situation were analyzed. the questions of guofeng ' s marketing were found and listed. then the paper put forward the marketing strategy for guofeng company according to 4ps, 4cs, 4rs and integration marketing theory : to reselect gansu middle market as its target market and relocate its marketing position by its unique location and green products concept, to richen its middle product - line, to strengthen wine culture promotion, and to build sale place

    論文主要運用現代營銷理論，採取市場調查法、文獻查閱法、 swot分析法等研究方法，結合世界葡萄酒行業發展的趨勢和中國葡萄酒消費市場的特徵，分析了國風干紅的市場營銷環境、公司內部的優、劣勢資源條件及其營銷現狀和存在的問題，運用傳統的4ps營銷理論並結合4cs 、 4rs營銷理論以及整合營銷理論，提出國風公司應選擇甘肅葡萄酒中端市場為其目標市場，以獨特的產地優勢和綠色產品概念為國風品牌定位，向市場提供高品質中價位的產品。
  9. After generalizing the characteristic of modern equipment, the mission of equipment management and general situation of chinese equipment management, basied on two forms of equipment management - - - - - - practicality & value, the author combined quantitative & qualitative methods with example to analyze and discuss questions, especially the reasonable update & depreciation, accordingly achieving the optimization of the technical efficiency & economic benefit 0 one of emphases of the thesis is methods application of equipment reasonable update, that is starting with economic benefit to looking for reasonable using fixed number of year. the thesis used inferior - converted numeric method and rate equation which based on the theory square and combined with harbor loading machines & tugboat ' s actual facts, calculated the economic life of the same machine in order to make sure harbor machines " reasonable using fixed number of year. at the same time, the author made use of midpoint value regress method and stochastic trapeziform forecast method to calculate and analyze and gain the reasonable conclusion o the other emphases is questions of harbor equipment

    本文概括介紹了現代設備的特點、設備管理的任務以及我國設備管理發展的概況后，作者從設備經濟管理的兩種形態? ?實物形態和價值形態出發，採取定量與定性相結合，以定量為主，結合實例進行分析與論述，對港口設備的合理更新與折舊問題進行了著重研究，從而實現設備的技術效能和經濟效益的最優化。本文研究的重點之一是設備合理更新的方法應用，即從經濟效益出發，來尋求設備的合理使用年限。本文結合港口裝卸機械和港作拖輪的實際，運用以正方形理論為基礎的低劣化數值法和費用方程兩種方法，計算了同一種機械設備的經濟壽命，從而確定港機合理的使用年限，同時，運用了中點值回歸法和隨機梯形預測法進行計算和分析，得到了合理的結論。
  10. However, aoto marketing also is an utility factor that not only stimulates consummation, drags interior demonds, but also drives the auto industry to develop persistently and healthily. it can reveal well the developing foreground of the country ' s auto indudtry, which comes through the developing stage and the problem encountering inevitably ( economy, environment, science and technology, manufactureing level etc. ) also can base it to find countermeasure which suits the condition of country

    而汽車市場營銷又是刺激消費需求、拉動內需，從而帶動汽車產業持續健康發展的實用研究學科，它能很好的揭示一個國家汽車產業的發展前景，應經歷的發展階段和必然遇到的問題（經濟環境、科技、製造水平等）並能據此找出適合國情的發展對策等。
  11. Part one : this part introduces the summarization of the abs ( asset - backed securities ), which includes the conception, the basic theory, the features, the categories, the basic running process, and the circumstance of the research and development, etc. part two : the main contents of this part are the necessity and the analysis for the feasibility of the financing of securities depending on the charges of expressways, including the analysis for the feasibility of the financing of securities on the basis of the expressways " charges, the option between the two operation models, and the analysis for the feasibility of the operation of indigenization, etc. part three : this part mainly demonstrates how to design the plan of a company for the financing of securities and indigenization, which consists of the introduction of a company ' s background and the main problems to be confronted, the features of the basic assets and the analysis of the cash currency, the selection of spy, the design of trading structure, the product design of securities, etc. part four : this part discusses the financial evaluation about a company ' s design of the financing of securities and indigenization on the basis of the expressways " charges, the analysis of the risks and the analysis in general

    本文的創新之處在於: （ 1 ）通過對我國《信託法》 、 《公司法》等相關法律、法規的深入研究，提出在國內現行制度框架和市場環境下，以信託方式設立特設目的機構的基本思路，並構架了類附擔保公司債信託型和信託簽發企業銷售型兩種較為滿意的本土化交易結構方案，具有一定的理論創新性; （ 2 ）將資產證券化這一金融創新工具應用到高速公路融資領域，論證了高速公路利用收費證券化融資的必要性和可行性，並提出了一個可供借鑒的操作性方案。本文可能的不足是在證券化產品設計方面由於筆者知識水平的欠缺，深感作得不是很深入，需進一步的完善和細化;另外對各種交易結構模式的設計和分析只是一種理論上的探討，到底是否有效和可行需接受實踐的進一步檢驗。論文分為四個部份:第一部份，資產證券化概述，包括資產證券化的概念、基本理論、特點、基本形式、基本運作流程、國內外研究和發展現狀等。
  12. This article utilizes the questionnaire survey and the scene investigation method, conducts the investigation and study to the yangtze river delta area silk expense in the foundation, the utilization supplies and the demand balanced analysis theory, the time series law, the tendency pre - measurement, the season analyzes the pre - measurement, the elastic analysis theory, as well as method and so on return analytic method carries on the comprehensive analysis to the cocoon silk profession, promulgates the influence cocoon silk profession development in order to the restriction factor, and seeks corresponding solution silk market long - term equilibrium and weakens the price undulation frequent countermeasure

    本文運用問卷調查和現場調查方法，對長江三角洲地區的絲綢消費進行調查研究的基礎上，運用供給和需求均衡分析理論、時間序列法，趨勢預測法，季節分析預測法，彈性分析理論，以及回歸分析法等方法對繭絲綢行業進行全面的剖析，以求揭示影響繭絲綢行業發展的制約因素，並尋求相應解決絲綢市場長期均衡和減弱價格波動頻繁的對策。
  13. The main issues of the research are put as following : firstly, with the international comparing of market sharing rate and trading competitive index, it was revealed that wheat in china has inferior international competitiveness with a bit rising during current years, however, which is still behind that of the main wheat export countries. secondly, after the international comparing of the main factors that affect the international competitiveness of wheat, it was discovered that chinese wheat has the obvious cost advantage on unit product, while because of the high circulation fee, it results in inferior advantage on the price ; low and unstable quality is another factor which leads to inferior wheat competitiveness ; the input of fertilizer and labor makes little impact on the productivity of chinese wheat, while the input of seeds, irrigation and machine makes a strong impact, so it should be more invested in seeds, irrigation and machine to reduce wheat ' s unit cost. the assistant industries of the wheat, such as breed, production materials and processing industries, have inferior international competitiveness and lagged development

    其次，通過對影響小麥國際競爭力的主要因素的國際比較發現：中國小麥單位產品生產成本具有明顯優勢，但由於較高的流通費用，導致在價格上不具有優勢；小麥質量較差、品質不穩定是導致中國小麥國際競爭力較低的主要因素；生產要素中化肥和勞動力投入對中國小麥生產力水平的影響程度較小，而種子、灌溉和機械投入對小麥生產力水平的的影響程度較大，因此小麥生產投入要以增加種子、灌溉和機械的投入為主，代替大量的化肥和勞動力投入，進一步降低小麥單位產品成本，增強中國小麥國際競爭力；中國小麥的上下游輔助產業（包括品種資源、生產資料和加工業）的國際競爭力較弱，發展較為滯后；中國小麥生產者的組織化程度較低嚴重製約了中國小麥質量的提高、流通費用的降低和加工業的發展；小麥生產經營活動本身的特點決定了在充分發揮市場機製作用的基礎上，必須通過政府的宏觀調控來克服其市場機制的失靈，保障市場機制有效運行，但通過國際比較研究發現：中國政府在生產者支持、市場體系建設和國際貿易政策上對小麥的支持水平較低，與提高中國小麥國際競爭力的要求有較大差距，尤其是較低的生產者支持水平和市場體系建設程度制約了中國小麥國際競爭力的提高。
  14. In the light of the laggard dry bulk logistics of our country and the broad development prospect, this thesis studies the problem of port based import iron ore logistics system in detail. in this thesis a mathematics model is built up to compute the least overall expense, for supporting the import ire ore logistics system. and the expense include port, shipping, cargo owner and other correlative sides

    本文則針對我國干散貨物流比較落後的局面和干散貨物流發展的廣闊空間，以港口為切入點，就進口鐵礦石以港口為節點的物流問題進行詳細的探討和研究，在充分考慮港口、船方、貨方等各方面利益的前提下，通過建立數學模型研究流通費用最小的綜合物流系統。
  15. The thesis is made up of five chapters, the first chapter introduces china ' s background of consumer credit ' s development, the major risks and brings forward the central issue ; the second chapter researches the risk caused by the uncertainty of consumer ' s behavior and the controlling measures ; the third one studies the uncertainty of consumer ' s repaying ability and the relative anti - risk measures ; the fourth one researches how to control consumer credit risks ulteriorly, through assets securitization technology after credit is offered ; the fifth chapter describes the risk caused by the uncertainty of consumer credit market circumstances, which is called interest rate risk, and the measures of controlling it

    要控制消費信貸的風險，就必須找出解決這些不確定性因素的措施，本文分五章對這些風險控制措施進行論述，第一章介紹我國發展消費信貸的背景，以及消費信貸面臨的主要風險，並提出了本文的中心論點；第二章研究由於消費者行為的不確定性而導致的風險及其抑制措施；第三章研究消費者償還能力的不確定性以及相應的風險控制措施。第四章研究的是，在消費信貸發放后，如何通過資產證券化技術進一步控制消費信貸資產的信用風險。第五章研究由消費信貸市場環境的不確定性導致的風險，即消費信貸的利率風險，以及相應的風險控制措施。
  16. Follower countries can just borrow the latest technology cheaply without having to bear the costs of research, invention and development.

    技術后進國可以低價引進最新技術，而無需負擔研究、發明和發展的費用。
  17. Based on the results of the pilot programme, the cuhk diabetes and endocrine centre, under the auspices of the hong kong foundation for research and development in diabetes, and the cuhk centre for nutritional studies of the school of public health will jointly launch a self - funded 6 - month obesity management programme combining pharmacological therapy and behaviour modification to facilitate high risk obese subjects to achieve realistic weight reduction and improvement of their risk profiles

    香港中文大學糖尿及內分泌中心獲香港糖尿病研究發展基金會的資助，將與中大公共衛生學院轄下的營養研究中心合辦六個月自費的體重管理計劃（ obesitymanagementprogramme ） ，根據上述研究的結果，利用藥物治療及跟進行為的方法，幫助高危的肥胖人士減輕體重及改善其健康情況。
  18. Investment plan for developing products, production technology and manufacturing processes including factory buildings, equipment, tools and r d expenses

    4 .產品生產技術開發或製造之投資計畫含廠房設備模具及研究發展費用等。
  19. This paper makes use of the method of regression to analyze that market share, scale, r & d rate and rising rate influence profit margin using the data of computer manufacturing, and we can judge which factor influences the achievement of the enterprise most outstanding. this paper analyzes the competing condition of the notebook computer, and the result demonstrates that the price tactic is greatly effective for the notebook computer on the present market conditions

    本義運用回歸分析力「法，不wu近幾年中國計算機整機製造業的數據，分析了企業的市場份額、企業的規模、企業的研究與發展費用支出率、企業的增長率對企業利潤率的影響，從中判斷出何種因素對企業的績效影響最為顯著；利用中國計算機報的數據，對筆記本電腦市場進行競爭分析，結果表明，價格策略在即v的市場條件下對筆記本行業是非常有效的競爭策略之一。
  20. There are currently 3 cm out - patient clinics established under the ha, namely yan chai hospital chinese medicine clinic cum research centre, twghs tung wah hospital - the university of hong kong clinical centre for teaching and research in chinese medicine, and nethersole chinese medicine clinical research and services centre

    香港大學中醫藥臨床教研中心，及那打素中醫藥臨床研究服務中心） ，設立這些診所的目的是透過臨床研究發展實證為本的中醫治療，綜援受助人可免費享用這些診所的門診服務。
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