研究與開發費 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [yánjiūyǔkāifābì]
研究與開發費
英文
research and development expense-
The third, it analyzes some question about feasibility analysis and provides some means to solve theses question. the fourth, it studies some important problem about real estate feasibility analyzing such as : the market segment and market position of real estate, consumer market and consumer buying action analyzing, the financial evaluation of real estate project, the analysis of risk of real estate project, the indefiniteness analyzing of real estate project. in the part of feasibility analyzing of s real estate project, it analyzes the feasibility of the s project from three aspects including marketing feasibility, engineering and technology feasibility, economical feasibility, then makes a conclusion of feasibility analyzing of s project, together with some suggestion to the problem of s project
第四，對房地產開發項目可行性分析中應重點關注的一些問題進行了較為深入的探討，具體包括：準確地進行房地產市場細分與定位：房地產市場細分的準則，房地產市場定位的任務，房地產市場定位的誤區與對策；認真研究消費者市場及消費者購買行為：影響消費者購買行為的因素，消費者購買決策過程分析，消費者購買行為分析，消費者分析通常應涉及的問題；科學地進行開發項目的財務評價：靜態評價及其優缺點，動態評價及其優缺點；加強開發項目的風險分析：房地產開發項目風險的特點類型，風險的總體狀況及變化趨勢，開發項目風險的防範策略；重視開發項目的不確定性分析：盈虧平衡分析，敏感性分析，概率分析。The article is about billing of ip network, especially on the aspects of theory and structure. it has researched the reality of ip billing, include three tiers web structure, cmm of sei, oob technology, radius protocol, netflow and the technology of integration
本文深入研究了網路計費技術的原理和體系結構，探索了網路計費系統的實現技術，包括基於web的信息系統三層體系結構、軟體開發標準? cmm 、面向對象技術、 radius認證記費技術、網路數據流量採集與整合技術等。To analyze the distribution of chinese decor industry customers " internal value index and to find the method of brand positioning based on customer internal value, the author apply the " graphics of consumers " internal value " - an new method on analyzing the customer internal value - to chinese decor industry. based on an customer survey and much desk research and the case analysis, the author deeply explain the consuming habit of decor industry customers, analyze the distribution of decor industry customer internal value index and the characteristic of customer internal value in subdivided decor industry market, and analyze the strong points and weak points in brand positioning of famous decor brand " ikea "
本文是對消費者價值分佈和基於消費者價值的品牌定位的研究，旨在通過借鑒著名國際市場研究公司羅蘭?貝格戰略咨詢公司所開發出的「消費者價值分布圖解法」 ，並基於對中國上海204份隨機抽取的樣本所進行的問卷調查，深入分析中國家居市場消費者的價值元素分佈、消費者需求的變化趨勢、細分市場的消費者特徵，並探討國際著名家居品牌- - - - - -宜家家居- - - - - -在中國的品牌定位以及其品牌定位與其目標消費者價值分佈的聯系。Under the background of the global economy homologization, it has strong meaning to guide us to use the foreign experience for reference in the product management through reseaching the law of the development of the advanced enterprise on the world. this is our paper top point. the paper has explained the technical development of toyota hiace series van vehicles and summarized the basic factors of toyota company in prolonging the product life period through analyzing the evolution of outside appearance and technical performance of toyota hiace series van vehicles
因此，在全球經濟一體化的大背景下，通過對世界先進企業成熟產品技術發展規律的研究，為我們更具針對性地借鑒國外汽車生產企業在產品經營管理方面的技術優勢與管理經驗，探尋出一新的途徑，以有效地提高我公司新產品開發研製的速度並減少費用支出，降低研發成本而言，具有較強的實際意義。The main content of my thesis is making use of objectarx 2000 to study and exploit the cad of kitchens furniture, and my thesis provides the virtual situation in which designed product can be rendered, and by the animated show and virtual integration, all the problems which probably appear in the processes of design, product and sell could be solved at the stage of design, and the integral effect might be seen at the stage of design. in combination with the ideas of producers and clients, the product by optimal design might be one - off success
本論文主要介紹如何運用objectarx2000對廚房傢具cad系統進行研究與開發，並且提供了設計產品進行渲染的虛擬環境，通過動畫展示和虛擬集成，將設計、生產和銷售過程中可能出現的問題都解決在設計階段，讓產品在設計階段就可以看到最終的整體效果，在結合生產者和消費者的信息的同時，通過設計的優化達到產品的一次性成功。Urban planning control and the externalities of urban land use, a very classical problem just to be tackled by this paper is going to follow the very new progress of current economics and take cases of " village within the city ", a problem appeared in the urbanization in china, massive demolishing of illegal buildings in urban area, and the property dispute about the right of sunlight and green land as examples to conduct the study step by step on the externality of land use, transaction cost, property right, government regulation and the rule by law with the help of the author ' s experience gained from years of management in the grass - root office work
本文正是抓住「城市土地使用的外部效果與規劃控制」這一涉及我國土地資源利用和經濟發展的重大問題，利用主流經濟學的最新進展，以中國城市化中的「城中村」問題、大規模拆除違章建築行動、小區居民捍衛「陽光權」 、 「綠地權」等房產糾紛為背景，結合筆者在廣州市十多年的管理經驗，圍繞外部效果、交易費用、產權、政府規制等深層上的問題展開研究。Overhead expenses of overhead expenses is to show the enterprise is organization and administrative company production to run all sorts of cost of place happening, include company board of directors and administration department to happen in the management of the enterprise, the company funds that perhaps should consolidate a responsibility by the enterprise ( include wage of administration department worker, repair cost, stock to use up, cost of running stores amortize, office and poor travelling expenses ), union funds, be out of job membership due of insurance premium, cost of labor security, board of directors ( include directorate member to allowance, conference is expended and differ travelling expenses to wait ), invite intermediary orgnaization cost, advisory cost ( contain adviser, legal cost, business receives fee, house property duty, car boat royalities, land royalities, stamp duty, the technology transfers cost, mineral products resource compensates cost, intangible assets amortize, the worker teachs funds, consider to be expended with development, blowdown cost, goods in stock dish deficient or investory profit ( do not include to answer plan the loss of goods in stock that enters the defray outside doing business ), plan the bad zhang preparation that carry and goods in stock cheapen preparation
治理費用治理費用是指企業為組織和治理企業生產經營所發生的各種費用，包括企業董事會和行政治理部門在企業的經營治理中發生的，或者應由企業統一負擔的公司經費（包括行政治理部門職工工資，修理費、物料消耗、低值易耗品攤銷、辦公費和差旅費等） 、工會經費、待業保險費、勞動保險費、董事會會費（包括董事會成員津貼、會議費和差旅費等） 、聘請中介機構費、咨詢費（含顧問費） ，訴訟費，業務招待費，房產稅，車船使用稅，土地使用稅，印花稅，技術轉讓費，礦產資源補償費，無形資產攤銷，職工教育經費，研究與開發費，排污費，存貨盤虧或盤盈（不包括應計入營業外支出的存貨損失） 、計提的壞賬預備和存貨跌價預備等。Barcelona, 7 july 2002 - in remarks delivered today at the opening of the xivth international aids conference in barcelona, unaids executive director peter piot told an audience of thousands of researchers, advocates, and government and community representatives that they must face the challenge of mobilizing political commitment, scale up aids prevention and treatment, eliminate stigma, develop a vaccine and find us $ 10 billion to fight aids
2002年7月7日巴塞羅那消息，在今天巴塞羅那召開的第十四次世界艾滋病大會的開幕式上，聯合國艾滋病規劃署執行董事彼得?皮奧對數千名由研究人員、倡導者和政府及社會團體的代表們的講話中強調，他們必須面對由政府承擔的義務引起的挑戰，按比例增加對艾滋病的預防與治療，擺脫恥辱，開發疫苗，至少要拿出100億美元的經費來對抗艾滋病。The surfactant consumption, the product structure and the forecost in different areas such as us, west europe, japan and china etc. in 1990 ? s are introduced. the urgent affaire for the large surfactant enterprises is to rectify the product structure, and to decrease the cost. enhancing the research of application basis and application for mild surfactant commercialization. emphasis to develop post treatment of fabric, papermaking chemicals, oil field ? s chemicals and auxiliary for architecture material and metalworking. the application of surfactants in high technology fields will be important research projects for china surfactant industry
介紹了90年代全球及美國、西歐、日本和中國等主要國家（地區）表面活性劑的消費量、消費領域和產品結構的變化及預測，並根據我國國情，建議對生產能力過剩的大宗表面活性劑產品應調整產品結構，降低生產成本；對溫和型表面活性劑合成的產業化應加強應用基礎研究和應用研究；對表面活性劑工業的應用應同用戶一起重點開發紡織后整理、造紙化學品、油田化學品和建材與金屬加工等領域；探索表面活性劑在高新技術領域中的應用應當成為今後表面活性劑的重大研究課題。The main body, which includes 5 parts : in the conception section, first, it reknew the conception of both culture tourism and marketing position, in order to clear the concept and made it a guide of the whole article ; in the marketing section, next, it has studied on the world tourism market for its developing tendency and distinctive feature. it analyzed the present conditions of chongqing cultural market and also made prediction about it ; third, in the resources section, in the light of diversity, this part made a clear classification on chongqing cultural resources according to their characteristics ; the fourth part, in the product section, it give a position analysis about two things : the overall image, and the products of chongqing cultural tourism, and also made correlative strategies of them ; in the communicating section, fmally, it is mainly about how to communicate with tourism consumers, how to build up a good image of cq cultural tourism in their minds, and let them have a good understanding
正文部分分為五個問題進行論述：首先對文化旅遊與市場定位的定義進行了重新認識，以求清晰概念，指導研究；第二，對世界旅遊市場發展的趨勢、特點和重慶地區文化旅遊市場發育現狀及開發前景進行分析和預測；第三，以差異化為劃分依據，對重慶地區的人文旅遊資源按其資源特色進行歸類簡括梳理：第四，對重慶文化旅遊的總體形象與重慶文化旅遊產品進行定位分析，提出了形象概念和產品定位的相關策略；最後，對如何利用有效溝通手段，在旅遊消費者心目中建立對重慶文化旅遊形象與重慶文化旅遊產品的良好認知，進行具體分析。This article introduces the whole operating and managing system of chinese open end fund. it is included the origin and development of open end fund, experience and lessons of foreign open end fund development ; the classification of the open end fund and its deference from other securities ; the features of the open end fund and its establishment, transaction and structure of fees ; the operation and profit - allocation of the open end fund ; the consultation of agents
開放式基金在我國還是新生事物，本論文將系統地介紹分析我國開放基金的整個運作管理體系，包括：開放基金的起源與發展，國外開放式基金發展的經驗與教訓；證券投資基金的分類及與其他有價證券的區別；開放式基金的特點及發起設立、交易及費用結構；開放式基金的投資運作及收益分酉幣主通大學頎士研究生學位論文霓11頁配：代銷機構對投資者的咨詢服務。Its developing fund is short as the others cities, in order to implement the traffic project as planning, state allocate funds should be applied for. besides, according to other fields " effects to road traffic in the city construction ( such as the effects of house developing and using ), after scientific traffic effect eveluting, traffic department can impose traffic development study to solve the problem of short of money
要想按計劃完成各個交通項目，除了向大力向國家申請撥款外，根據城市構成的其他領域對道路交通流的影響（如房地產開發與使用對附近道路交通產生的影響） ，通過科學的交通影響評價，交通部門可向其徵收交通影響費，用於道路建設或交通發展研究，緩解資金緊張問題。To meet the demand of the real teaching management in higher adult education credit system under massive education, an effective teaching management of information system which is based on the modle of c / s / s and b / s / s under the network of the internet and intranet sysytem has been talked about in this paper for the different needs on higher adult education teaching management in credit systems and designs. the states, the features, the goals and the schemes of the system have been discussed fully in this paper. the system requirements have been also analysed from all sides of the system which includes the student ' s status system, the teaching management system, the elective courses system, the examination system, the students " scores management system, the teaching material management system. the outlay system, the off - campus system, the achievement system and the web system etc. the system principles, the ways for the design and the functions in the total system design have also been demonstrated in details
本文首先敘述了成人高等教育學分制教學管理系統的現狀、特點以及系統設計的總體方案和系統實現的目標、功能以及取得的應用推廣效果；其次，詳細論述了學籍管理、教務管理、排課管理、考試管理、成績管理、教材管理、經費管理、院系教學點辦學管理、檔案管理以及對外網站管理等的需求分析；再次，闡述了系統的總體設計原則、系統開發環境、研究方法、技術路線以及相關功能；網路數據庫的設計與實施方案、各子系統的設計、人機界面的設計、實現方面應注意的問題以及用戶權限設計的要求等；此外還介紹了舊系統數據遷移，新系統的實施工作，以及探討了對系統數據進行糾錯與清洗、測試和應用情況。The discussion of cultural construction mode in baibuting community is developed as following : the first part presents author ' s motivation in carrying out the research, defining some concepts and introducing a few common modes of cultural construction in urban communities. the second part is a detailed description of fundamental ideas and content, advocating the notion of " human oriented, moral centered, law abiding, trying to creating a modern community with the capacity of sustainable development ", introducing its unique homestead culture. the third part sets forth the innovation of community culture construction modes in baibuting community : in order to create a, human - oriented community culture, establish a peaceful and content environment for the socialism ideology, the baibuting community made innovation on community management system ; by the analysis of the occupational statistics and object groups, the author found out that most of residents come from the middle class ; then, the author gives the definition of middle class and its general features in a sociological perspective ; finally, the thesis analyses the characteristics of the community residents " pursuit of culture and the harmonious development of community culture in aspects like value system, consumption habits, cultural needs
本文通過理論學習，對百步亭花園社區文化建設的模式進行了探索研究，在現狀調查過程中，筆者發現百步亭的社區文化建設之所以成功，除了開發商和物業管理中心的組織建設外，還有小區居民的積極參與合作，三者密不可分，而這又與居民所屬的階層文化訴求密切相關，於是，本文就百步亭社區文化建設模式作了論述，思路如下：文章的第一部分：提出本文研究的緣起，並對一些與本文有關的概念作了界定，還介紹了幾種城市社區文化建設的一般模式；文章的第二部分：介紹百步亭花園社區文化建設模式的基本思想和內容，提出了「以人為本、以德為魂、以法為行，努力創造可持續發展的現代文明社區」的口號，並介紹了其獨具特色的家園文化；文章的第三部分：對百步亭社區文化建設模式的創新作了論述：百步亭社區為了營造以人為本的社區文化，構建社區安居樂業工程，為社會主義思想道德體系提供良好的社會文化環境，在社區管理體制上作了創新；還通過對百步亭社區居民的職業統計，來源群體，分析出其從屬的社會階層主要是社會的中間階層；再次，從社會學角度，定義了中間階層及一般特徵；最後從價值觀、認同感，消費觀念、文化需求等方面，分析了其文化訴求的特徵和與社區文化的協調發展；文章的第四部分：從整合功能和導向功能兩方面總結了百步亭社區文化建設的社會效應；並對百步亭社區文化建設模式的不足提出了意見和建議。The starting point of the thesis is oriented to nonsystematic risk management, i. e., analyze the inherent risks of commercial banks with the car - purchasing loans, control and manage them by system - design and technology - design
本文研究的出發點被定位在非系統性風險管理上，即對商業銀行在開展汽車消費貸款業務過程中的內部風險進行分析，並通過制度和技術設計來控制與管理風險。We have researched and exploited the highway engineering project management information system ( acronyms : hepmis ) based on gis for resolution of the former problem. we take advantage of the digital method to deal with the construction management of highway and cost and the progress control in researching and exploiting the hepmis. the intension of the hepmis is to handle all kinds of information about highway with visual virtual ( model ) method, and let these information reappear computer terminal for dynamic management
公路工程項目管理信息系統的研究與開發是用數字的方法處理公路的施工管理、費用及進度控制等方面和環節，其內涵是將公路的各種信息用可視化的虛擬（模型）方式，再現在計算機終端而進行動態管理，使「摸不著、看不見」和「看得見、摸得著」的信息，用數字的方式輸入到計算機系統之中，最終顯示出來，供公路施工管理使用。Research and development expense
研究與開發費For example, the small industrial scale ; the weak foundation of technology ; the poor commercialization and industrialization ; the lower economic efficiency ; the insufficient tech - transformation of traditional industries leads to the low - tech level of traditional industries. the above problems are mainly due to the unestablished system of tech - brought forth with enterprises as its main body ; the separation of productivity, learning and research ; the insufficient input of funds ; the poor creative ability of enterprises ; the unformed good system for the industrialization of high - tech ; the s hortage of high - tech personnel and the limited funds
二、我國高技術產業化還存在一些問題和不足，表現在產業規模小，技術基礎薄弱；高技術商品化、產業化差，經濟效益不高；對傳統產業的技術改造不夠，傳統產業技術水平仍然偏低。存在上述問題是由於我國以企業為主體的技術創新體系尚未建立起來，產學研嚴重脫節， r & d （研究與開發）經費投入不足，企業創新能力不強，高技術產業化的良好機制尚未形成，高技術人才缺乏，以及資金的制約。Lee stressed the importance of research and development activities for york air - conditioners as air - conditioners need continuously upgrading, innovative development of new technologies in response to changing consumer needs and tastes
他強調，研究與開發活動對york冷氣機的重要在於冷氣機產品需要不停的提升和革新，來適應消費者的需求和品味。International comparison and analysis on the research and development method in handling expense accounting
研究與開發費用會計處理方法的國際比較與分析分享友人