社會機會成本 的英文怎麼說

中文拼音 [shèkuàijīkuàichéngběn]
社會機會成本 英文
social opportunity cost
  • 社 : 名詞1 （共同工作或生活的一種集體組織） organized body; agency; society 2 （人民公社） people s co...
  • 會 : 會構詞成分
  • 機 : machineengine
  • 成 : Ⅰ動詞1 （完成; 成功） accomplish; succeed 2 （成為; 變為） become; turn into 3 （成全） help comp...
  • 本 : i 名詞1 （草木的莖或根）stem or root of plants 2 （事物的根源）foundation; origin; basis 3 （本錢...
  • 社會 : society
  • 機會 : chance; opportunity
  1. Based on the frequent occurrence of international aerial crimes, the rampancy and cruelty of criminals and the reality of brutal consequence, the essay analyses the features of the crime of aircraft hijacking, the crime of imperiling international civil aerial security and the crime of obstructing international aerial navigation with the component terms from three important international conventions on punishing aerial crimes in order to help people to appreciate the appearance and the essence of typical international aerial crimes deeply, to regard the motion of the crimes and to overwhelm the offence forcefully. based on the core of the legislative status of international civil aerial security, the jurisdiction of the aerial crimes, one emphasis of the article is to clarify concrete clauses on jurisdiction in the three conventions and analyses the important principle of " aut reddere, aut punire ". based on the problems on the jurisdiction of crimes in international society, it quests the implementation of t he principles of jurisdiction, pleading and extradition in the three conventions deeply

    基於目前國際社會航空犯罪時有發生，犯罪分子猖獗狠毒，危害後果十分殘重的現實，本文從國際社會關于懲治航空犯罪的三個重要國際公約（東京、海牙、蒙特利爾公約）中規定的各種航空犯罪的定義入手，深入展開了對劫持航空器罪、危害航空器飛行安全罪、危害國際民用航空機場安全罪的犯罪特徵及其構成條件的分析，以期幫助人們更深刻認識這些典型的國際航空犯罪的表現及其實質，嚴密注視這些犯罪的動向，對其進行及時有力的打擊；鑒于國際民用航空安全法律地位問題的核心是解決航空犯罪的管轄權問題，本文重點闡釋了三個公約關于管轄的具體規定，並側重分析了「或引渡或起訴」的重要原則；鑒于目前國際社會打擊國際航空犯罪管轄方面存在諸多實際問題，本文對公約規定的管轄、起訴、引渡原則的實現方式作了深入探討；鑒于各國在國內立法上對于空中犯罪的懲治、對違約國的制裁、對這類犯罪的預防措施等方面存在一些漏洞，本文根據目前掌握的一些資料，在獨立思考的基礎上，提出了一些不成熟的看法及建議，以期對國際社會懲治航空犯罪貢獻自己微薄之力。
  2. With the development of airmanship, people aren ’ t satisfied with navigation systems that are based upon personal computer, because they are expensive and high - power. now, embedded navigators have been developed rapidly, but most of them are based on wince operation system, which increases the cost of navigation systems

    隨著導航技術的發展，基於pc機的導航定位系統由於其價格及功耗較高己不能滿足社會發展的需要，脫離pc端的嵌入式導航定位技術迅速發展起來，但這些嵌入式導航系統一般採用wince等商業操作系統，需交納使用費，增加了產品成本，造成產品價格居高不下。
  3. Sticking to the basic animus of tort law, grounding fundamental situation of our country and absorbing foreign useful theoretic productions and legislative experience properly, we relate the essence, types, responsibilities and types of tortfeasors of joint torts together organically. and the combination of them form a new and scientific institution of joint torts corresponding to today ' s social life

    在堅持侵權行為法根本宗旨的前提下，針對我國的基本國情，適當借鑒國外有益的理論成果和立法經驗，從共同侵權行為的本質、類型、責任及行為人的種類等方面來入手，將創門有機地統一起來，就構成了新的科學的符合當今社會生活的共同侵權行為制度。
  4. While dissertating the functions of ngos, the author attempts to discard traditional approaches discussing in general functions of ngos ’, but tries to make further expansion, clarify the functions of ngos different fields during the transformation period, and discuss mainly it ’ s two major functions in accelerating social development and the reform of the government ; meanwhile, this article also points out the main problems of ngos in the transformation period : the indeterminate circumscription between ngos and government organizations, misplaced the organization goals, undivided functions of community and politics ; the lapsus in management and difficulties in operation caused by double management system ; the low level of ngos ’ internal management, weak survival ability, and the limited ability in mobilizing resources ; deficient management evaluation mechanism in ngos ’ ; low level of legalized management of ngos ’

    在論述非政府組織的作用時，試圖拋開過去泛泛而談其作用的做法，做了進一步的拓展，釐清轉型期非政府組織在不同領域的作用，將其主要定位在對促進政府改革的作用和在社會發展中的作用兩大方面。同時，本文也指出了轉型期非政府組織存在的主要問題:非政府組織與政府組織的界限不明確，組織目標錯位，政社不分;雙重管理體製造成管理體制的漏洞和運作上的困難;非政府組織內部管理水平低，生存能力較弱，資源動員能力有限;非政府組織內部管理評估機制匱乏;非政府組織管理的法制化程度低等。
  5. Accurate load forecasting is helpful to planning generators " starting and stopping in the interior of the electrical networks economically and reasonably, preserving the security and stability of power system, reducing the unnecessary circumvolving repertory capacity, making planning to overhaul the units in reason, ensuring the normal production and life of the society, effectively reducing the cost of generating electricity, increasing the economical and social benefit

    電力負荷預測是供電部門的重要工作之一，準確的負荷預測，可以經濟合理地安排電網內部發電機的啟停，保持電網運行的安全穩定性，減少不必要的旋轉儲備容量，合理安排機組檢修計劃，保證社會的正常生產和生活，有效地降低發電成本，提高經濟效益和社會效益。
  6. The paper begins with the past and present development situation of china graduate education and then analyses the inevitability of sharing the graduate education cost. it introduces evolvement of the sharing education cost mechanism and the tuition policy and compares the sharing mechanism and tuition policy with different countries at different time. it also introduces and analyses some important theories of sharing graduate education cost mechanism and the tuition policy, with the current research results and from economics and demotics viewpoint it concludes the payment capability rules and profit capability rules of sharing mechanism which is to conduct establishing the policies of tuition and investment of education

    論文從中國研究生教育發展的歷史和現狀出發，分析了研究生教育成本分擔的必要性；並對研究生教育成本分擔機制與學費政策的歷史演變作了介紹，比較了不同時期國內外的分擔機制和學費政策；介紹並分析了研究生教育成本分擔機制和學費政策的幾個重要理論依據，借鑒現有的研究成果，從經濟學和社會學的角度，歸納出分擔機制的支付能力原則和收益能力原則，用以指導學費政策及其他教育投入政策的制定。
  7. Firstly, some basic concepts are not clear, such as what is the status of the company under liquidation, how to define the action of the industrial - commercial authority ' s invalidation of the license of the company, whether or not the share holders can sue to disincorporate the company, is it legal to dissolve a company without liquidation, what is special liquidation, under what situation will a company be obliged to disincorporate, who will be responsible for liquidation after the dis incorporation, etc. secondly, some primary legislative principles about disincorporation and liquidation that are adopted in foreign countries are not established in china, such as a company must be liquidated before disincorporation except for acquisition, the company remains valid during the liquidation until it finishes the invalidation registration, an ordinary liquidation must be replaced by a special liquidation under the instruction of the court when there is an impediment or a fraud, the company should apply to the court for bankruptcy when it is found that its debt is over its asset during the liquidation, the number of people execute liquidation can be several or just one, companies applied for annulment shall be judged by the court and must be liquidated, etc. thirdly, china does n ' t have some of the fundamental rules that are specified in the laws of foreign countries, such as the rule of disincorporation registration, the rule that the company should sue to let the court judge for disincorporation if there is a deadlock between share holders, the rule of credit trade - off in special liquidation, the rule that people who execute the liquidation are jointly responsible for compensating the loss of the third party caused by their activities that are illegal or vicious, the rule of special liquidation, the rule of the representation of the people who execute the liquidation, the rule of the court supervising the liquidation in an inactive way, the rule of how long the accounts and documents should be kept after disincorporation, etc. because of the lack in research and legislation, the system for companies leaving the market is highly disorganized, which harmed the interest of the creditors and relevant people, increased the risk of market exchange, damaged the order of the market economy and the ethic of doing business, wasted the resources of the society, and impaired the authority and seriousness of the law

    再次，國外立法上的一些基本制度我國沒有，如解散登記制度，股東出現僵局訴請法院判決解散制度，特別清算中的債權協定製度，清算人因違法或惡意對第三人承擔連帶賠償責任制度，司法特別清算制度，清算人的代表性制度，法院消極監督清算制度，帳薄及文件在公司解散后保存法定期限制度等。由於理論研究和立法的不足，造成了我國公司法人退出市場機制的嚴重混亂，損害了債權人和利害關系人的利益，增加了市場主體交易不安全感，破壞了市場經濟秩序和商業道德，浪費了社會資源，削弱了法律的權威性和嚴肅性。文章認為，完善我國公司解散和清算制度，應借鑒和引進發達國家的法學理論和法律制度，統一我國有關解散和清算立法，在基本概念、基本原則、基本制度、基本程序諸方面進行統一規范，填補立法空白，創設法院解散公司制度，廢除行政特別清算制度代之以司法特別清算制度，健全和嚴格違反清算規定的法律責任制度（包括民事責任，刑事責任，行政責任，改變現行行政處罰范圍偏廣，民事賠償范圍偏窄，刑事追究空白太多的不協調狀況） ，從而構築起科學的公司解散和清算制度，使之符合我國經濟生活的客觀需求，符合市場經濟發展的基本方向，並與國外立法通例趨同。
  8. During recently 3 years, i mainly engaged in mechanical vocation ' s plant planning. i attended 25 projects, which including feasible reports, preliminary designing and working drawing designing, ranged over establishment or technology reforming of machine tool factory, gear factory, tractor factory, automobile manufactory, electric pump factory, electromechanics factory, electric cable factory, the highest investment of them is 160 million yuan, total design work expand over 850 million ( no repeat calculate ). for i have professional ability and well up in developmental situation of mechanical vocation and it ' s situation inside jiangsu province, these projects what i designed were all authorized by leading department and expert, introduced into national plan and bring into operation. these projects bring both economic profit and society profit for the factory ' s technical advancement, product ' s update. as the director of these projects in these designing and consultation work, i generally organize and operate these and earn the higher valuation of leading department and consumer

    近三年來主要從事機械行業工廠工程設計，先後參與二十五個項目的可行性研究報告編制，初步設計和施工圖設計.涉及機床廠，齒輪廠，拖拉機廠，汽車製造廠，電泵廠，電機廠，電纜廠的新建或技術改造，其中單項投資額最高的為1 . 6億元，總計完成投資額為8 . 5億元（未重復計算）的設計工作量.由於對機械行業發展狀況和省內狀況較為熟悉，具有一定的專業水平，這些設計項目均經有關領導部門，專家審定列入國家計劃，得以實施，為工廠的技術進步，產品更新換代，生產發展創造較好的經濟效益和社會效益.在這些設計，咨詢中，本人均任項目負責人，全面組織，實施設計工作，得到主管部門和用戶較高評價
  9. The writer studies this dissertation with theory of ‘ from field imparlance to field separation ’, who researches lots of literatures and analyzes some cases. writer analyzes the status of quo and the causes of formation. it stares us in the face that we should know the actuality of social responsibilities of media, and construct theory which adapts to china as soon as possible

    本文運用社會哲學的相關理論，在對大量文獻進行整理和研究基礎上，結合典型案例分析，試圖通過對我國新聞傳播事業實踐過程中媒體社會責任現狀及成因的分析，提出具有社會哲學價值支持的新聞傳播媒體社會責任履行的原則以及機制。
  10. The second is that monopoly produces some positive effects : as static efficiency to say, there are four mechanisms, namely economies of scale, economies of scope, internalization of externalities and learning effect, which optimize the allocation of resources. monopoly advantages decrease of transaction cost. some extent monopoly has benefits to technology innovation and human capital accumulation

    其次，壟斷具有正的效應：從靜態效率來看，壟斷存在四種優化資源配置的機制（規模經濟機制、范圍經濟機制、外部性內化機制和學習效應機制） ；壟斷有利於機會成本的降低，從而可以提高社會經濟活動的效率；從動態效率來看，一定程度的壟斷有利於技術進步和人力資本的積累，因而是動態有效的。
  11. To avoid such situation, the author anal size pro - poor tourism with the concept of opportunity cost threading all through the thesis

    之後，繼續對旅遊扶貧的環境和社會機會成本進行論述，得出要可持續發展旅遊扶貧必須關注環境和社會效應。
  12. Common enrichment is one of socialist essence, but as soon as mention common enrichment, people often only are restricted in the material life while understanding. “ shortage of material is not socialism, spiritual void is not socialism either. ” no doubt, realizing common enrichment of material life is the most important task and basic connotation, but realizing common enrichment of spiritual life also is the essential constituent of common enrichment

    共同富裕是社會主義的本質特徵之一，但一提起共同富裕，人們對它的理解往往只限於物質生活。 「物質貧乏不是社會主義，精神空虛也不是社會主義。 」 [ 1 ]實現物質生活的共同富裕固然是共同富裕的首要任務和基本內涵，但實現精神生活的共同富裕同樣也是共同富裕必不可少的有機組成部分。
  13. This paper take comprehensive development project - " enrich farmers through water conservancy ( eftwc project ) " in pinggu district, beijing as an example or research area, to built up indexes system for evaluating such projects based on the analysis of the project ' s functions ; to evaluate the effects of eftwc project on the development of agricultural economy in research area with statistic analysis method, such as the theory of gray system and regression analysis method. the key points of this paper are focused on as following aspects : ( 1 ) the value of eco - environmental benefits of eftwc project in pinggu district is evaluated based on utility value theory and environmental economic methods such as equivalent substitution approach, opportunity cost approach, and replacement cost ap proach ; ( 2 ) the economic effects on investment are appraised with both static and dynamic cost - benefit analysis methods ; and ( 3 ) the effects of the eftwc project on the economy and society sustainability in research area are evaluated synthetically from three aspects : society development ability, economy development ability and resources and environmental capacity

    本文以北京市平谷區水利富民綜合開發工程為例，在分析了水利富民綜合開發工程功能的基礎上，建立了水利富民綜合開發工程效益價值評估的指標體系；用灰色系統理論、回歸分析等統計分析方法進行了水利富民綜合開發工程對平谷區農業經濟發展的影響評價；重點以效用價值論為理論依據，用等效替代法、機會成本法和重置成本法（恢復費用法）等環境經濟學方法，對平谷區水利富民綜合開發工程生態環境效益價值進行了評估；採用靜態和動態費用效益分析法進行了水利富民綜合開發工程投資經濟效果分析；最後從社會發展能力、經濟發展能力和資源環境承載能力3個方面進行了水利富民綜合開發工程對平谷區經濟社會可持續發展能力的綜合影響評價。
  14. As far as the individual is concerned it means both the mode of hui people ' s learning and adoption of political culture and the process to affect the political culture. as far as the social system ' s concerned, it means the process to accept and absorb the political culture and become the politically qualified members. meanwhile it also claims that the theory of political socialization of minority people in the realm of political sociology stresses how the political system impart and make the minority people absorb the political culture

    本文在分析認定回族公民政治社會化的基本內涵? ?就個體而言，指回族公民學習和接受基本的政治取向模式即政治文化，同時又影響政治文化的過程；就社會系統而言，指政治體系經由各種途徑，使回族公民接受和內化主導政治文化，發展成為具有一定政治素質的合格的「政治人」的過程的基礎上，提出政治社會學范圍內的少數民族政治社會化理論研究的重點應是政治體系如何通過有效的政治社會化機制，使少數民族成員接受、內化主導政治文化的過程。
  15. " once you fragment. . the society into so many different ethnic origins, you make it mathematically less and less likely to meet somebody of your own ethnicity, " said wattenberg

    "如果你把社會拆散成一個個種族碎片，那麼根據數學原理，你遇到本族人的機率會越來越小， "瓦滕伯格說。
  16. First, it leads to unproductive collocation of resources, covering direct investments and the relevant opportunity cost ; second, the rent - seeking part can establish monopolistic status if the deal succeed, which will then causes damage to social benefits and brings x - inefficiency ; what ' s more, rent seeking of firms leads to consumers " rent avoiding, and consequently, the firms will set to seek rent in a second circle just in order to protect their monopolistic status already established, circle by circle, the multiplying - effect will surely cause serious waste of social resources

    首先，租金交易導致資源的非生產性配置，這不僅包括尋租過程中資源的直接耗費，而且包括這些資源的機會成本;其次，租金交易成功，尋租人得以建立壟斷地位，壟斷進而引起社會福利損失和x非效率;再次，企業尋租引發消費者的避租行為，然後，企業將為維護壟斷地位開始新一輪的尋租活動，如此循環往復，這種乘數效應必然導致社會資源的嚴重浪費
  17. This paper. firstly, analyses the present situation and objective correlative and harm of the inauthenticity of accounting information through real datum and cases. secondly, based the formation motivation and mechanism in principle, the paper indicates the insufficiency about property rights structure, corporate governance structure, control, punishment and theirs influence on the quality of accounting information. finally, drawing experience and lessons from some developed countries, it makes point that includes institutional innovation of property rights and corporate governance, ruling by law, enforcing fidelity with education

    首先，本文通過客觀的數據與現實的案例，對會計信息失真的現狀、具體表現及其危害性進行分析；其次，從理論上研究其形成的動因和機制，並據此說明有關上市公司產權結構、治理結構、監督機制、懲罰機制等幾個方面的缺陷與不足及其對會計信息質量的影響；最後，在借鑒美國、日本、德國等經濟發達國家的經驗教訓的基礎上，相應地提出了產權結構制度創新、治理結構制度創新、完善社會機制系統、依法而治及加強誠信教育等治理對策。
  18. Fifth, with the participation of guarantee company, a lot of work that is undertaken by government should be transferred to social organization : guarantee company, university, bank. it can reduce the cost of student loan. “ centre ” can really exercise the macroscopical indirect management function of government ' s functional department, avoiding having the puzzled and trouble of administrative structure reform again

    五、由於有擔保公司的參與，政府現在承擔的許多本該由社會機構來的工作均可交由擔保公司、學校、銀行進行市場化管理和運作來完成，可以降低學生貸款行政管理的成本； 「中心」可以真正行使政府職能部門的宏觀間接管理職能，避免再來一次機構改革的困惑和麻煩。
  19. So, any kind of theory is not all - powerful. we should persist in studying comprehensive management dialectically with the development of society. in short, there are three aspects which we should pay attention to in the article. firstly, as a main side of criminology, we do realize the importance of exploring the regularity of anticrime. secondly, the anticrime idea which conforms to game regularity is not narrow sense but broad sense. finally, we say, acqucring initiative in the anticrime field is the basis of the maximum benefit of preventing crime

    第五部分，以對預防犯罪現象的整體博弈分析為基礎，對綜合治理預防論進行了重新認識：指出，綜合治理預防犯罪論是符合預防犯罪規律的理性選擇；預防為主是綜合治理預防犯罪論的價值取向，而預防為主的實現是以提高犯罪人的犯罪機會成本並使其產生社會性的認知效應為主線的；綜合治理預防論的運用是以建立一定約束形式的預防原則為前提的；預防犯罪博弈的開放性、博弈參與者對各自利益尋求的本性決定了綜合治理預防論並非完美的預防理論，隨著社會的發展和變化，綜合治理預防論在預防觀念上也應有一個變化過程。
  20. Therefore, this paper, combining the method of the historical analytical comparison and the functional research, analyzes the three following questions : the historical evolution and social functions of the guarantee system, the legal structure of chattel transfer guarantee and the operations of chattel transfer guarantee on the basis of the said structure

    據此，本文通過採用歷史分析比較法和功能研究相結合的方法探討了動產讓與擔保制度的歷史沿革及社會機能，動產讓與擔保的法律構成以及在此基礎上動產讓與擔保的運行等三個方面的問題。
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