種系發生學 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [zhǒngxìfāshēngxué]
種系發生學
英文
phylogenetics-
Another possible explanation for rococo genetic systems is atavism, in which some biological mechanisms revert back to an ancestral state, although presumably with modification, in a new, derived genetic background
有關舊式遺傳學系統的另一個可能的解釋是隔代遺傳，在此過程中一些生物學機制恢復到一種原始生物才有的狀態，盡管該狀態可能會在一種新的衍生遺傳學背景下發生改變。As we all known, with the founding of euclidean geometry in ancient greece, with the development of analytic geometry and other kinds of geometries, with f. kline " s erlanger program in 1872 and the new developments of geometry in 20th century such as topology and so on, man has developed their understand of geometry. on the other hand, euclid formed geometry as a deductive system by using axiomatic theory for the first time. the content and method of geometry have dramatically changed, but the geometry curriculum has not changed correspondingly until the first strike from kline and perry " s appealing
縱觀幾何學發展的歷史，可以稱得上波瀾壯闊：一方面，從古希臘時代的歐氏綜合幾何，到近代解析幾何等多種幾何的發展，以及用變換的方法處理幾何的埃爾朗根綱領，到20世紀拓撲學、高維空間理論等幾何學的新發展，這一切都在不斷豐富人們對幾何學的認識；另一方面，從歐幾里得第一次使用公理化方法把幾何學組織成一個邏輯演繹體系，到羅巴切夫斯基非歐幾何的發現，以及希爾伯特形式公理體系的建立，極大地發展了公理化思想方法，不管是幾何學的內容還是方法都發生了質的飛躍。The foot rectification implement can lighten the function obstacle of thenar skeleton and muscle system, and be used to correct and cure various illness of foot, such as the inflammation, deformity and instability of ankle joint and astragalus, as well as flatfoot, valgus, horse ' s hoof foot and pes arcuatus etc. besides disabled person, the foot illness of the old people especially the old women have become one kind of frequently - occurring and common disease along with the continuous improvement of people ' s life quality and the increasing aging of population in our country
足底矯形器的出現正是康復醫學發展的碩果之一。足底矯形器能減輕足底骨骼肌肉系統的功能障礙，用於矯治足部各種疾患，如踝關節和距骨下關節的炎癥、畸形、不穩定，以及扁平足、外翻足、馬蹄足、弓形足等。隨著我國人民生活質量的不斷提高和人口的日益老齡化，除殘疾人外，老年人特別是老年婦女的足部疾患已成為一種多發病和常見病。But when this investigation had progressed so far that it became possible to take the decisive step forward, that is, to pass on the systematic investigation of the changes which these things undergo in nature itself, then the last hour of the old metaphysic struck in the realm of philosophy also
而當我種研究已經進展到可以向前邁出決定性的一步，即可以過渡到系統地研究這些事物在自然界中所發生的變化的時候，在哲學領域也就響起了形而上學的喪鐘。Starting from the definition of consideration, the paper states the theoretical and legal basis of consideration, and makes comparison between consideration and compensation. the content contains : ( 1 ) consideration is an important concept in the british and american law of contract ; ( 2 ) when nonnegotiable share turns to be negotiable, the price of negotiable share will decrease. therefore, if this action occurs, nonnegotiable shareholders should make promise to protect negotiable shareholders ’ benefits ; ( 3 ) shareholder structure premium is the basic theoretical basis of consideration payment ; ( 4 ) consideration is a reasonable compensation which contract beneficiary gives to sufferer, according to the fair principle of the civil law
對價從法律上看是一種等價有償的允諾關系，而從經濟學的角度說，對價就是利益沖突的雙方處于各自利益最優狀況的要約而又互不被對方接受時，通過兩個或兩個以上平等主體之間的妥協關系來解決這一沖突; （ 2 ）把對價運用於股權分置改革，其基本含義是未來非流通股轉為可流通時，由於會導致流通股股價下跌，因此，流通股股東同意非流通股可流通的同時，非流通股股東也要對這一行為發生時將充分保護流通股股東的利益不受損作出相應承諾; （ 3 ）股權分置溢價是支付對價的基2. 5 ul of 10 x reaction buffer, 1. 5 ul 25mm mgcl2, 0. 3 ul lomm dntp, 0. 5 ul taqdna polymerase ( 5 u / ul ), and lul ( = 20ng ) of primer were used in per reaction. each reaction was overlaid with one drop of paraffin oil. the initial denaturation step was used at 94 for 1 min 45 sec ; then denatured at 94 for 30 sec, annealed at 37 1 min, extended at iv b 72 for 2 min and repeated the cycle 45 times, at last, extended at 72 ' c for lomin
等（ 1995 ）利用rapd標記區分美國東部一雜交地帶的蟋蟀的兩個姐妹種， allonemobiusfasciatus和a . socius ，並於1998年使用rapd和異型酶標ic做出了這兩種蟋蟀的基因連鎖圖；國內田英芳、鄭哲民（ 20of ）首次將rapd技術運用於蟋蟀總科的分子系統學研究中，採用2種引物對7種蟋蟀進行了基困組dna多態性研究，並應用upg問a法構建樹狀圖，椎測系統發生關系In order to benefit from this new technique without any dangers, on the basis of the arguable contents, the paper put forward a series of principals with the knowledge of systematical philosophy, mathematics and ecological. agriculture : welfare principal, invariable principal of gene, non - spread principal of gene, equal principal of substance and informed perfectible principal. and then we establish a model of evaluating the social effects of gmo
為了從這種新技術成果中獲得好處，同時又不會帶來風險，本文以爭論的內容為基礎，從轉基因作物能比傳統農作物帶來更多的社會效益的角度出發，運用系統哲學、生態農業和數學的一些知識，提出了轉基因作物研究和推廣中遵循的一系列原則：福利原則、基因穩定性原則、基因不擴散原則、實質等同性原則、以及知情選擇原則，並進而建立起評價具體的轉基因作物的社會效益的模型。The asteroids are the most important small bodies in the solarsystem, and they mainly lies in the two locations - a main belt between the mars ' s orbit and the jupiter ' s and the near - earth space. the most feature of the orbits of near - earth asteroids ( neas ) is that the semi - major axes of the orbits are nearly equal to that of the earth or the perihelia distances are approximate to or even less than the mean distance between the sun and the earth, thus they could move into inside of the earth ' s orbit, so that they might close approach or even colliside with the earth ( or other planets, such as the venus, the mars, etc. ). the characteristic brings about some difficulties in the numerical research during their orbital evolution, which leads to the failure of the normalization technique in the general removal impact singularities of celestial mechanics methods and the symplectic algorithm which is successfully applied to the investigation in quality. by comparing the computation effects of several common numerical methods ( including symplectic algorithm ), and considering the nature of the movement of the small bodies, the corresponding treatments are provided here to improve the reliability of the computation
小行星是太陽系最重要的一類小天體，主要分佈在兩個區域；火星和木星軌道之間的一條主帶和近地空間.近地小行星軌道的最大特點是其軌道半長徑與地球軌道半長徑相近，或近日距離接近甚至小於日地平均距離，其運動可深入到地球軌道的內部，這將導致該類小行星與地球（還有金星、火星等）十分靠近甚至發生碰撞.這一特徵給其軌道演化數值研究帶來一些困難，包括天體力學方法中一般消除碰撞奇點的正規化處理以及對定性研究十分成功的辛演算法都將在不同程度上失效.通過對幾種常用數值方法（包括辛演算法）計算效果的比較，根據小天體運動自身的特性，給出了相應處理措施，從而可提高計算結果的可靠性The function of science and technology progress in economic development is discussed from the economic and technique. this thesis divides four contents. chapter 1 analyzies cobb - dorglas production function and so1ow " worth method in remaining " theories, and introduces this thesis ’ main content. measure to calculate chemical fibre business science and technology progress contribution rate with the " worth method in remaining ", the chemical fibre business annual report data for measure to calculate basic data, calculation method adopt excel, using this method to jilin chemical fibre business in the 1995 - 2005 years science and technology progress the contribution rate proceeds to measure and analyze
本文從技術和經濟相互關系角度論述了科技進步在經濟發展中的作用，著重分析了柯布一道格拉斯生產函數及索洛（ so1ow ） 「余值法」在我國化纖企業中的適用性。針對化纖企業多年以來受產能增加和需求不足的影響而產生的效益滑坡問題，利用企業上市公司年報數據，使用excel表進行數據計算，研究歸納出一種簡捷、科學的測算化纖企業經濟增長中科技進步貢獻率的模型方法。Ecologic process of the wash lands by debris flows in mountain region is very complex and variety, and is a specific catastrophe - ecologic phenomenon in mountain region. plant growth of the wash lands of debris flow sdistributed in high altitude area shows a natural restorative proccss. it is found that plant growth process and community feature in the wash lands of debris flow can bring to light of the time of debris flow formation in the last hundred years and to the succession law of natural vegetation ecosystem through study in the catastrophc - ecologic phenomena and the ecologic process in wash lands of debris flow in the huangbenliu gully of the east slope of gongga mountain. the research result for this region also shows that study of the catastrophe - ecologic phenomena of debris flow can promote scientific infiltration between the ecology and the catastrophology, and has important theoretical and practical significances
山區泥石流發生后的泥石流灘地呈現復雜多樣的生態過程，是山區所特有的一種災害生態現象.在人煙稀少的較高海拔，泥石流灘地植物生長表現為一種自然恢復過程.通過貢嘎山東坡高海拔黃崩溜溝泥石流灘地上發生的災害生態現象和過程的實地研究，發現泥石流灘地植物的生態過程和群落特徵，可以揭示近代泥石流的形成時間和自然植被生態系統的演替規律.研究表明，加強泥石災害生態現象的研究，可以促進災害學與生態學科的滲透，具有重要的理論和實踐意義In the thesis. reading the iges file - 3 - and all the geometry entities and annotation entities are extracted ; on the base of geometry entities extracted, geometry entities are classified based to their three views. a new data structure is proposed to describle 3d form features ; inspection items of the workpiece are recognized ; the cmm - based inspection planning system is built ; on the other hand, as a part of cims, cmm need exchanging data with the software of cad / cam, so iges export interface is developed based on iges standard. in order to show the whole information of the surface, the 3 - dimensional free - form surface is drawing using the opengl
通過讀取iges文件對實體進行分離、提取、識別出對工件進行描述的原始信息；在此基礎上，西安理工大學碩士學位論文提出一種優化演算法對三視圖自動進行分離，建立了一種對工件進行三維描述的數學模型，照此模型對工件進行立體重構；識別出工件的各種檢測信息，提出一種對公差信息進行描述的數學模型，井與三維立體相結合，生成有檢測意義的三維實體；根據三坐標機的測量系統，生成相應的檢測規劃；另一方面，作為cmis的一部分，應具有與cad cam軟體之間的數據交換功能，本文還開發了iges輸出介面，採用opengl繪制三維空間曲面，向用戶展示其全面信息。In this paper, the in - depth study on the evolution of information support system is carried out applying the theory of systematical dynamics and economics through four dynamic elements, those are the advance of science and technology, the development of economy, the management mode and the need of the custom, the different information support systems for all kinds of production model are summarized, and the four dynamical elements and distinctive operation environment are mainly discussed, and the features are analyzed : it is a multi - organization information system which is driven by the information of the customer ' s needs
論文運用系統動力學、經濟學等理論，深入地研究了信息體系發展的動力模型，指出經濟發展是驅動力、管理方式是原動力、技術進步是推動力、顧客需求為拉動力，共同作用導致信息體系的演進。在綜述不同生產方式下應用的信息支撐體系的基礎上，重點分析了支撐mc運作的信息支撐體系的四種動力和具體運行環境。從而界定了該系統的性質和特點：跨組織信息體系以及客戶個性化需求信息驅動的信息體系。In this dissertation, two kinds of optimization, methods are proposed. firstly, only these linking weights corresponding to the control rules that affect the control performance significantly are updated in order to reduce the compute works and speed up the training progress. secondly, the updating step is adjusted adaptively in accordance with the error and the change of error of the system based on the t - s model to get better performance
針對模糊神經網路控制器一般存在著在線權值調整計算量大、訓練時間長、過度修正權值可能導致系統劇烈振蕩等缺點，提出了兩種模糊神經網路控制器的優化方法：在線自學習過程中僅對控制性能影響大的控制規則相關的權值進行修正，以減小計算量，加快訓練速度；基於t - s模糊模型，根據偏差及偏差變化率大小動態自適應調節權值修正步長，抑制控制器輸出的劇烈變化，避免系統發生劇烈振蕩。On the other hand, the research of " forests and water " is from the aspects of the eco - hydrological models of forest ecosystem from, the viewpoint of forest ecosystem and combining with the research on forest structure, function, productivity, energy and material circulation, to explore the laws and internal relation of various forest hydrological phenomenon is the basic topic of research
另一方面在祁連山水源林生態系統長期定位研究的基礎上，以祁連山青海雲杉為代表運用森林生態學、森林水文學、生態經濟學、生態水文學等學科理論，通過建立單一因子的水文環境因子模型研究森林水文效應；從生態系統觀點出發，結合森林的結構和功能以及生產力和系統能量及物質循環的研究，揭示各種森林水文現象發生和發展的規律及其內在聯系。So this research proposes a new idea to fabricate aluminum matrix composites by combining several oxides to react with al at the same time. this idea overcomes the shortages of cuo / al system and the other single oxide system. it extends in situ reaction system
因此，本研究採用多種氧化物cuo 、 tio _ 2 、 sio _ 2 、同時與al發生原位反應彌補了單質氧化物與al反應的不足，發揮了各自氧化物的優點，控制了劇烈的鋁熱反應，擴充了原位反應的熱力學體系。According to the modern education theory, we should adopt the following tactics in teaching the concept of chemistry : 1. use the vivid visual image to let the students gain the knowledge of the concept ; 2. create the atmosphere and let the students take part in the formation of the concept of chemistry ; 3. revise the old knowledge while learning the new one to realize the assimilation of concept ; 4. proceed step by step, lead the students deepen and develop the concept ; 5. give prominence to the understanding of the key words of the concept, get deeper understanding ; 6. pay attention to the relation between the concepts ; 7. optimize the study strategy and enhance the cognition standard, i. e. in the teaching of the concept of chemistry, we must pay great attention to the usage of various kinds of teaching method, including visual experiment, visual language and cai courseware, in order to help the students to understand the concept ; use the question to stimulate students " thoughts, give free rein to students " corpus, and let the students take part in the teaching process actively ; guide the students to remember new concepts and the help of their old knowledge ; pay attention to the levels of the concept, deepen and develop the concept continuously, use various ways to strengthen the meaning of the key words, help the students to master the concepts connotation, and give a clear extension, guide the students to found the concept system
也就是說，在化學概念的教學中，要注意充分運用各種直觀教學手段，包括實驗直觀、語言直觀和cai課件直觀，幫助學生理解概念；注意運用問題啟動學生思維，發揮學生的主體性，使學生積極參與教學過程；要指導學生利用原有認知結構中適當的概念圖式來學習新概念；注意概念教學的層次性，不斷深化和發展概念；注意通過各種方式強化概念中關鍵字、詞的意義，幫助學生準確把握概念的內涵，清晰界定概念的外延；注意引導學生在應用中建立概念系統，形成合理的概念結構。同時在概念教學中還要注重學習方法的傳授和學習策略的形成，進行適當的元認知訓練，優化學生的學習策略，提高其元認知水平。根據化學概念的教學策略，化學概念的基本教學程序為:創設問題情境，引入概念;組織問題解決，建立概念;引導知識整理，概念系統化;指導練習應用，概念具體化。It calls for human beings as the subject of research, and looks hermeneutics especially ontological hermeneutics as the psychological methodology, and carries out psychological research from the perspective of humankind or species genetics and onto - genetics
由此引發了心理學研究內容、理念與方法的變革，要求切實以人為研究對象，把解釋學尤其是本體論解釋學作為心理學研究方法論，從人類或種系發生學和個體發生學等角度進行研究。The creative standpoint of this paper is to build a model to describe the science information communication system in the network - publishing environment. then it systematically analyzes the impact of network publishing on the science information communication, including : first, the development of the network publishing thoroughly changes the basic concepts of traditional science information communication. the boundary of formal and informal processes becomes obscure, and the channels of the informal process have changed
本文的創新點在於構築了網路出版環境中科學情報交流系統的模式，在對該模式的直觀描述的基礎上，系統地分析了網路出版對科學情報交流各個方面的影響，包括：第一，網路出版的發展徹底改變了傳統科學情報交流體系中概念區分的依據，使正式交流和非正式交流的界限模糊了，非正式交流的渠道發生了變化，這種變化帶來了積極的影響。With the comparison of potential ravine and real ravine, it can reflect the developing tendency of ravine in this area. through positioning with gps and investigation in this area, we can divide the potential ravine of this area into three forms, that is parallel ravine area steep ripe ravine area and evenness swamp area. it can provide scientific reference for forest management and tree planting, and it is a new theory to prevent soil and water loss, and carry through the ravine controlling by people
在數字化生成的帽兒山地區dem基礎上，通過二次開發生成的潛在溝系，具有與現實溝系高度的吻合性，並通過與現實溝系的比較，能客觀的反映出該地區溝系發生、發展的趨勢，藉助于gps的定位及實際踏查研究，可將帽兒山地區的潛在溝系劃分為平行溝系區、陡坡顯溝區和平坦沼澤區三種類型，可為合理的森林經營和植樹造林提供科學的借鑒，並為防止水土流失，進行溝系治理提供了新的理論依據。4. the result of soil taxonomy consist fundamentally with that of the genetic classification and the boundaries roughly identify with each other, indicating the taxonomic classification is based on the genesis theory and the two classification system are touched tightly
土壤系統分類與地理發生分類的分類結果是基本吻合的，分佈界線也大體一致，說明系統分類是以土壤發生學理論為基礎的，兩種分類體系有密切聯系。分享友人