等同原則 的英文怎麼說
中文拼音 [děngtóngyuánzé]
等同原則
英文
doctrine of equivalents-
When reinforced concrete upper structure - piled raft - subsoil system is studied, every part of this system is looked upon homogeneous discrete space. accofding to static equivalent principle, equivalent node loads are calculated, and load embattle is integrated with element equivalent node force and directly bearing load
在分析時，本文將鋼筋混凝土上部結構和地基、基礎的研究問題視為各向同性空間問題，且按靜力等效原則計算等效節點荷載，荷載列陣由單元等效結點力和直接作用於單元結點上結點荷載集成而得。This dissertation makes it clear the application premise of the doe, and based on which expounds the limitations to the whole doctrine of equivalents and all elements rule, then suggests the organic combination of them. meanwhile, the dissertation holds that the subjective standard for evaluating equivalency should be " the average technician pertaining to this field ", the objective standard be " insubstantial difference ", and the time be at the time of infringement. in addition, the dissertation stands for the abolition of the unnecessary appointing rule in consideration of some problems existing in this rule
在闡明等同原則適用前提的基礎上分析了整體等同理論和全部技術特徵原則的局限性，並建議將兩者有機結合起來；同時，主張判定等同的主體標準應是「所屬技術領域的普通技術人員」 ，客觀標準應是「非實質性不同」 ，判定等同的時間應以侵權日為準；另外，鑒于多餘指定原則存在諸多問題，主張廢除該原則。Further studies on the doe does good to set the problem of that kind by offering realistic theories for our legislative and judicial circle, and is of great importance to establish the idea of balancing of interests, widen the realm of intellectual property rights, and promote the development of the patent law, even, in a sense, the whole intellectual property jurisprudence
然而，各種各樣的專利侵權行為卻阻礙著專利法目的的實現，特別是等同侵權行為。深入研究等同原則，可以為我國立法界、司法界處理該類問題提供理論指導，對于拓寬知識產權研究領域、促進專利法乃至整個知識產權法學學科建設也具有重要的意義。Afer about 150 years ’ s development of this theory, it becomes more and more ripe and abundant. but the judges, and the lawers, are still often debating about it
等同原則產生於司法實踐，經過近一百五十多年的發展，該理論不斷成熟與豐富。然而仍不時引起法官、法律人的爭辯。This paper deals with seismic response of a tunnel - soil system immersed tunnel ， as an underground structure ， must be compatible with the deformation of the surrounding soil thus the simplified model for a tunnel - soil system is established through two steps at the first step ， an mdof system is developed for modeling the foundation soil to this end ， dynamic behavior of the foundation soil is analyzed a typical section of the foundation soil simplified as a single mass - spring system on the basis of some equivalent criteria those mass are linked longitudinally by elastic springs to form an mdof system at the second step ， the tunnel is treated as a beam on elastic foundation ; that is ， the tunnel is connected with the soil massed to form a tunnel - soil system this model has been applied to the seismic analysis of huangsha fangcun immersed tunnel across the pearl river in guangzhou design recommendation is proposed on the basis of this analysis
研究沉管隧道在地震條件下整體受力的分析方法分兩步建立計算模型第一步通過分析場地地基土切片的動力特性，根據等效原則將其化為等效單質點體系，然後在縱向用等效彈簧連接而成為多質點體系的地基土計算模型；第二步將隧道看作彈性地基梁與上述多質點體系通過等效彈簧連結而得到土隧道體系的計算模型本文結合廣州黃沙芳村珠江水下隧道工程實例建立了具體的計算模型並對多種不同的約束條件，進行了縱向與橫向地震響應時程分析，為該隧道的抗震設計提供依據In macroscopic, we should ensure that the doctrine of equivalents applys not only in the infringement stage, but also in the whole stage of the patent, including the patent examination, lasting and infringement stage
在宏觀適用層面，應該明確等同原則不是僅僅適用於專利侵權的判斷階段，而是應該適用於包括專利審查即專利產生、專利存續與專利侵權的整個階段。The key meaning of the doctrine of equivalents is application
等同原則的生命在於適用。Finally, the dissertation discusses the rational constraints on the doe
最後，本文討論等同原則的合理限制。It is inevitable to involve the procedure of application when we apply this principle
等同原則適用不可避免的要涉及到等同原則的適用流程問題。When applying this doctrine, the extent should no be expended too large, nor compressed too narrow
等同原則的適用效力既不應當擴大，也不應當被壓縮。Compared with some other countrys ’ procedure of application, there is still some problems in the procedure in ours
與國外有關國家的適用流程相比，我國等同原則的適用流程存在一定的問題。The key position of the doctrine of equivalents to identifying the infringement results stems from the character of the infringement
等同原則在專利侵權判斷中的核心地位來自於專利侵權的特徵。The theory of the trend - protection is the basic theory for the doctrine of equivalents to exist, and it is just the factor that the debaters ignored
「專利權動態保護理論」是等同原則產生與存在的理論基礎，而這剛好是在這場持續而長久的爭辯中所忽略掉的。Only the equivalents infringement can protect the patentee ’ s patent right thoughtfully. the doctrine of the equivalents evolved from the practice of the administration of justice
這就決定了相同侵權判斷在大多數情況下無法適用，惟有藉助等同原則方能周到保護專利權人的利益。Reasonable procedure of application is a important guarantee to properly apply the doctrine of equivalents. so it is also important to put forward the reasonable and consummated proposal to the procedure of application
合理的等同原則的適用流程是等同原則得以正當適用的重要保證，因此對我國等同原則的適用流程提出完善化建議是至關重要的。Technical neutrality is favorable to the development of the network industry and network commerce. it uses the principle of functional equivalent, that is, if an electronic signature has the same function of proof as a traditional one, it has the same validity. but at present, technical neutrality intensifies the signature technique widely accepted by a moderate degree and thus more accord with the needs in reality
技術非特定化從長遠來講更有利於網際網路產業和網路商務的發展，其原理運用了「功能等同」原則，即一份電子簽名是否具有親筆簽名所一具有的證明功能，如有，則該電子簽名具備親筆簽名的原件效力;而當前，技Validity is the prime question of making an electronic contract. the " electronic commerce demonstrative law " made by the un suggests using the principle of " functional equivalent " to vest electronic contract with the same legal effect and status as traditional contract. in other words, it is a question whether electronic contract can serve as a proof and record as paper contract does
形式效力問題是訂立電子合同的首要問題，聯合國貿法會的《電子商務示範法》建議採用「功能等同」原則賦予電子合同與傳統合同同等的法律效力和地位，即一份電子合同是否具有紙張文書所具有的證據功能和文書功能，如有，則該電子合同具備「書面形式」效力。The application of the doctrine of equivalents can benefit the patentee completely and firmly. however, the misuse of the doctrine of equivalents can also lead to the extended scope of the protection of the patent, which counteracts the technical improvement and the public interest
等同原則與專利權利要求有著密切的聯系，在專利司法過程中可以根據等同原則對專利權利要求進行解釋，將專利保護范圍擴展到專利技術特徵的等同范圍。Although it is not explicitly introduced in the patent law of prc, the doctrine of equivalents is regulated in the form of legal interpretation for the first time as a judicial principle for the determination of patent infringement by the 17th article of several provisions of the supreme people ’ s court on issues concerning applicable laws to the trial of patent controversies ( hereinafter " the provisions " ) published in june 2001 which also set down both the subjective and objective standard of the doctrine of equivalents
等同原則是各國專利侵權判定的一個重要原則。本文從美國、日本、德國以及國際知識產權組織的立法現狀和司法判例入手，採用比較分析和案例分析的方法，從等同原則的適用條件、適用方式和對等同原則的限制三個方面對該原則進行了闡述。If so, electronic contract then has the written - form validity. this principle settles the problem of validity of electronic contract very well. " contract law " of china affirms electronic contract to be written contract by magnifying the meaning of written contract
「功能等同」原則很好地解決了電子合同的效力問題，而我國《合同法》用對書面合同做擴大化解釋的方法確認電子合同即是書面合同，卻是把「功能等同」演變成了形式等同。分享友人